The document discusses the organization and structure of processors, detailing components such as the ALU, memory, and sequencer. It explains register organization, types of registers, the instruction cycle, and the technique of instruction pipelining. Additionally, it covers the x86 processor family and ARM processors, highlighting their architectures and compatibility.

1. Processor
Structure and
Function

2. Processor
Organization
Processor organization is a term describing how ALU,
Memory and Sequencer are implemented and how
they interconnect to accomplish their tasks.
• ALU: Arithmetic-logic Unit is a unit that
performs arithmetic and logical
operations on data
• Memory: a unit that remembers data
while it isn’t being worked on
• Sequencer: a unit which sequences the
operations performed by the ALU and
on which data

3. Register Organization
Register organization show how registers are selected
and how data flow between register and ALU. Register
in the CPU are broadly classified into two categories:
User-visible registers- Can be read or written by machine
instructions. Data registers and address registers are two major
types of user-visible registers.
Control and status registers- A register in most CPUs which stores
additional information about the results of machine instructions.
Program Counter (PC), Instruction Register (IR), Memory Address
Register (MAR), & Memory Buffer Register (MBR) are major types,

4. Instruction cycle & pipelining
Instruction cycle is the basic
operational process of a computer. It
is the process by which a computer
retrieves a program instruction from
its memory, determines what
actions the instruction dictates, and
carries out those actions.
Instruction pipelining is a technique
used in the design of modern
microprocessors, microcontrollers
and CPUs to increase the number of
instructions that can be executed in
a unit of time.

5. The x86
Processor
Family
The x86 Processor Family is a
microprocessor family based on the Intel
8086 microprocessors. These
microprocessors ensure backward
compatibility for instruction set
architectures. Initially x86 started with
an 8-bit instruction set, but then grew to
16-bit and 32-bit instruction sets. X86
microprocessors are capable of running
in almost any type of computer, ranging
from supercomputers to desktops,
servers and laptops.

6. ARM
processor
An ARM processor is one of a
family of CPUs based on the
RISC (reduced instruction set
computer) architecture
developed by Advanced RISC
Machines (ARM). ARM
makes 32-bit and 64-bit RISC
multi-core processors. The
ARM architecture was
originally developed by Acorn
Computers in the 1980s.

7. Thanks