This presentation develops an understanding of teaching. To develop this presentation, the material has been taken from the open sources in the public domain and acknowledged properly.

1. Understanding Teaching
Anjali Sharma
Associate Professor
School of Education
Central University of Rajasthan

2. Focal point to discuss
 Concept of Teaching
In order to understand concept of teaching , we have to go through the content
within it as;
 Perception of teaching
 Definitions of teaching
 Nature of teaching
 Characteristic of teaching
 Structure of teaching
 Other related terms
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3. Perception of Teaching
 Everybody perceives teaching as it is a part of every ones life. Everybody has
gone through with the process of teaching and learning through out the
academic life.
 In general, we perceive teaching as “good teaching” and “bad teaching". We
remember our teacher with this also and some specific characteristic of their
teaching and some specific teaching styles also.in later life we enjoyed that
all. But if some body ask you what do you percept about teaching we might
not able to do that although we experience that.
 Let us discuss that what is the perception of teaching and how do we percept
that?
 Whatever teacher does in the classroom to teach students is teaching. Can we
consider this?, of course not, because we are not going to categories as good
teaching and bad teaching. Our motive is to determine that our new teachers
would able to perceive teaching with factual things.
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4. Teaching is the process of attending to people’s needs,
experiences and feelings, and intervening so that they learn
particular things, and go beyond the given.
According to Parker J. Palmer (1998: 4); whenever we are talking about teaching,
we have to think certain things;
 ‘What’ of teaching – what areas we should we cover, what resources do we
need and so on.
 The ‘how’ of teaching also gets a great deal of space – how to structure a
lesson, manage classes, assess for learning and so on. Sometimes,
 “why” of the teaching– ‘for what purposes and to what ends do we teach?
‘But seldom, if ever’.
 ‘do we ask the “who” question – who is the self that teaches?’
The thing about this is that who, what, why and how of teaching cannot be
answered seriously without exploring the nature of teaching itself.
Parker J. Palmer (1998: 4)
(Source: https://infed.org/mobi/what-is-teaching/)28-07-2020Anjali Shatma, Central University of Rajasthan 4

5. Definition of Teaching
 H.C Morrison [1939] says, Teaching is an intimate contact between a more nature personality and less mature one which is
designed to further the education of latter’’
 Jhon Brubacher [1939] ‘’teaching is an arrangement and manipulation of a situation in which there are gaps and obstructions
which are individual will seek to overcome and from which he will learn in course of doing so.”
 B.O Smith [1963]: Teaching is a system of action involving an agent, an end in view , and a situation including two seats of
factor-those over which agent has no control [ class size , room , physical characteristics of pupils etc] and those that he can
modify [ways of asking questions almost instructions and ways of structuring information or ideas gleaned]”
 Amidon and Hunter [1967]: “Teaching is interactive process. primarily involving class room talk, which usually takes place
between teacher and a pupil and occurs during certain definable activities.”
 American educational research association commission in hand book of research of teaching [1962]: “Teaching is a form of
interpersonal influence aimed at a changing the behavior potential of another.”
 Joyce and weli [1972]: Teaching is a process by which teacher and students create a shared environment including set of values
and beliefs (agreement about what is improvement) which in turn color their view of reality.”
 N.L Gage [1962]: “Teaching is form of interpersonal influence aimed at changing the behavior potential of another person.”
 N.L Flander: Teaching is an interaction process. Interaction means participation of both teacher and students and both are
benefitted by this. The interaction takes place for achieving desired objectives.”
 Thomas F. Green [1971]: Teaching is a process of a teacher which is performed for the development of the child.”
 Yoakm and Simpson: “Teaching is a means whereby society trains the young in a selected environment as quickly as possible to
adjust themselves to world in which they live.”
 Jhon Chapman: “The gift of teaching is a peculiar talent, and it implies a need and craving in the teacher himself.”
(Source https://www.pblishing.com/ESSENTIALS-OF-INSTRUCTIONAL-TECHNOLOGY-book/chapter-318-Chapter-1-TEACHING-AND-ITS-
PHASES 3/16) accessed on 8/21/2018 Chapter 1
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6. Cont….
 Jackson:- Teaching is a face to face encounters between two or more persons,
one of whom ( teacher) intends to effect certain changes in the other
participants ( students).
 J B Hough and James K Duncan:- Teaching is an activity with four phases, a
curriculum planning phase, an instructing phase, and an evaluating phase.
This definition presents the organizational aspect by which we can describe
and analyze the teaching process.
 Clerk:- Teaching refers to activities that are designed and performed to
produce in students behavior.
(Source:https://physicscatalyst.com/graduation/teaching-
definition/)accessed on 16/7/2020
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7. Conclusion: terms used by authors
 Manipulation of situation with gaps and obstructions
 An intimate contact between two individuals
 An interactive process between teacher and a pupil
 Occurs during certain definable activities
 A process of shared environment including set of values and beliefs
 A form of interpersonal influence
 Aimed at changing the behavior potential of another person.
 Participation of both teacher and students and both are benefitted by this.
 Interaction takes place for achieving desired objectives.
 An agreement about improvement which in turn color their view of reality.
 A process performed for the development of the child.
 Social training of the young in a selected environment to adjust themselves to
world in which they live.
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8. Activity: Draw your own definition of teaching
After going through all definitions, you have to think over;
 What do I understand about teaching?
 Could I conclude all these?
 What the thing convinced me more?
 What the thing with which I am not convinced?
 All these initiate my thought process about teaching?
 Am I thinking about my teachers?
 Am I analyzing my teacher way to deal?
 Answer all these and jotted down them.
Write a definition in your own words.
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10. Nature of Teaching
 Teaching is goal oriented activity.(Aims at changing behavior)
 Teaching is an interactive process.(interaction between two)
 Teaching is progressive.(attributes and potential behavior get develop.)
 Teaching is organization of learning.(create environment; cause someone to
learn)
 Teaching is tri-polar process.(Teacher, Pupils and Environment)
 Teaching is two way process.( shared environment, both get benefitted.)
 Teaching helps student to adjust with environment.
 Teaching is both formal and informal.(vocal and silent features)
 Teaching is diagnostic and remedial as well.( explore weakness and provide
remedies)
 Teaching is an art as well as science.
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11. Here is a debate about teaching; it is an
art or science!
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12. Three Level: Memory, Understanding and Reflective
Three process: Observable, measurable and modifiable
Three variables: Independent, Dependent and Intervening v
Three style: Autocratic, Democratic and Lessie-faire styles
Three phase: Pre-active, Interactive and Post active
Three functions: Diagnostic, Prescriptive and Evaluative
Three formula of teaching………………..
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13.  A desire to share your love of the subject with students
 An ability to make the material being taught stimulating and interesting
 A facility for engaging with students at their level of understanding
 A capacity to explain the material plainly
 A commitment to making it absolutely clear what has to be understood at what level and why
 Showing concern and respect for students
 A commitment to encouraging independence
 An ability to improvise and adapt to new demands
 Using teaching methods and academic tasks that require students to learn actively, responsibly and co-operatively
 Using valid assessment methods
 A focus on key concepts, and students misunderstandings of them, rather than covering the ground
 Giving the highest quality feedback on student work
 A desire to learn from students and other sources about the effects of teaching and how it can be improved.
(Source: https://www.uts.edu.au/research-and-teaching/learning-and-teaching/enhancing/characteristics-good-teaching)
Characteristics of Teaching
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14. Structure of Teaching
 Three components;
 Planning – 1.Formulate objectives
2.Pre-assessment
3.Motivation
4. Techniques and Sequencing
5. Application, Evaluation and Follow-up
 Implementing: Classroom management, participation, queries and resources mobilization
 Evaluating: Administer the device selected for assessment, decide the utility of planning and
problems of implementing stage and overall success.
What?
Why?
How?
Who?
Whom?
Where?
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15. Managing Teaching and Learning
 Ivor K.Davies defines modern concept of teaching-learning as, "Teaching is a highly
skilled professional activity and a great deal of what teacher, and instructors do, both
within and outside the classroom, involves making decision of one kind or another.
 I.K Davies has divided into following steps
1) Planning: According to I.K Davies, "In teaching, Planning is the work a teacher
does to establish learning objectives"
2)Organization: "Organization is the work a teacher does to arrange and relate
learning recourses, so as to realize learning objectives in the most effective,
efficient and economical way possible.”
3) Leading: "Leading is the work a teacher does to motivate, encourage and
inspire the students, so that they will readily achieve the learning
objectives"
4) Controlling:" In teaching controlling is the work a teacher is the work a teacher
does to determine whether his plans are being carried out effectively,
organization is sound, realizing is in right direction and that how far these
function are successful in realizing the set objectives.”
(Sources: Neeraj Goswami. (24 May,2017)
https://www.slideshare.net/NeerajGoswami8/effective-management-of-teaching-and-
learning?from_action=save)
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16. Teaching differentiate with some other
terms
Which are used interchangeably with teaching seeing synonyms, that are
exactly not.
Being student of Education you should know the difference between teaching
and instruction, teaching and indoctrination etc
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17. Teaching
and
Instruction
 Instruction doesn’t involve interaction
between teacher and students. Teacher
doesn’t get involved students in teaching
only insert titbits of knowledge in their
mind.
 Instruction doesn’t include teaching
whereas teaching includes instruction.
 From the point of view, domain of
behaviour- Cognitive, Affective and
psychomotor, teaching can develop all the
domains while instruction is restricted to
the development of cognitive domain only.
 Instruction can be deliver by any mode but
for teaching teacher is essential.
. The subtle difference between "teach"
and instruct is that you can teach almost
anything: concepts, ideas, theories or, say,
history. When you instruct someone, you're
giving them a set of tools or tasks to do
something specific
(Source:https://www.vocabulary.com/diction
ary/instruct#:~:text=The%20subtle%20differe
nce%20between%20%22teach,tasks%20to%20d
o%20something%20specific.)
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18. Teaching
and
Training
 Training refers of shaping of habits,skills
and behaviour while teaching refers to
constructing behaviour.
 Training is restricted to enable students
to acquire a particular ability in specific
field where as teaching focusses on
physical and mental preparation to learn
a specific task or skill.
 Teaching is broader and theoretical while
training is practical application of the
knowledge.
 Teaching seeks to impart new knowledge
while training equips that with tools and
techniques to develop a specific skill set.
 Teaching gives feedback while in
training, trainees give feedback.
Teaching enriches mind while training moulds
habits or performances.
Teaching provides breadth of the knowledge
in all spheres whereas training provides
depth of the knowledge in specific sphere.
Essence of teaching is causing another to
know, essence of training is causing another
to do.
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19. Teaching
and
Learning
 Learning is desired change in
behaviour of the individual brought
about through response and
experiences.
 Learning is spontaneous and can be
positive and negative and comes
through interactions.
 Teaching helps individual to learn;
learning is the outcome of teaching.
Thus teaching is done for creating
learning.
 Learning is affected by the act of
teaching and instructions. Thus
teaching consist of learning as well.
 Learning is not always result of
teaching. It might be result of
maturation, motivation and
experiences.
“Learning is modification of behaviour
through experiences and activity.”
Gates
“Learning can not be possible without
teaching but without learning teaching
can be possible.” Thomas
Green
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20. Teaching
and
Indoctrination
 Teaching is the communication of ideas, skills or
information from the teacher or source of
information to the student or any receiver.
 teaching is aimed to impart knowledge or skill.
students learn the proper methodologies and then
apply the methodologies to make their own
opinions in many things.
 Indoctrination means teaching or inculcating a
doctrine, principal, or ideology especially one with
a particular point of view.
 The key word in defining a indoctrination is belief-
a belief can be described as an acceptance that the
statement holds true, it is just the acceptance or
opinion ( not supported by evidence as in case of
beliefs).
 This means that it varies from other teachings in
one broad sense. Indoctrination aims at teaching
rigid beliefs, and these beliefs may not have any
evidence to be true and has to accept it the way it
is.
 These beliefs are taught in such a manner that the
student is unable to judge or evaluate these
beliefs.
(Source:http://www.differencebetween.info/differenc
e-between-teaching-and-indoctrination)
The process of indoctrination is highest level of
teaching process. Teaching can be possible
without indoctrination but indoctrination can't
possible without teaching. The teachings of
indoctrination should not be critically examined.
“Accept material uncritically, unquestioning;
Information is not critically evaluated or judged;
End up saying, "that's just what we believe“;
No questions or debate;
Bias is sometimes allowed and even celebrated;
Opinion and belief is taught or imparted, without
objective facts.”
(Source:https://www.stevesevy.com/2017/01/te
aching-vs-indoctrination.html) 28-07-2020Anjali Shatma, Central University of Rajasthan 20

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