Underutilized Legumes: Global Status, Challenges and Opportunities for Harnessing Potential Benefits by JC Rana, Bioversity International, Central and South Asia Office
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Underutilized Legumes: Global Status, Challenges and Opportunities for Harnessing Potential Benefits by JC Rana, Bioversity International, Central and South Asia Office - Regional Expert Consultation on Underutilized Crops for Food and Nutritional Security in Asia and the Pacific November 13-15, 2017, Bangkok
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Underutilized Legumes: Global Status, Challenges and Opportunities for Harnessing Potential Benefits by JC Rana, Bioversity International, Central and South Asia Office
- 1. JC Rana Bioversity International – India Office, NASC Complex, DPS Marg, Pusa Campus, New Delhi 110012 E- mail: j.rana@cgiar.org; Underutilized Grain Legumes: Rice bean, Moth bean, Adzuki bean, Faba bean and Horse gram Regional Expert Consultation on Underutilized Crops for Food and Nutritional Security in Asia and the Pacific November 13-15, 2017, Bangkok
- 2. Agricultural biodiversity nourishes people and sustains the planet Photo credit: LI-BIRD/A.Subedi
- 3. Bioversity International delivers scientific evidence, management practices and policy options to use and safeguard agricultural and tree biodiversity to attain sustainable global food and nutrition security. Our mission
- 4. Challenge: Global malnutrition Ng M, Fleming T, Robinson M, et al. 2014FAO: The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2015 Global Nutrition Report 2015
- 5. Challenge: Climate change Average decline in yields for eight major crops across Africa and South Asia by 2050 (Data source: IPCC, 2014)
- 6. Challenge: Land degradation Low status; Medium to Strong degradation High status; Medium to Strong degradation Low status; Weak degradation Low status; Improving High status; Stable Improving Barelands Urban land Water
- 7. Challenge: Shrinking biodiversity (Data source: RBG Kew, 2016; FAO, 1997) --- who knows that due to global climatic changes these four species will also be wiped off in future and we may end up with nothing or may be some new unknown species become our staple foods!!!!!!!!!!
- 8. Current scenario of our food basket and crops diversity
- 10. • Ensuring food security • Improving nutrition • Diversifying food production systems • Enhancing biodiversity • Withstanding stress conditions • Occupying important ecological niches • Being produced with low external inputs • Stabilizing ecosystems • Creating new markets • Increasing incomes Underutilized cops contribute to livelihood improvement by The updated list by FAO, 924 species of underutilized crops in the world (GFU, 2007)
- 11. • Changing cropping patterns (shift towards cash crops (off-season), which have well developed door step market) • Changing food habits and life styles • Lack of alternative uses/products • Food and pharmaceutical industry not exploiting for its bioactive contents (may be because of lack of published research data) • Lack of awareness about its food value among farmers and urban societies (in today's context deliberate ignorance) Loosing Ground – Why???
- 12. Strength • Very high yielding • Wide Genetic Diversity • Resistant to major pest and diseases • Widely adapted • Suitable for inter-cropping • Multiple uses – seeds, green pods, biomass • Thrives well in marginal lands, rain-fed tars, drought- prone areas and exhausted soils Weakness • Late maturity • Asynchronous maturity • Seed Shattering • Lack of ideal plant type • Poor market • Anti-nutritional factors • Poorly researched Geographical Distribution of different plant types in rice bean in India
- 13. Genetic diversity in seed
- 14. Advanced Research for Traits Discovery
- 15. Strength • Easily withstand lack of water, dying hot winds and other climatic disasters • Widespread tap roots and the low lying leaf-covering on the soil surface helps the soil to retain moisture (survive upto 40 days in open fields, experiencing fast depletion of soil moisture, in concomitant with atmospheric temperature peaking to more than 35 0C) • Nutritionally rich having multiple uses – seeds, green pods, biomass Weakness •Low productivity •Low genetic diversity •Late and asynchronous maturity •Seed Shattering •Spreading growth habit •Narrow adaptation •Anti-nutritional factors •Poorly researched
- 16. Crop improvement has been initiated and many new varieties have been developed for hot arid region Maru moth-1 Maturity : 80-90 days Yield : 5-6 q/ha CAZRI Moth-1 Maturity : 70-72 days Yield: 5-7 q/ha CAZRI-Moth-3 Maturity: 62-64 days Yield: 7-8 q/ha. Crop view
- 17. Strength • Good yield • Resistant to major pest and diseases • Ideal plant type • Less anti-nutritional factors • Whole genome sequenced • Nutritionally rich having multiple uses – seeds and green pods Weakness • Poor adaptability • Photoperiod sensitivity • Asynchronous maturity • Low genetic diversity Seed variability
- 18. First variety HPU51 released in India
- 19. Strength • Widely adapted to diverse soil types • More tolerant to acidic • Cold hardy cultivars tolerate temperatures of -10°C without serious injury • Wide Genetic Diversity • Widely adapted • Multiple uses – seeds, green pods, biomass Weakness • Susceptible to a variety of diseases and insects • Late maturity • Asynchronous maturity • Seed Shattering • Nutritional constraints (induce hemolytic anemia (favism), levodopa, haemagglutinins, oligosaccharides. cyanogens, favogens, phytic acid, tannins, and tripsin inhibitors) largest production include China (50%), Ethiopia (12%), Egypt (7%), France (5%), United Kingdom (3%), Sudan (3%), Australia (3%) and Morocco (2%).
- 21. Source: Cubero JI Variation in flower colour and type
- 22. Strength • Very high nutraceutical value (rich in protein, dislocate/ dissolve the kidney stones , antiurolithiatic activity, constituent in Cystone syrup used to cure kidney calculi, curing the intestinal ulcers significant anti-microbial activity source of antioxidants • Adapted to diverse climatic conditions particularly marginal environments and soils • Tolerant to biotic and abiotic stresses Weakness • Late maturity and asynchronous maturity • Seed Shattering • Lack of ideal plant type • Highly susceptible to high moisture stress • Photoperiod sensitivity • Poorly researched Diversity analysis of 360 horsegram germplasm of Indian origin using SSR markers
- 23. Phenotypic diversity among parents 12/1/2017 23 F2 mapping population Development of genomic resources
- 24. 12/1/2017 24 Development of genomic resources Souce: Chahota et al. 2015
- 27. Crop Accessions Crop Accessions Faba bean 37984 Moth bean 2456 Rice bean 5567 Horse gram 3478 Adzuki bean 10126 Total 59611
- 29. Participatory approach (Convergence brings synergic effect and a win-win situation for all) The active involvement of local communities in genetic resources use and conservation would achieve a high level of success if the public, private sector, local community and NGO work closely Rigorous brainstorming, awareness raising to enhance skills Different stakeholder working in isolation may not achieve desired results, therefore
- 30. Scientific Tools & Techniques The application of modern scientific tools and techniques to remove undesirable traits and to enhance production and quality Value added products will attract more demand thus enhance farm incomes more effectively Increasing access to market or creating new preferential market for local produce +
- 31. Education and Training Most local communities are lowly educated and belong to the lower income class, it is difficult for them to further develop skills on finding new ways and mean to enhance income from UC Learning by doing enhance communities confidence level Therefore, trained them appropriately
- 32. One of our successful story is introducing quinoa in new agro-ecologies i.e. dry areas of central plains and Deccan plateau of India Crop of Andean origin got popular in Europe and Western World due to its very high nutritive value and now in hot weather of India and Pakistan. It is one of the few crops which contain all essential amino acids Area – ~2000 ha Average cost/kg -Raw – INR400-500/kg -Processed – INR1500-2000/kg If India grow 1% of annual production of wheat and rice, it will be 2 millon tones worth $10 billon 2013 – International Year of Quinoa Identify, publish and disseminate case studies illustrating successful approaches in sustainable use of such species to improve rural health and economies
- 33. 795 million undernourished (not enough calories) 2.1 million obese (rich in calories & money) 2 billion micronutrient deficient (not enough vitamins and minerals) UC addressing triple burden of malnutrition and enhancing farm incomes Majority are landless – low carbohydrate and no micronutrients Majority are farmers /producers – taking enough carbohydrate but low/ no micronutrients Majority are rich – over carbohydrates and enough micronutrients ?? Small holder farmers is the most crucial link - has opportunity to improve nutrition and farm incomes as well Assistance Two directional micronutrients flow
Editor's Notes
- Our vision: Agricultural biodiversity nourishes people and sustains the planet All of Bioversity’s work revolves around using and safeguarding agricultural biodiversity for development outcomes.
- Bioversity International is a global research-for-development organization. We research issues around agricultural and tree biodiversity that is relevant for developing countries, particularly rural communities. How can agricultural biodiversity contribute to food security? Nutrition security? Livelihoods? Better ecosystems? How do we do this? Scientific evidence Management practices Policy options
- Population growth and increasing urbanization are coinciding with an increase of health problems related to poor nutrition around the world. Around 800 million people suffer from insecure food supplies, while 2.1 billion people are obese or overweight. At the same time, 2 billion people lack essential vitamins and minerals critical for growth and development, such as vitamin A, iron and zinc. It is important to note that often these forms of malnutrition co-exist. Source: Ng M, Fleming T, Robinson M, et al. 2014 FAO: The State of Food and Agriculture 2014 Global Hunger Index 2014
- IPCC predicts that climate change will reduce agricultural production by 2% every decade while demand will increase by 14% every decade until 2050 Yields of major crops will face an average decline of 8% for Africa and South Asia by 2050. Major staple grains have already experienced significant climate change-related yield reductions of 40 million tonnes per year from 1981 to 2002. Up to 40% of the world’s land surface will develop novel climates, often with new pest and weed complexes. Source: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2014) IPCC WGII AR5 Summary for Policymakers in: Climate Change 2014 – Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 44 p. Lobell D.B.; Field, C.B. (2007) Global scale climate-crop yield relationships and the impacts of recent warming. Environmental Research Letters 2: p.1-7.
- Degraded lands, from moderate to highly degraded, account for over 30% of the world’s land. In developing countries, increased food production will be achieved by cultivating marginal and fragile lands. Land degradation, desertification and drought affect more than 1.5 billion people in 110 countries, 90% of whom live in low-income areas. The majority of agricultural land in developing countries is low-productivity land. Much of this land faces the additional challenges of salinity, drought, poor soils, and continuous pest and disease pressure as well as the added hindrance of remoteness from markets. Production on these marginal and degraded lands is therefore highly variable and highly vulnerable. - Productive land is already being used intensively. Green Revolution was successful largely on good and irrigated lands. (- Where there is poverty, there is land degradation.) Source: FAO (2011) The State of the World’s Land and Water resources for Food and Agriculture (SOLAW) – Managing systems at risk. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and Earthscan/ Routledge 285 p. United Nations Environment Programme (2007) Global Environment Outlook 4 - environment for development. United Nations Environment Programme 540 p. Pender, J.; Hazell, P. (eds) (2000) Focus 4: Promoting Sustainable Development in Less-Favored Areas. International Food Policy Research Institute. A 2020 Vision for Food, Agriculture, and the Environment. November. 20 p.
- The reduction of agricultural biodiversity in global food systems is of increasing concern. From a total of 391,000 known plant species, only 5,538 are known to be used for human food. Of those, 12 crops and 5 animal species provide 75% of the world’s energy intake. Diversification is not only an end in itself, but an important risk-reduction strategy. Over the last 50 years, human diets have become 37% more similar. Source: RBG Kew (2016). The State of the World’s Plants Report – 2016. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew FAO (1997) The State of the World’s Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 511 p.
- In order to feed the predicted population of 9 billion people by 2050, there is a growing consensus that increasing the sustainable use of agricultural biodiversity in production and consumption systems – in both landscapes and in diets – will be an important part of the solution to these challenges. In particular, the Convention on Biological Diversity, the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture and the Intergovernmental Panel on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services have all recognized the importance of agricultural biodiversity in achieving global food and nutrition security. Source: FAO and the Platform for Agrobiodiversity Research (2010) Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture: Contributing to food security and sustainability in a changing world. Expert Workshop. Rome, Italy, 14-16 Apr 2010.