The Post-Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA) is an internationally accepted methodology for determining the physical damages, economic losses, and costs of meeting recovery needs after a natural disaster through a government-led process.

1. PDNA - Post Disaster
Need Assessment and
role of multi-
stakeholders
Special reference to the volcanic eruption in bordering
area of DR Congo-Rwanda, East Africa on Saturday
22nd May 2021.
Presented at the Civil Engineering, MESCE Kuttippuram under APJAKTU funded 5 days online faculty
development program on “Techniques for disaster management and climate change adaptation strategies”
from 6th to 10th September 2021. from RWANDA
Bibhuti Bhusan Gadanayak
Senior Technical Advisor, DRM & Emergency
UNDP – MINEMA, Kigali – Nyarugemge, Rwanda

2. Session
outline
India’s deadliest disasters
Disasters experienced last century in India
Kerala-India in brief
Hazard profile of Kerala-India
Kerala flood 2018
What is PDNA - objectives
Why to conduct a PDNA: Rationale
Key principles
Volcano eruption Goma DR Congo- Rwanda
PDNA Activation
Typical Sectors and Subsectors
Role of National Government in the assessment
Role of UN Agencies in the assessment
PDNA implementation process
Factors contribute to the success of PDNA
Rwanda Experience
Brief on Rwanda
Scenario-subsequent earthquake
What is most likely to happen
Involvement of multi-stakeholders
Methodology
Findings and recommendations
Scope and opportunities

3. India’s
Deadliest
Disasters
SL.
NO.
NAME OF
EVENT
YEA
R
STATE & AREA FATALITIES
1 Earthquake 1618 Mumbai,
Maharashtra
2,000 deaths
2 Bengal
Earthquake
1737 Bengal 300, 000 deaths
3 Cyclone 1864 Kolkata, West Bengal 60,000 deaths
4 The Great
Famine
1876-78 Southern India 58.5 million people affected
5.5 million deaths due to starvation
5 Cyclone 1882 Bombay,
Maharashtra
100,000 deaths
6 The Indian
famine
1896-97 Whole India 1.25 million to 10 million deaths
7 Earthquake 1934 Bihar 6,000 deaths
8 Bhola Cyclone 1970 West Bengal 500,000 deaths (including Hindu
Kush Himalayas and surrounding
areas)
9 Drought 1972 Large part of the
country
200 million people affected
10 Drought 1987 Haryana 300 million people affected
Source: Disaster Management in India (2010), Ministry of Home Affairs Government of India

4. Disasters
experienced
in last
century in
India
Sl.
No.
Name of Event Year State & Area Fatalities
1 Earthquake 1905 Kangra, Himachal
Pradesh
20,000 deaths
2 Cyclone 1977 Andhra Pradesh 10,000 deaths hundreds of
thousands homeless 40,000
cattle deaths. Destroyed
40%of India’s food grains.
3 Latur Earthquake 1993 Latur,
Marthawada,
region of the
Maharashtra
7,928 people died and
another 30,000
were injured.
4 Orissa Super
Cyclone
1999 Orissa 10,000 deaths
5 Gujarat
Earthquake
2001 Bhuj, Bachau,
Anjar,
Ahmedabad, and
Surat in Gujarat
State
25,000 deaths
6.3 million people affected
Source: Disaster Management in India (2010), Ministry of Home Affairs Government of India

5. ……..disaster
s experienced
in last
century in
India
Sl.
No.
Name of
Event Year State & Area Fatalities
6 Tsunami 2004 Coastline of Tamil
Nadu, Kerala,
Andhra Pradesh and
Pondicherry, as well as
the Andaman and
Nicobar Islands of
India
10,749 deaths
5,640 persons missing
2.79 million people affected
11,827 hectares of crops
damaged
300,000 fisher folk lost
their livelihoods
7 Maharashtra
floods
July
2005
Maharashtra State 1094 deaths, 167 Injured
54 Missing
8 Kashmir
Earthquake
2005 Kashmir State 86000 deaths (includes
Kashmir & surrounding
Himalayan region)
9 Kosi Floods 2008 North Bihar 527 Deaths
19323 Livestock perished
222754 Houses damaged
3329423 persons affected
10 Cyclone Nisha 2008 Tamil Nadu 204 deaths, $800 million
worth damages
Source: Disaster Management in India (2010), Ministry of Home Affairs Government of India

6. Kerala – India in brief
Kerala India
Area 38,863 km2 32.87 lakh (3.3 million) sq.km
Rivers 44 400 rivers with total catchment area of 252.8 million hectares
Forest 11,266 km2 692,027 sq.km (21.5 % of the total geographical area)
Coastline 590 km 7,517 km
Population 3,33,87,677 (Census, 2011)
Male:1,60,21,290
Female:1,73,66,387
1.2 billion.
Male: 51.5%.
Female: 48.5% (Census 2011)
Popn. density 860 people/km2 382 persons per sq.km (Census 2011)
Popn growth rate 4.9% 1.64 % in 2001-2011 (Census 2011)
Districts 14 718 districts Census 2021
Corporation 6 100
Municipalities 87 1500
Villages 1664 As of 2019, total of 664,369 villages
Source: Kerala State Disaster Management Plan, Census-2011,2021, NDMP-2019

7. Hazard Profile of Kerala- India
India
Flood 40 million hectors vulnerable to
flood (12% land)
Drought 68% cultivable area is vulnerable
Cyclone 8% of total area
Earthquake 60% of land mass
Tsunami 7,517 km
Kerala
Kerala is prone to high incidence of lightning, especially
during the months of April, May, October and November.
The state is vulnerable to floods at the mountain regions of
the state experience several landslides during the monsoon
season. 14.5% of the state’s land area is prone to floods
It is known that a total of 65 fatal landslides occurred
between 1961 and 2009 causing the death of 257 individuals
(Kuriakose, 2010).
Between 1871 and 2000, the state experienced 12 moderate
drought years.
The 570 km long coastline of Kerala is prone to erosion,
monsoon storm surges and sea level rise
KSDMP identifies thirty nine (39) phenomena with potential
to cause disasters
Not all of these hazards turn into disasters that are ‘beyond
the coping capacity of the community of the affected area’.

8. MAP OF KERALA
and flood 2018

9. What is PDNA - objectives
The Post-Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA) is an internationally
accepted methodology for determining the physical damages, economic
losses, and costs of meeting recovery needs after a natural disaster through
a government-led process.
Objectives of PDNA
1
PDNA is a mechanism for joint
assessment and recovery planning
after a disaster
2
The joint assessment analyses the damage,
economic loss, effects and impact of the
disaster and identifies recovery needs across
identified sectors
3
The assessment also highlights the
macro-economic and human
impacts of the disaster
4
The recovery needs identified helps to
mobilize resources and develop a
comprehensive recovery strategy

10. The PDNA is envisaged as a country owned and
led process, supported by international agencies
and other stakeholders
By bringing together key stakeholders engaged in
recovery, the PDNA aims to avoid duplication
and harmonize assessment efforts
The multi-stakeholder approach leads to the
development of a single PDNA report that can be
used as a tool for planning and programming
recovery, as well for resource mobilization
Why
conduct a
PDNA:
Rationale

11. Commonplatform
for coordinated
action
Enhance country
resilienceto crisis
People-centred
inclusiveapproach
to thecivil society
Government led
process
Strengthen
national
institutions
Harmonize
methodologies,
toolkitsandcapacity
buildingapproach
Key principles

12. Volcano eruption Goma
DR Congo- Rwanda
Saturday 22 May 2021 around 18.30 UTC, first news of an
eruption of the Volcano Nyiragongo occured at the north
city of Goma in North Kivu province.
No. of people affected: 2 million
No. of home less: 100,000
Refugee across border Rwanda: More than 5000
Road disconnected:01
Human lives lost: 05
No. of children separated from their families: 150
No. of children are feared to be missing:170
No. of people displaced in Sake; 25 km NW of Goma: 25,000

14. In country communication between EU, WB,
UN of a possible request for a PDNA,
reported immediately to HQ.
Official request from the Government and
joint decision to activate a PDNA including
the designation of the national lead ministry.
Deployment of a Planning Mission and
formulation of the ToRs for the PDNA.
Definition of the support that Government
and partners will provide to the process.
PDNA
Activatio
n

15. Typical Sectors and
Subsectors
PRODUCTIVE SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE
CROSS-CUTTING
GENDER GOVERNANCE ENVIRONMENT DISASTERRISK REDUCTION EMPLOYMENTAND LIVELIHOODS
Note: The diagram above illustrates the typical sectors that are assessed in the PDNA, this can vary from country to country.

16. Role of
National
Government
in the
assessment
Leadership and
Coordination
 Designation of a Ministry to lead and
anchor the PDNA process.
 Brings together all national ministries and
departments and international actors
under a joint process
Data Collection &
access to
information
 Pre-Disaster data National data bases, line
ministries data bases
 Post disaster data: Facilitates data
collection from the affected areas
Provideslogistics
support
 Space for PDNA secretariat
 Facilities for workshops and consultations
Reviews and
endorses the
PDNA report
 Reviews all sector reports for accuracy
 Approves the report at the highest office
 Allocates resources, presents report for
international assistance

17. Role of UN
Agencies in
the
assessment
Social sectors  Housing, land and settlements (UN-
Habitat)
 Education (UNICEF)
 Health (WHO)
 Culture (UNESCO)
Productive
sectors
 Agriculture, fisheries and livestock (FAO)
 Employment and livelihoods (ILO)
Infrastructure
sectors
 Water and sanitation (UNICEF)
 Community infrastructure (UNDP)
Cross-cutting  DRR (UNDP)
 Governance (UNDP)
 Gender (UN Women)
 Environment (UNEP)

18. PDNA
implementati
on process

19. Factors that
contribute
to the success of a
PDNA
• Government Leadership: National ownership and leadership is an
essential pre-requisite for the use and application of the PDNA.
• National expertise : Works better when people with skills and
knowledge of the country and region undertake the PDNA. Its
should be Institutionalized as a part of the national DRR strategy.
• Linked with Recovery: The PDNA must lead to recovery planning
and programming. It should be done with a on focus on reducing
risks and “building back better
• Right balance : PDNA must have the right balance between social
and economic and infrastructure needs
• Time bound :The PDNA should be planned and completed within a
stipulated timeframe.
• Collaborative Effort : The PDNA is a collaboration between
ministries and national and international partners. A strong
collaboration leads to better results.

20. PDNA Rwanda
-Experience
Volcanic eruption
22nd May 2021
PDNA at Rubavu district Rwanda

21. Brief on
Rwanda
Wauthier etal (2012)
Rwanda is located between two branch of
East African Rift System (EARS)
There are both dormant and active volcanoes
Nyiragongo and Nyamuragira are active
Nyiragongo itself has 900m wide crater
It has open vents/flanks where lavas erupt
from (2002,2021)
There are active faults through which
earthquakes are produced

22. On 22nd May 2021 after Nyiragongo eruption
Lava flow reached Rwanda (5 ha covered)
Lava Lake was drained after eruption
followed by a series of earthquakes
Existing fissure was reactivated (NW-SE)
Eastern arm of the main fissure was observed in Rugerero (Rwaza Cell)
No
Magnitude class
(ML) No of Records
1 3.5-4 83
2 4.1-4.4 29
3 4.4-4.8 11
4 5.1 2
Scenario –
subsequent earthquake

23. What is most
likely to happen?
Earthquakes: Earthquakes from eruption is
less likely as far as Nyiragongo lava Lake is
not replenished. However, rift valley system
can generate earthquakes from active faults
Volcanic eruption: re-eruption will depend on
the refilling of the magma chamber and the
drained Nyiragongo lava Lake
Lake Kivu/Gas outburst: Less likely to
happened due to the water volume and the
permanent stratification stability of the lake.

24. Government Agencies
• The PDNA was organized
under the leadership of
MINEMA
• Local Mayer
• The agencies participated
are; Giseneyi Hospital;
INES; MINACOFIN;
MINALOC; MINEDU;
MINFRA; MINICOM; MoE ;
MoH; NECC; PSF-
Rubavu; REG; REMA;
RHA; RLMUA; RMB; UR;
Rwanda University,
Rwanda Engineering
Development partners
• UN
• WB
• NINGO
Team
compositio
n
Involvement of multi-
stakeholders

25. Methodology
Activity
• Orientation to the participants
• Sectoral team formation
• Field visit to the affected locations
within Gisenyi town
• Sharing of modified PDNA format
• Intensive desk review of previous
similar incidents’ data
• Presentation
• Discussion
• Validation
The team was divided into 6 thematic
areas:
1. Risk monitoring and evacuation
2. Housing
3. Infrastructure and utilities
4. Road, bridge and electricity
5. Education, Health and Trade
6. Coordination

26. Findings and recommendations
Findings
• Building infrastructures destroyed
• Roads are damaged
• School buildings damaged
• Part of Gisenyi main hospital including
operation theatre and oxygen plant are
damaged
Short and long-term recommendations
• Conducting a comprehensive damage and loss assessment
• Relocation of the affected medical and educational facilities
• Invest in research and early warning systems
• Enhanced community awareness strategy
• Establishing the Intersectoral collaboration between MINEMA, RMB,
REMA,UR and other higher learning institution
• Relocation of properties along the reacted fissure zones: 40-60 meter on
both sides of the fissures should be relocated. The Rubavu master plan
would have to be revised to incorporate this
• Capacity building
• Conduct a geoscientific investigation and details assessment in affected
areas and beyond (along the rift valley in Rwanda);
• Improve regional collaboration with similar institution
• Establishing Geo-hazard monitoring and research center
• Developing multi-stakeholders Emergency and Preparedness /
Contingency planning
• Roundtable discussion with doners on PDNA outcome
• Incorporation of volcanic eruption in NSDRR
• UNDMT

27. Scopes and opportunities
for the Engineering departments
• Mainstream the DRR into the
subjects
• Conducting research
• Innovation
• Resilient infrastructure-Structural
engineering
•
• https://fellowship.cdri.world/
- Thematic areas
- Early warning & decision support system for
infrastructure
- Resilience standards for infrastructure
- Nature-based solutions for infrastructure resilience
- Risk finance for infrastructure
- Health infrastructure resilience
Fellowship amount: 15000 USD
Duration: 1 year

28. Selected references
1. https://think.taylorandfrancis.com/special_issues/sustainable-development-goals-social-work-education/
2. https://www.ifsw.org/social-work-and-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-sdgs/
3. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1753-1411.2007.00005.x
4. BB Gadanayak, J K Routray (2010), A Path to disaster resilient communities, Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany
5. Chapter 5: Social Work Practice Settings: https://ferrisintroductiontosocialwork.pressbooks.com/chapter/chapter-5-social-work-practice-settings/
6. The 4 Ps, 4 Rs, and 4 Ms: https://wps.ablongman.com/wps/media/objects/4915/5033223/item_11_14.pdf
7. Social Work and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): https://www.ifsw.org/social-work-and-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-sdgs/ Community Participation and
Preparedness for Integrating Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) in Managing Disasters A Study of Srinagar Floods (2014), Indiahttps://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/328027247.pdf
8. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0020872814556824
9. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/002087280104400208
10. https://www.ifsw.org/social-work-and-the-united-nations-sustainable-development-goals-sdgs/ Social Work Methods By Renuka Kumarhttp://ddceutkal.ac.in/Syllabus/MSW/Paper-5.pdf
11. UNISDR (United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction). Sendai framework for disaster risk reduction 2015–2030. UNISDR, 2015.
12. Prime Ministers Ten Point Agenda on Disaster Risk Reduction, AMCDRR 2016
13. UN SDG Global Report, 2020
14. The World Bank. India development update, July 2020. Washington, DC: The World Bank, 2020
15. Outcome of the World Humanitarian Summit Report of the Secretary-General, UNGA, 2016
16. Capacity Development, A UNDP Premier
17. Lifeline, The resilient Infrastructure Opportunity, World Bank
18. Climate Resilient Infrastructure, Policy Prospective, OECD Policy Paper 14
19. A Panda and N Ramos, Options for addressing Infrastructure Resilience, Working paper, UNDRR
20. United Nations Global Assessment Report.
21. https://www.slideshare.net/HarshShah143/role-of-civil-engineer-in-disaster-management/1
22. https://www.unisdr.org/2005/mdgs-drr/national-reports/India-report.pdf
23. https://aphrdi.ap.gov.in/documents/Trainings@APHRDI/2020/sept/CCDRR/basic%20concepts%20and%20hazard%20profile%20of%20India%20RAKA.pdf

29. Questions?
?