NSTP Lecture-Presentation (May 22, 2015) An overview of the link between ecosystem and disaster on the preparedness, prevention & mitigation measures that environment can offer us before, during and after disaster happens.

1. KENNETH D. BARRIENTOS
Instructor/Researcher
AKLAN STATE UNIVERSITY- IBAJAY CAMPUS
Disasters and
Ecosystems:
A Philippine
Setting
AKLAN STATE
UNIVERSITY-
CHARRM
Ibajay, Aklan
May 22, 2015
Choose One.ppt

2. 1. Define hazard, vulnerability, capacity, risk, elements at risk,
disaster, response, relief, rehabilitation, reconstruction,
development, mitigation, preparedness and prevention.
2. Be acquainted with Philippines’ Disaster Risk Profile.
3. Familiarize the mandates regarding Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management.
4. Find out inter-linkages between ecosystems, natural hazards and
disasters and how did they emerge?
5. What are ecosystems and how do humans interact with them?
6. Determine on how can ecosystem mitigate disaster risk.
7. Identify issues and challenges in Philippine DRRM.

6. Is a dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity or
condition that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts,
property damage, loss of livelihood & services, social & economic
disruption or environmental damage.
Could be a potentially damaging phenomenon
It could be natural or human-induced.
But not all hazards
become disasters !
Disasters and
Ecosystems:
A Philippine
Setting

7. It is a condition or sets of conditions that reduces people’s ability
to prepare for, withstand or respond to a hazard.
are the characteristics and circumstances of a community,
system or asset that make it susceptible to the damaging effects of
a hazard.
This may arise from various physical, social, economic &
environmental factors.
Disasters and
Ecosystems:
A Philippine
Setting

9. Is the combination of all strengths and resources
available within the community, society or organization that
can reduce the level of risk or effects of a disaster.
Disasters and
Ecosystems:
A Philippine
Setting

10.  The probability that a community’s structure or geographic
area is to be damaged or disrupted by the impact of a
particular hazard, on account of their nature, construction, and
proximity to a hazardous area.
Disasters and
Ecosystems:
A Philippine
Setting
R = HAZARD x VULNERABILITY (exposure)
CAPACITY

11. Disasters and
Ecosystems:
A Philippine
Setting
Hazard Vulnerabilityx Disaster Risk
Capacity
=

12. Disasters and
Ecosystems:
A Philippine
Setting
Hazard Vulnerabilityx Disaster Risk
Capacity
=

13. Elements at Risk
Exposed Elements
Persons, buildings,
crops or other such like
societal components
exposed to known
hazard, which are likely
to be adversely
affected by the impact
of the hazard.

14. They are serious disruptions on the functioning of a
community or a society involving widespread human,
material, economic or environmental losses and impacts,
which exceed the ability of the affected community or
society to cope using its own resources .
~ (RA 10121, Section 3h, 2011)
Disasters and
Ecosystems:
A Philippine
Setting
AKLAN STATE
UNIVERSITY-
CHARRM
Ibajay, Aklan
May 22, 2015 MAN-MADE
DISASTERS
NATURAL
DISASTERS

15. WHY ARE DISASTER IMPACTS INCREASING?
1. Increased in population
2. Climate change
3. Increased vulnerability due to:
• Demographic changes
• Increased concentration of assets
• Environmental degradation
• Poverty
• Rapid urbanization and unplanned development
15
DISASTER…Continued
Disasters and
Ecosystems:
A Philippine
Setting
AKLAN STATE
UNIVERSITY-
CHARRM
Ibajay, Aklan
May 22, 2015

16. 16
DISASTER…Continued
Disasters and
Ecosystems:
A Philippine
Setting
AKLAN STATE
UNIVERSITY-
CHARRM
Ibajay, Aklan
May 22, 2015
PHILIPPINES’ DISASTER RISK PROFILE

17. 17
DISASTER…Continued
Disasters and
Ecosystems:
A Philippine
Setting
AKLAN STATE
UNIVERSITY-
CHARRM
Ibajay, Aklan
May 22, 2015
The country is considered one of the most disaster-prone. It ranks
12th among 200 countries most at-risk for tropical cyclones, floods,
earthquakes, and landslides in the 2009 Mortality Risk Index of the
UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction
 Located along the
typhoon belt in the
Pacific making it
vulnerable to typhoons
and tsunami.
 Average of 20
typhoons yearly (7 are
destructive).

18. 18
DISASTER…Continued
Disasters and
Ecosystems:
A Philippine
Setting
AKLAN STATE
UNIVERSITY-
CHARRM
Ibajay, Aklan
May 22, 2015
TD TS 1 2 3 4 5
Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Intensity Scale
Tracks and Intensity of Tropical Cyclones, 1851-2006
1851-2006 TYPHOON SEASON

19. 19
DISASTER…Continued
Disasters and
Ecosystems:
A Philippine
Setting
AKLAN STATE
UNIVERSITY-
CHARRM
Ibajay, Aklan
May 22, 2015

20. 20
DISASTER…Continued
Disasters and
Ecosystems:
A Philippine
Setting
AKLAN STATE
UNIVERSITY-
CHARRM
Ibajay, Aklan
May 22, 2015

21. 21
DISASTER…Continued
Disasters and
Ecosystems:
A Philippine
Setting
AKLAN STATE
UNIVERSITY-
CHARRM
Ibajay, Aklan
May 22, 2015
 Located along the Pacific Ring of Fire, between two Tectonic
plates (Eurasian and Pacific) which are volcanic and
earthquake generators.
 22 active volcanoes (5 most active).
The Philippines, given its location on the earth is prone to various
types of Natural Disasters.

22. 22
DISASTER…Continued
Disasters and
Ecosystems:
A Philippine
Setting
AKLAN STATE
UNIVERSITY-
CHARRM
Ibajay, Aklan
May 22, 2015
Are we
prepared?
WHAT IF?!

23. 23
DISASTER…Continued
Disasters and
Ecosystems:
A Philippine
Setting
AKLAN STATE
UNIVERSITY-
CHARRM
Ibajay, Aklan
May 22, 2015
EFFECTS OF DISASTERS

24. 24
DISASTER…Continued
Disasters and
Ecosystems:
A Philippine
Setting
AKLAN STATE
UNIVERSITY-
CHARRM
Ibajay, Aklan
May 22, 2015
EFFECTS OF DISASTERS

25. Response
Actions taken
immediately
following the impact
of a disaster when
exceptional
measures are
required to meet the
basic needs of the
survivors.

26. Relief
Measures that are
required in search and
rescue of survivors, as
well to meet the basic
needs for shelter,
water, food and health
care.

27. Recovery
The process
undertaken by a
disaster affected
community to fully
restore itself to
pre-disaster level
of functioning.

28. 28

29. 29

30. Rehabilitation
Actions taken in the
aftermath of a
disaster to:
• assist victims to
repair their
dwellings;
• re-establish
essential services;
• revive key economic
and social activities

31. Reconstruction
Permanent
measures to repair
or replace damaged
dwellings and
infrastructure and to
set the economy
back on course.

32. Development
Sustained
efforts intended
to improve or
maintain the
social and
economic
well-being of a
community

33. Prevention
Measures taken to
avert a disaster
from occurring, if
possible (to
impede a hazard
so that it does not
have any harmful
effects).

34. Mitigation
Measures taken prior
to the impact of a
disaster to minimize
its effects
(sometimes referred
to as structural and
non-structural
measures).

35. Preparedness
Measures taken in
anticipation of a disaster
to ensure that
appropriate and effective
actions are taken in the
aftermath.

36. 36
DISASTER…Continued
Disasters and
Ecosystems:
A Philippine
Setting
AKLAN STATE
UNIVERSITY-
CHARRM
Ibajay, Aklan
May 22, 2015
MANDATES REGARDING DISASTER RISK REDUCTION
EO 335 – Civilian Emergency Administration
PD 1566– National Disaster Coordination
Council
HYOGO Framework for Action 2005-2015
(Building Resilience of Nations &
Communities to Disasters)

37. 37
DISASTER…Continued
Disasters and
Ecosystems:
A Philippine
Setting
AKLAN STATE
UNIVERSITY-
CHARRM
Ibajay, Aklan
May 22, 2015
HFA Priorities for Action
Ensure that DRR is a national and local priority
with a strong institutional basis for
implementation
Identify, assess and monitor disaster risks and
enhance early warning systems.
Use knowledge, innovation and education to
build a culture of safety and resilience at all
levels .
Reduce the underlying risk factors
Strengthen disaster preparedness for effective
response at all levels

38. 38
DISASTER…Continued
Disasters and
Ecosystems:
A Philippine
Setting
AKLAN STATE
UNIVERSITY-
CHARRM
Ibajay, Aklan
May 22, 2015
RA 9729– Climate Change Act 2009
MANDATES CONTINUED…
RA 10121– Philippine Disaster Risk
Reduction and Management System
An Act Strengthening The Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction
and Management System, providing for the National Disaster
Risk Reduction and Management Framework, and
Institutionalizing the Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Plan, appropriating funds thereof and for other
purposes (DRRM Act 2010)
The law which transforms the Philippines’ Disaster
Management System from Disaster Relief and Response
towards Disaster Risk Reduction.

39. 39
DISASTER…Continued
Disasters and
Ecosystems:
A Philippine
Setting
AKLAN STATE
UNIVERSITY-
CHARRM
Ibajay, Aklan
May 22, 2015
8th Congress
(’89-’92)
9th Co2ngress
(’92-’95)
10th Congress
(’95-’98)
11th Congress
(’98-2001)
12th Congress
(2001-2004)
13th Congress
(2004-2007)
14th Congress
(2007-2010)
RA NO. 10121
27 May 2010
• 21 years in the making
• 7 Congresses
• 4 Administration
PD 1566
June 11, 1978

40. 40
DISASTER…Continued
Disasters and
Ecosystems:
A Philippine
Setting
AKLAN STATE
UNIVERSITY-
CHARRM
Ibajay, Aklan
May 22, 2015
Top-down and centralized
disaster management
Disasters as merely a function
of physical hazards
Focus on disaster response and
anticipation
Bottom-up and
participatory disaster risk
reduction
Disaster mainly a
reflection of people's
vulnerability
Integrated approach to genuine
social and human development
to reduce disaster risk and
adoption of IT in DRM
The enactment of the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Act of 2010 (also known as Republic Act
10121), aims to achieve a paradigm shift from reactive to
proactive approach in disaster risk reduction and
management.

41. 41
DISASTER…Continued
Disasters and
Ecosystems:
A Philippine
Setting
AKLAN STATE
UNIVERSITY-
CHARRM
Ibajay, Aklan
May 22, 2015
PARADIGM SHIFT
Response
Preparedness
Mitigation:
Risk Reduction /
Prevention
Rehabilitatio
n
REACTIVE
Emergency/Disaster
Management
• Executive/Legislative Agenda
• Environmental Management
• Comprehensive Land Use Plan
• Risk proofing
• Financial tools
• Hazard identification &
• Vulnerability Analysis
• Capacity Analysis
• Public awareness
• Public commitment
• Community actions
• Education & Training
• Early Warning
• SOP & Plans
• ICS Development
• Livelihood
• Housing
• Lifelines
• Education
• Infrastructure
• DANA
• Relief
• SAR
• Incident Command System
• Evacuation
• Health

42. 42
DISASTER…Continued
Disasters and
Ecosystems:
A Philippine
Setting
AKLAN STATE
UNIVERSITY-
CHARRM
Ibajay, Aklan
May 22, 2015
PARADIGM SHIFT
PROACTIVE
Emergency/Disaster Risk Management
Mitigation:
Risk Reduction /Prevention
Preparedness
Rehabilitation
Response

43. 43
DISASTER…Continued
Disasters and
Ecosystems:
A Philippine
Setting
AKLAN STATE
UNIVERSITY-
CHARRM
Ibajay, Aklan
May 22, 2015
PARADIGM SHIFT
National Disaster Risk Reduction & Management Framework
Disaster Response
Proactive
Disaster Risk Reduction
Emergency Specialists
Hazard Scientists
Risks Specialists
Economic Managers
Development Planners
Reactive
DISASTER RISK
MANAGEMENT
EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT

44. 44
DISASTER…Continued
Disasters and
Ecosystems:
A Philippine
Setting
AKLAN STATE
UNIVERSITY-
CHARRM
Ibajay, Aklan
May 22, 2015
Inter-linkages between ecosystems, natural
hazards and disasters and how did they
emerge
During the past decades, many efforts have been made to reduce
negative impacts on the environment that have led to climate
change, biodiversity loss, as well as soil and water degradation.
Ecosystem degradation is a significant factor that can contribute to a
hazard becoming a disaster.

45. 45
DISASTER…Continued
Disasters and
Ecosystems:
A Philippine
Setting
AKLAN STATE
UNIVERSITY-
CHARRM
Ibajay, Aklan
May 22, 2015
“Not all storms and other natural hazards need to turn into disasters
~ World Risk Report (2012)
Mangroves, Indonesia

46. 46
DISASTER…Continued
Disasters and
Ecosystems:
A Philippine
Setting
AKLAN STATE
UNIVERSITY-
CHARRM
Ibajay, Aklan
May 22, 2015
Ecosystem and Human Interaction
Ecosystem is a “dynamic complex of plant, animal and micro-
organism communities and their non-living environment
interacting as a functional unit”
~Convention on Biological Diversity (1992)
But what is our place in ecosystems?
ANTHROPOCENE
Human Development
+Intelligence
+Environmental Interaction
+Adaptation
+Crafting
NEW Ability: FIRE
Next Level
+++Highest Level of Expectancy
+++Highest Living Standards

47. 47
DISASTER…Continued
Disasters and
Ecosystems:
A Philippine
Setting
AKLAN STATE
UNIVERSITY-
CHARRM
Ibajay, Aklan
May 22, 2015

48. 48
DISASTER…Continued
Disasters and
Ecosystems:
A Philippine
Setting
AKLAN STATE
UNIVERSITY-
CHARRM
Ibajay, Aklan
May 22, 2015
How Ecosystem Mitigate Disasters
Mountain forests and vegetation on
hillsides can reduce the risk of landslides,
rock fall, avalanches and soil erosion.
Moreover, forests store water and can
reduce the runoff after rainfall events.
Thereby they can reduce the risk of floods
and droughts.
Photo: Mountain forest in Brazil (Atlantic
Forest of Rio de Janeiro) © U. Nehren
Wetlands and riverine ecosystems are
important for flood control as they store
water and slowly release it, reducing
speed and volume of runoff. Coastal
wetlands tidal flats, deltas and
estuaries can reduce the height and
speed of storm surges and tidal waves.
Photo: Wetland in Nicaragua © U.
Nehren

49. 49
DISASTER…Continued
Disasters and
Ecosystems:
A Philippine
Setting
AKLAN STATE
UNIVERSITY-
CHARRM
Ibajay, Aklan
May 22, 2015
Coastal ecosystems such as coral
reefs, salt marshes, mangroves, and
sand dunes can serve as natural buffers
against tropical cyclones, storm surges,
flooding, other coastal hazards and to
some extent tsunamis. Moreover, coastal
wetlands buffer against saltwater intrusion
and adapt to sea-level rise.
Photo: Coral Reef in Belize © N. Bayani
Dryland ecosystems can reduce the
risks of droughts and desertification, as
trees, grasses and shrubs conserve soil
and retain moisture. Shelterbelts,
greenbelts and other types of living
fences act as barriers against wind
erosion and sand storms.
Photo. Dry forest in Kenya © G. Ndegwa

50. 50
DISASTER…Continued
Disasters and
Ecosystems:
A Philippine
Setting
AKLAN STATE
UNIVERSITY-
CHARRM
Ibajay, Aklan
May 22, 2015
NOTE:
1. Healthy ecosystems are effective in protecting against
hazards. Moreover, they can reduce exposure and
vulnerability of communities.
2. Depending on the magnitude of the hazard there are
limitations to how much protection ecosystems can
provide, just as there are limitations to engineered
structures”

51. 51
DISASTER…Continued
Disasters and
Ecosystems:
A Philippine
Setting
AKLAN STATE
UNIVERSITY-
CHARRM
Ibajay, Aklan
May 22, 2015
Issues and Challenges in Philippine DRRM
System
Gaps in functional coordination between
stakeholders .
Deficient communication and transportation systems
Corruption and Gaps in Accountability
Insufficient medical capacity
Ongoing armed conflict

52. 52
DISASTER…Continued
Disasters and
Ecosystems:
A Philippine
Setting
AKLAN STATE
UNIVERSITY-
CHARRM
Ibajay, Aklan
May 22, 2015
Issues and Challenges in Philippine DRRM
System
Administration in many schools had not
been strict in the implementing drills among
students.
Parents put emphasis on academic learning
rather than disaster drills.
School-based disaster drills are only
conducted every three months.
Poorly built classroom
In School…
Source: Valenia, L. (2014)

53. 53
DISASTER…Continued
Disasters and
Ecosystems:
A Philippine
Setting
AKLAN STATE
UNIVERSITY-
CHARRM
Ibajay, Aklan
May 22, 2015

54. 54
DISASTER…Continued
Disasters and
Ecosystems:
A Philippine
Setting
AKLAN STATE
UNIVERSITY-
CHARRM
Ibajay, Aklan
May 22, 2015
Understanding is the first step to
acceptance, and only with
acceptance can there be
recovery.
~J.K. Rowling
To exist is to change, to change
is to mature, to mature is to go
on, creating oneself endlessly
~Henry Bergson
Life is a series of natural and
spontaneous changes. Don’t resist
them; that only creates sorrow. Let
realty be reality. Let things flow
naturally forward in whatever way they
like.
~Lao Tzu
Nobody can go back and start a new
beginning, but anyone can start today
and make a new ending
~Maria Robinson