- Definition of ‘Disaster’. - What is a disaster management cycle? - What are the types of Disasters? - What is vulnerability and risk? - What is a Hazard? How is it classified? - Use data, pictures, pie charts, bar diagrams

1. DISASTER
MANAGEMENT

2. WHAT IS A
DISASTER ?• A disaster is a sudden, calamitous
event that seriously disrupts the
functioning of a community or society
and causes human, material, and
economic or environmental losses that
exceed the community’s or society’s
ability to cope using its own resources.
• Though often caused by nature,
disasters can have human origins.

3. DISASTER
MANAGEMENT
CYCLE• Disaster management integrates the
organization and management of resources
and responsibilities for dealing with all the
humanitarian aspects of emergencies, in
order to lessen the impact of disasters.
Elimination or
reduction of the
impacts and risks
of hazards
predict and,
where possible,
prevent disasters
warning/evacuati
on, search and
rescue, providing
immediate
assistance
set of policies, tools
and procedures to
enable the recovery

4. TYPES OF
DISASTERSThere are two main categories of disasters .
Natural disasters
A natural disaster is a natural phenomenon that may cause loss of life, injury or
other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social
and economic disruption, or environmental damage.
Various phenomena like earthquakes, landslides, volcanic
eruptions, floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, blizzards, tsunamis, cyclones and pande
mics are all natural disasters
Man made disasters
Human-instigated disasters are the consequence of technological or human
hazards. Examples include stampedes, fires, transport accidents, industrial
accidents, oil spills, terrorist attacks, nuclear explosions/nuclear
radiation. War and deliberate attacks may also be put in this category.

5. VULNERABILITY
Vulnerability is the inability to resist a
hazard or to respond when a disaster
has occurred

6. HAZARD• A natural hazard is a natural phenomenon that might have a
negative effect on humans and other animals, or the environment.
HAZARD ELEMENTS OF
THE HAZARD
VULNERABLE
AREAS
PREVENTION EXAMPLES
PHYSICAL
Wildfire
fuel, oxygen, and
a heat source
California ,Canada
, Mediterranean
,Siberia,Australia
Report unattended fires.
Extinguish fire pits when
done.Don't throw lit
cigarettes .Use caution
when using flammable
liquids.
Australian forest
In 2019
CHEMICAL Human error,
manufacturing
defect, improper
manufacturing
China , India , USA
, Italy
Use of PPE kits
Avoid housing near
industries
Proper labeling of
chemicals
Bhopal gas
tragedy
BIOLOGICAL
Virus
bacteria, viruses
, insects, plants,
birds, animals,
and humans
Any crowded area
with lack of
awareness
Sanitation
Social distancing
Vaccination
COVID-19

7. THE ERRATIC
EARTHQUAKE

8. • An earthquake is the shaking of the surface
of the Earth resulting from a sudden release
of energy in the Earth's lithosphere that
creates seismic waves.
• The 2011 Sikkim earthquake occurred with a
moment magnitude of 6.9 and was centered
within the Kanchenjunga Conservation Area,
near the border of Nepal and the Indian state
of Sikkim.
• Earthquakes are caused by a sudden release
of stress along faults in the earth's crust. The
continuous motion of tectonic plates causes
a steady build-up of pressure in the rock

9. DO’S AND DON’TS• • During the event, the safest place is an open space, away from
buildings.
• • If you are indoors, take cover under a desk, table, bed or
doorways and against inside walls and staircase. Stay away from
glass doors, glass panes, windows or outside doors. Do not rush to
go out of the building, to avoid the stampede.
• • If you are outside, move away from buildings and utility wires.
• • Once in the open, stay there till the vibrations stop.
• • If you are in a moving vehicle, stop as quickly as possible and
stay in the vehicle.
• • Free all pets and domestic animals so that they can run outside.
• • Do not use candles, matches or other open flames.

11. Prevention and
mitigation• NDRF team consists of 45 men, including a
doctor and paramedic, a structural engineer,
dogs, and four search and rescue teams, with
hand-held disaster management equipment for
collapsed structure search and rescue (CSSR)
and medical first response (MFR).
• The local community consisting of young men
and women who formed volunteer teams and
helped in search and rescue, guided the first
responders from outside the state, and also
helped in the cremation of the dead. They also
managed the make-shift relief camps for those
community members whose houses had either
been destroyed, developed cracks, or had

12. LURCHY
LANDSLIDE

13. • Landslide refers to several forms of mass wasting that
may include a wide range of ground movements, such
as rockfalls, deep-seated slope failures, mudflows,
and debris flows
• 1968, a torrential rainfall had unleashed about 20,000
landslides, killing thousands and breaching the
Darjeeling-Sikkim road at more than 90 places.
• Landslides can be initiated in slopes already on the
verge of movement by rainfall, snowmelt, changes in
water level, stream erosion, changes in ground water,
earthquakes, volcanic activity, disturbance by human
activities, or any combination of these factors.

14. DO’S AND DON’TS
• Be observant. Many landslide and debris flow casualties
occur when people are sleeping. Listen to radio for
warnings of intense rainfall.
• Unusual sounds might indicate moving debris, such as
trees cracking or boulders knocking together. A trickle of
flowing or falling mud or debris may precede larger
landslides. Be alert for any sudden increase or decrease
in water flow in streams or channels. Such changes may
indicate landslide activity upstream, so be prepared to
move quickly
• If you live in areas susceptible to landslides and debris
flows, consider leaving if it is safe to do so. If you remain
at home, move to a part of the house farthest away from
the source of the landslide or debris flows, such as an
upper floor, but keep an escape route open should it

16. PREVENTION
• The Project entitled “Treatment of Landslide &
Erosion Control work” under Technology
Development and Extension & Training
Programme”, A Central Sector Scheme for
Wasteland Development is one amongst the
effort to combat this natural disaster in Sikkim.
Certain preventive measures have been
undertaken under this scheme.
To immediately arrest soil erosion, stabilize
failure sites, reduce potential for additional mass
wastage, reduce stress on agricultural land,
minimize sediment production and delivery to

17. FEROCIOUS
FOREST
FIRE

18. • Forest fire a large, destructive fire that spreads
over a forest or area of woodland.
• Forest fires are caused by Natural causes as
well as Man made causes
• Natural causes - Many forest fires start from
natural causes such as lightning which set trees
on fire. However, rain extinguishes such fires
without causing much damage. High
atmospheric temperatures and dryness (low
humidity) offer favorable circumstance for a fire
to start.
• Man made causes - Fire is caused when a
source of fire like naked flame, cigarette or bidi,
electric spark or any source of ignition comes

19. DO’S AND DON’TS
• To keep the source of fire or source of ignition
separated from combustible and inflammable
material.
• To keep the source of fire under watch and
control.
• Not allow combustible or inflammable material to
pile up unnecessarily and to stock the same as
per procedure recommended for safe storage of
such combustible or inflammable material.
• To adopt safe practices in areas near forests viz.
factories, coalmines, oil stores, chemical plants
and even in household kitchens.

20. • Fires are frequent in the subtropical Sal
forests in Sikkim and occur in the winter
months. Earlier, winter precipitation used
to prevent these fires, however, with the
change in the climatic pattern, winters are
becoming increasingly warm and dry.
• In Sikkim out of 45.97% of forest cover
40% of forests are susceptible to forest
fires for a
period of 5 months, i.e., November to
March

22. PREVENTION AND
MITIGATION• The Government of India is considering setting
up of a National Institute of Forest Fire
Management with satellite centres in different
parts of India to bring the latest forest fire
fighting technologies to India through proper
research , training of personnel and technology
transfer on a long-term basis.
• Remote sensing has been and is also being
widely used for accurate monitoring of fire
frequency and extent of forest area burnt in
Sikkim.
• Much more details and data have to be collected
for the entire state to understand the fire

23. EMERGENCY KIT
• Water: You must keep enough supply of water as it is essential
for your survival and is a basic need. And you will require it for
drinking as well as sanitation.
• Food: You must include non-perishable food in your emergency
supply kit. Also, keep food items which are easy to prepare.
• Flashlight: As the power supply may get disrupted, thus it is
advisable to keep a flashlight for your safety.
• First aid kit: Keeping a first aid kit should be your utmost
priority. It may include medicines, bandage strips, hand
sanitizer, band-aids, etc.
• Other tools like extra batteries, whistle to signal other people
during the time of emergency, candles, scissors, knife, personal
hygiene items etc. must be kept.
• You must have enough supply of medicines and also carry
your personal identity documents with you which may include