The document discusses malnutrition in children, focusing on the first 1000 days of life from conception to age 2. It defines various forms of malnutrition like stunting, wasting, and underweight. Around 1/3 of under-5 mortality is due to undernutrition. The first 1000 days are critical for meeting nutritional needs. It provides global statistics on the prevalence of issues like stunting, underweight, low birth weight. It also discusses diagnostic criteria and interventions to address malnutrition.
Infant and young child feeding ppt describe the nutritional needs of infant and child. Exclusive breastfeeding for six months and complementary feeding for the child. avoid formula feeding for the child and continue breastfeeding for 24 months.
This document discusses nutritional needs for toddlers and young children. It emphasizes the importance of a healthy, balanced diet for proper growth and development. This includes eating a healthy breakfast based on breads and cereals along with a variety of foods. The document also discusses portion sizes, packed lunches, and provides tips for parents on encouraging nutritious eating habits for young kids.
Malnutrition, Causes,Framework, vicious cycle,Preventive measures,Policy and ...Dhirendra Nath
This document discusses various types of malnutrition including protein energy malnutrition (PEM) in Nepal. It outlines the immediate, underlying, and basic causes of PEM as inadequate dietary intake and infections which interact in a vicious cycle. Preventive measures proposed include promoting optimal infant and young child feeding practices, vaccination, food fortification, and treating diarrhea and intestinal parasites. The document also discusses iodine deficiency disorders, iron deficiency anemia, vitamin A deficiency and their prevention through salt iodization, food fortification, and supplementation programs.
Vitamin A deficiency can cause vision problems and increase risk of infection. The document discusses vitamin A deficiency assessment and control programs in India. It provides details on vitamin A sources, functions, deficiency symptoms, assessment criteria used in India, supplementation programs, and recommended daily intake amounts. Prevention strategies for vitamin A deficiency include improving dietary intake of vitamin A rich foods and mass supplementation of children every 6 months.
This document summarizes India's national nutrition policy and status. It discusses that calorie intake is lower in rural vs. urban areas and that poverty perpetuates poor nutrition. The policy focuses on direct interventions like nutrition programs for vulnerable groups, food fortification, and controlling micronutrient deficiencies as well as indirect long-term strategies like ensuring food security, improving diets, purchasing power, and the public distribution system. It also outlines developments under India's 11th and 12th five-year plans and constraints facing effective policy implementation like lack of a dedicated ministry and weak program delivery.
The document summarizes India's POSHAN Abhiyaan nutrition program. It outlines the program's goals of reducing stunting, undernutrition, and anemia among children and women. It details the program's large scale, with coverage of over 100 million beneficiaries across India. It also describes the program's key pillars which include convergence of sectors, behavior change communication, capacity building, and use of technology for monitoring.
The document discusses growth charts and child development scales. It provides background on the WHO growth chart, including that it was developed based on data from healthy breastfed children in diverse settings. The MGRS from 1997-2003 aimed to establish new growth curves. The WHO charts use 2nd and 98th percentiles to identify abnormal growth. In India, the WHO growth chart was incorporated into the "Mother and Child Protection Card" in 2009. The Trivandrum Developmental Screening Chart is also discussed as a tool to screen motor, mental, hearing and visual development in children under 2 years.
Infant and young child feeding ppt describe the nutritional needs of infant and child. Exclusive breastfeeding for six months and complementary feeding for the child. avoid formula feeding for the child and continue breastfeeding for 24 months.
This document discusses nutritional needs for toddlers and young children. It emphasizes the importance of a healthy, balanced diet for proper growth and development. This includes eating a healthy breakfast based on breads and cereals along with a variety of foods. The document also discusses portion sizes, packed lunches, and provides tips for parents on encouraging nutritious eating habits for young kids.
Malnutrition, Causes,Framework, vicious cycle,Preventive measures,Policy and ...Dhirendra Nath
This document discusses various types of malnutrition including protein energy malnutrition (PEM) in Nepal. It outlines the immediate, underlying, and basic causes of PEM as inadequate dietary intake and infections which interact in a vicious cycle. Preventive measures proposed include promoting optimal infant and young child feeding practices, vaccination, food fortification, and treating diarrhea and intestinal parasites. The document also discusses iodine deficiency disorders, iron deficiency anemia, vitamin A deficiency and their prevention through salt iodization, food fortification, and supplementation programs.
Vitamin A deficiency can cause vision problems and increase risk of infection. The document discusses vitamin A deficiency assessment and control programs in India. It provides details on vitamin A sources, functions, deficiency symptoms, assessment criteria used in India, supplementation programs, and recommended daily intake amounts. Prevention strategies for vitamin A deficiency include improving dietary intake of vitamin A rich foods and mass supplementation of children every 6 months.
This document summarizes India's national nutrition policy and status. It discusses that calorie intake is lower in rural vs. urban areas and that poverty perpetuates poor nutrition. The policy focuses on direct interventions like nutrition programs for vulnerable groups, food fortification, and controlling micronutrient deficiencies as well as indirect long-term strategies like ensuring food security, improving diets, purchasing power, and the public distribution system. It also outlines developments under India's 11th and 12th five-year plans and constraints facing effective policy implementation like lack of a dedicated ministry and weak program delivery.
The document summarizes India's POSHAN Abhiyaan nutrition program. It outlines the program's goals of reducing stunting, undernutrition, and anemia among children and women. It details the program's large scale, with coverage of over 100 million beneficiaries across India. It also describes the program's key pillars which include convergence of sectors, behavior change communication, capacity building, and use of technology for monitoring.
The document discusses growth charts and child development scales. It provides background on the WHO growth chart, including that it was developed based on data from healthy breastfed children in diverse settings. The MGRS from 1997-2003 aimed to establish new growth curves. The WHO charts use 2nd and 98th percentiles to identify abnormal growth. In India, the WHO growth chart was incorporated into the "Mother and Child Protection Card" in 2009. The Trivandrum Developmental Screening Chart is also discussed as a tool to screen motor, mental, hearing and visual development in children under 2 years.
Nutritional requirements change throughout the life stages. Young children require encouragement to eat with the family and in a relaxed environment. Preschoolers need a variety of foods to meet growth needs, including grains, vegetables, fruits, milk and meat. School-aged children have different meal patterns and are influenced by peers, requiring balanced nutrition. Adolescents experience dramatic growth and changes, increasing needs for energy, protein, vitamins and minerals to support development. Older adults have reduced senses and interest in food, requiring nutrient-dense options to support independence and quality of life.
This document discusses childhood obesity. Some key points:
- Childhood obesity is increasingly common and difficult to treat. It can lead to health issues like diabetes and persist into adulthood.
- Obesity in children is different than in adults and is influenced by growth. BMI percentiles must account for age and sex.
- Treatment aims for weight maintenance rather than loss to avoid impacting growth. Lifestyle changes like increased activity and healthier eating are recommended.
- Risk factors include sedentary behavior, high fat diets, and lower socioeconomic status. Prevention requires addressing societal and environmental contributors.
This document provides guidance on complementary feeding or weaning for infants after 6 months of age. It states that breast milk alone is not sufficient to meet nutritional needs after 6 months and other foods should be gradually introduced along with continued breastfeeding. It provides recommendations on appropriate food consistencies, frequencies and amounts at different ages, ensuring hygienic preparation and storage of weaning foods. The document also outlines signs that an infant is ready for complementary feeding and the advantages and disadvantages of weaning.
Nutritional Requirements in Different Age GroupsAli Faris
This document discusses nutritional requirements across different age groups. It focuses on requirements during pregnancy, lactation, and infancy. During pregnancy, nutrition is critical for fetal development, especially in the first trimester. The document recommends folic acid and iron supplementation during pregnancy. Breastfeeding is ideal for infants as breast milk provides all needed nutrients in easily digestible forms. The nutritional needs of lactating mothers also increase to support milk production.
The document provides information on healthy eating for preschoolers, including normal food behaviors at this age and tips for parents. It discusses that preschoolers' appetites can be erratic and they may show strong food preferences or rituals. It recommends offering small portions of a variety of foods, including whole grains, fruits, vegetables, proteins and dairy. Tips include letting children see others enjoying foods, giving them choices, making foods fun and easy to eat, and being patient with new or refused foods.
The document discusses child and infant mortality rates globally and in India. It provides definitions for under-five mortality rate, infant mortality rate, and neonatal mortality rate. The three main causes of under-five mortality are neonatal mortality (0-4 weeks), post-neonatal mortality (1-12 months), and factors like low birth weight, prematurity, and infectious diseases. While global under-five mortality has decreased 53% from 1990-2015, Africa still has the highest rate. India accounts for 20% of global under-five deaths despite its rate decreasing 61% from 1990-2015. Preventive measures discussed include prenatal nutrition, immunizations, breastfeeding, and improved access to primary healthcare.
The document discusses India's Vitamin A Prophylaxis Programme launched in 1970. The goals were to eliminate vitamin A deficiency as a public health problem and reduce associated conditions like Bitot's spot and night blindness. Initially, children aged 2-6 years received biannual doses of vitamin A. Starting in 1992, the strategy shifted to providing children aged 9 months to 3 years with 5 mega doses of vitamin A orally to eliminate nutritional blindness and other deficiencies. Food fortification and nutrition education were also emphasized as long term measures to combat vitamin A deficiency.
Nutrients and nutritional requirements of childrenJays George
The document discusses the nutrients and nutritional requirements of children. It defines nutrition and outlines the primary macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, fats) and micronutrients (vitamins, minerals) required for growth. It provides the recommended daily allowances of water, calories, proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals for children of different age groups. The document emphasizes the importance of breastfeeding and introduces guidelines for pediatric nutrition and nutritional counseling for children from 6 months to 18 months.
This document discusses nutritional surveillance. It begins with an introduction defining nutritional surveillance as the regular collection and analysis of nutrition data. It then outlines the purpose of nutritional surveillance, which includes monitoring nutrition situations, informing policies, and tracking program progress. The document also provides a brief history of nutritional surveillance and describes the process involving data collection, analysis, dissemination and decision making. It further discusses challenges and provides guidance on establishing nutritional surveillance systems.
This document provides information about WHO growth charts. It discusses how growth charts are used to monitor a child's growth over time by plotting weight and height measurements against age. The WHO developed new growth charts based on data from multiple countries using breastfeeding as the biological norm. The charts include lines showing the 3rd, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th and 97th percentiles. Growth indicators like height-for-age, weight-for-age and BMI-for-age are used to assess growth. The charts provide a standardized way to evaluate a child's growth and identify potential issues.
Growth monitoring, screening and survillenceRakesh Verma
Growth monitoring is a screening tool used to assess physical growth and detect nutritional, chronic, or endocrine issues in children. It involves regularly measuring height, weight, and other growth indicators and plotting them on growth charts to monitor trends. The aims are to identify growth deviations from normal and diagnose any underlying conditions early. Key aspects include recommended intervals for monitoring, parameters to assess, growth chart use, and referral criteria. National programs in India incorporate growth monitoring to promote child health and nutrition.
Dietary assessment is a comprehensive evaluation of food consumption at the national, household, and individual level. It provides information about dietary intake patterns and estimates nutrient intake, which is helpful for planning health education activities and understanding food habits and attitudes. Common methods of dietary assessment include food balance sheets, inventories, weighing, 24-hour recalls, food frequency questionnaires, duplicate sampling, expenditure patterns, and diet histories. The 24-hour recall method, which is widely used, involves trained professionals interviewing subjects to recall the types and amounts of food consumed in the last 24 hours. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to quantify intake for various foods and meals in order to estimate calorie and nutrient intake.
This document discusses the importance of pediatric nutrition at different age groups from infancy to adolescence. It outlines nutritional guidelines for each group, emphasizing the critical role of proper nutrition in growth and development. For infants, exclusive breastfeeding for six months and gradual introduction of complementary foods is recommended. For toddlers and preschoolers, a variety of nutritious foods from all food groups should be provided. School-aged children need a balanced diet and physical activity. Adolescents have increased nutritional needs to support development and should make healthy choices. Maintaining good oral health is also covered.
This document discusses nutritional anemia, its causes, prevention, and control in India. It provides the following key points:
1. Nutritional anemia is caused by a deficiency of iron and/or other nutrients like folate and vitamin B12, and is the most common form of anemia globally and in India.
2. Risk groups for iron deficiency anemia in India include women of childbearing age, young children, pregnant women, and adolescents. Over 50% of women and 70% of children in India are estimated to be anemic.
3. Prevention strategies in India include iron fortification of foods like salt, supplementation programs that provide iron and folic acid to at-risk groups
PRINCIPLES OF PUBLIC HEALTH NUTRITION PROGRAMME.pdfOsahon Otaigbe
This document outlines the principles of public health nutrition programs. It discusses several key points:
1. Effective public health nutrition programs are evidence-based, with interventions backed by needs assessments and evidence of effectiveness.
2. Programs aim to reduce health inequities and promote nutritional health and well-being of whole populations through organized community efforts.
3. Successful programs involve intersectoral collaboration between health, agriculture, and other sectors, as nutrition issues have multiple underlying causes. Community participation in program design and implementation is also important.
National nutritional programmes in indiautpal sharma
The document discusses India's efforts to address malnutrition from the pre-independence period to present day. It describes 4 phases: 1) threat of famine pre-independence, 2) food production phase in 1940s, 3) direct community interventions starting in 1960s, and 4) multi-sectoral approach from 1970s onwards involving multiple ministries. It provides details of various national nutrition programs over time including ICDS, mid-day meals, and programs focused on anemia, vitamin A deficiency, and iodine deficiency.
This document discusses infant nutrition, including the benefits of breastfeeding, bottle feeding with formula, introducing supplementary foods, and special nutritional needs for conditions like premature birth, cystic fibrosis, galactosemia, and phenylketonuria. It describes breastfeeding as the ideal source of nutrition in early infancy due to its provision of antibodies and easy digestion. Formula is an acceptable alternative that aims to resemble breast milk nutritionally. Solid foods should not be introduced before 4-6 months and include rice cereal, pureed vegetables and fruits, before introducing meats, eggs, and juices in cups rather than bottles. Children with certain conditions require medical nutrition therapy like dietary enzyme supplements, avoidance of certain foods, or use of specialized
Childhood obesity rates have more than quadrupled over the past 40 years, with nearly 1 in 3 children in the US being overweight or obese. Obesity contributes to increased risk of health issues like diabetes and cardiovascular disease. While one study found a decline in obesity rates among low-income children ages 2-4, other research has not shown a widespread decrease. The food industry can help by reducing sugar, fat and salt in children's foods and ensuring healthy options are affordable and accessible to all families. In order to curb childhood obesity, lifestyle changes are needed like increasing physical activity, improving nutrition, reducing screen time, and getting sufficient sleep.
Malnutrition has many causes and consequences across all stages of life. It stunts growth, increases disease risk, and impacts cognitive development. Nearly half of under-5 deaths are due to undernutrition. The first 1000 days are critical for preventing stunting through breastfeeding, complementary foods, and maternal nutrition. A holistic, equitable, and multi-sectoral approach is needed to address the triple burden of undernutrition, micronutrient deficiencies, and overnutrition.
Nutritional requirements change throughout the life stages. Young children require encouragement to eat with the family and in a relaxed environment. Preschoolers need a variety of foods to meet growth needs, including grains, vegetables, fruits, milk and meat. School-aged children have different meal patterns and are influenced by peers, requiring balanced nutrition. Adolescents experience dramatic growth and changes, increasing needs for energy, protein, vitamins and minerals to support development. Older adults have reduced senses and interest in food, requiring nutrient-dense options to support independence and quality of life.
This document discusses childhood obesity. Some key points:
- Childhood obesity is increasingly common and difficult to treat. It can lead to health issues like diabetes and persist into adulthood.
- Obesity in children is different than in adults and is influenced by growth. BMI percentiles must account for age and sex.
- Treatment aims for weight maintenance rather than loss to avoid impacting growth. Lifestyle changes like increased activity and healthier eating are recommended.
- Risk factors include sedentary behavior, high fat diets, and lower socioeconomic status. Prevention requires addressing societal and environmental contributors.
This document provides guidance on complementary feeding or weaning for infants after 6 months of age. It states that breast milk alone is not sufficient to meet nutritional needs after 6 months and other foods should be gradually introduced along with continued breastfeeding. It provides recommendations on appropriate food consistencies, frequencies and amounts at different ages, ensuring hygienic preparation and storage of weaning foods. The document also outlines signs that an infant is ready for complementary feeding and the advantages and disadvantages of weaning.
Nutritional Requirements in Different Age GroupsAli Faris
This document discusses nutritional requirements across different age groups. It focuses on requirements during pregnancy, lactation, and infancy. During pregnancy, nutrition is critical for fetal development, especially in the first trimester. The document recommends folic acid and iron supplementation during pregnancy. Breastfeeding is ideal for infants as breast milk provides all needed nutrients in easily digestible forms. The nutritional needs of lactating mothers also increase to support milk production.
The document provides information on healthy eating for preschoolers, including normal food behaviors at this age and tips for parents. It discusses that preschoolers' appetites can be erratic and they may show strong food preferences or rituals. It recommends offering small portions of a variety of foods, including whole grains, fruits, vegetables, proteins and dairy. Tips include letting children see others enjoying foods, giving them choices, making foods fun and easy to eat, and being patient with new or refused foods.
The document discusses child and infant mortality rates globally and in India. It provides definitions for under-five mortality rate, infant mortality rate, and neonatal mortality rate. The three main causes of under-five mortality are neonatal mortality (0-4 weeks), post-neonatal mortality (1-12 months), and factors like low birth weight, prematurity, and infectious diseases. While global under-five mortality has decreased 53% from 1990-2015, Africa still has the highest rate. India accounts for 20% of global under-five deaths despite its rate decreasing 61% from 1990-2015. Preventive measures discussed include prenatal nutrition, immunizations, breastfeeding, and improved access to primary healthcare.
The document discusses India's Vitamin A Prophylaxis Programme launched in 1970. The goals were to eliminate vitamin A deficiency as a public health problem and reduce associated conditions like Bitot's spot and night blindness. Initially, children aged 2-6 years received biannual doses of vitamin A. Starting in 1992, the strategy shifted to providing children aged 9 months to 3 years with 5 mega doses of vitamin A orally to eliminate nutritional blindness and other deficiencies. Food fortification and nutrition education were also emphasized as long term measures to combat vitamin A deficiency.
Nutrients and nutritional requirements of childrenJays George
The document discusses the nutrients and nutritional requirements of children. It defines nutrition and outlines the primary macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, fats) and micronutrients (vitamins, minerals) required for growth. It provides the recommended daily allowances of water, calories, proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals for children of different age groups. The document emphasizes the importance of breastfeeding and introduces guidelines for pediatric nutrition and nutritional counseling for children from 6 months to 18 months.
This document discusses nutritional surveillance. It begins with an introduction defining nutritional surveillance as the regular collection and analysis of nutrition data. It then outlines the purpose of nutritional surveillance, which includes monitoring nutrition situations, informing policies, and tracking program progress. The document also provides a brief history of nutritional surveillance and describes the process involving data collection, analysis, dissemination and decision making. It further discusses challenges and provides guidance on establishing nutritional surveillance systems.
This document provides information about WHO growth charts. It discusses how growth charts are used to monitor a child's growth over time by plotting weight and height measurements against age. The WHO developed new growth charts based on data from multiple countries using breastfeeding as the biological norm. The charts include lines showing the 3rd, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th and 97th percentiles. Growth indicators like height-for-age, weight-for-age and BMI-for-age are used to assess growth. The charts provide a standardized way to evaluate a child's growth and identify potential issues.
Growth monitoring, screening and survillenceRakesh Verma
Growth monitoring is a screening tool used to assess physical growth and detect nutritional, chronic, or endocrine issues in children. It involves regularly measuring height, weight, and other growth indicators and plotting them on growth charts to monitor trends. The aims are to identify growth deviations from normal and diagnose any underlying conditions early. Key aspects include recommended intervals for monitoring, parameters to assess, growth chart use, and referral criteria. National programs in India incorporate growth monitoring to promote child health and nutrition.
Dietary assessment is a comprehensive evaluation of food consumption at the national, household, and individual level. It provides information about dietary intake patterns and estimates nutrient intake, which is helpful for planning health education activities and understanding food habits and attitudes. Common methods of dietary assessment include food balance sheets, inventories, weighing, 24-hour recalls, food frequency questionnaires, duplicate sampling, expenditure patterns, and diet histories. The 24-hour recall method, which is widely used, involves trained professionals interviewing subjects to recall the types and amounts of food consumed in the last 24 hours. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to quantify intake for various foods and meals in order to estimate calorie and nutrient intake.
This document discusses the importance of pediatric nutrition at different age groups from infancy to adolescence. It outlines nutritional guidelines for each group, emphasizing the critical role of proper nutrition in growth and development. For infants, exclusive breastfeeding for six months and gradual introduction of complementary foods is recommended. For toddlers and preschoolers, a variety of nutritious foods from all food groups should be provided. School-aged children need a balanced diet and physical activity. Adolescents have increased nutritional needs to support development and should make healthy choices. Maintaining good oral health is also covered.
This document discusses nutritional anemia, its causes, prevention, and control in India. It provides the following key points:
1. Nutritional anemia is caused by a deficiency of iron and/or other nutrients like folate and vitamin B12, and is the most common form of anemia globally and in India.
2. Risk groups for iron deficiency anemia in India include women of childbearing age, young children, pregnant women, and adolescents. Over 50% of women and 70% of children in India are estimated to be anemic.
3. Prevention strategies in India include iron fortification of foods like salt, supplementation programs that provide iron and folic acid to at-risk groups
PRINCIPLES OF PUBLIC HEALTH NUTRITION PROGRAMME.pdfOsahon Otaigbe
This document outlines the principles of public health nutrition programs. It discusses several key points:
1. Effective public health nutrition programs are evidence-based, with interventions backed by needs assessments and evidence of effectiveness.
2. Programs aim to reduce health inequities and promote nutritional health and well-being of whole populations through organized community efforts.
3. Successful programs involve intersectoral collaboration between health, agriculture, and other sectors, as nutrition issues have multiple underlying causes. Community participation in program design and implementation is also important.
National nutritional programmes in indiautpal sharma
The document discusses India's efforts to address malnutrition from the pre-independence period to present day. It describes 4 phases: 1) threat of famine pre-independence, 2) food production phase in 1940s, 3) direct community interventions starting in 1960s, and 4) multi-sectoral approach from 1970s onwards involving multiple ministries. It provides details of various national nutrition programs over time including ICDS, mid-day meals, and programs focused on anemia, vitamin A deficiency, and iodine deficiency.
This document discusses infant nutrition, including the benefits of breastfeeding, bottle feeding with formula, introducing supplementary foods, and special nutritional needs for conditions like premature birth, cystic fibrosis, galactosemia, and phenylketonuria. It describes breastfeeding as the ideal source of nutrition in early infancy due to its provision of antibodies and easy digestion. Formula is an acceptable alternative that aims to resemble breast milk nutritionally. Solid foods should not be introduced before 4-6 months and include rice cereal, pureed vegetables and fruits, before introducing meats, eggs, and juices in cups rather than bottles. Children with certain conditions require medical nutrition therapy like dietary enzyme supplements, avoidance of certain foods, or use of specialized
Childhood obesity rates have more than quadrupled over the past 40 years, with nearly 1 in 3 children in the US being overweight or obese. Obesity contributes to increased risk of health issues like diabetes and cardiovascular disease. While one study found a decline in obesity rates among low-income children ages 2-4, other research has not shown a widespread decrease. The food industry can help by reducing sugar, fat and salt in children's foods and ensuring healthy options are affordable and accessible to all families. In order to curb childhood obesity, lifestyle changes are needed like increasing physical activity, improving nutrition, reducing screen time, and getting sufficient sleep.
Malnutrition has many causes and consequences across all stages of life. It stunts growth, increases disease risk, and impacts cognitive development. Nearly half of under-5 deaths are due to undernutrition. The first 1000 days are critical for preventing stunting through breastfeeding, complementary foods, and maternal nutrition. A holistic, equitable, and multi-sectoral approach is needed to address the triple burden of undernutrition, micronutrient deficiencies, and overnutrition.
This document outlines definitions, epidemiology, types, classification, causes, theories, clinical presentation, investigations, treatment, differential diagnosis, prevention and prognosis of severe acute malnutrition. It defines malnutrition as an imbalance between nutrient supply and demand, and severe acute malnutrition as severe wasting and/or bilateral edema. The epidemiology section notes that SAM affects 20 million children under 5 globally and is a major cause of childhood mortality. Causes are discussed at immediate, underlying and remote levels including inadequate food intake, disease, poverty and cultural factors. The classical theory of variable energy and protein deficiency is described.
This document discusses malnutrition, its causes, effects, and treatment. It defines malnutrition as a condition resulting from a diet lacking in nutrients. Malnutrition affects over 50% of children in India and is caused by factors such as poverty, lack of education, over-reliance on single food sources, and lack of agricultural productivity. Malnutrition in children leads to increased mortality and is measured through stunting, underweight, and wasting. The Indian government addresses malnutrition through programs that provide school meals, maternal/child healthcare, and income support. Treatment involves dietary changes, supplements, or medical nutrition for severe cases.
This document discusses malnutrition, its causes, effects, and treatment. It defines malnutrition as a condition resulting from a diet lacking in nutrients. Malnutrition affects over 50% of children in India and is caused by factors such as poverty, lack of education, over-reliance on single food sources, and lack of agricultural productivity. Malnutrition in children leads to increased mortality and is measured through stunting, underweight, and wasting. The Indian government addresses malnutrition through programs providing school meals, healthcare, and maternal/child services. Treatment involves dietary changes, supplements, or medical nutrition for severe cases.
Nutrition assessment and eating disorders in childrenraveen mayi
This document discusses nutritional assessment and eating disorders in children. It outlines methods of nutritional assessment including anthropometric measurements, biochemical tests, clinical exams, and dietary assessments. It then discusses common eating disorders like anorexia and bulimia. Anorexia is characterized by an extreme fear of gaining weight and refusal to maintain a healthy weight. Potential causes of eating disorders in children include genetics, media pressures, and mental health issues in family members. Left untreated, eating disorders can cause serious medical complications and even death. Treatment involves medication, therapy, and behavioral modification.
A discourse the ideal feeding practices from pregnancy to infancy with a closer look into malnutrition, breastfeeding, complementary feeding and related interventions.
This document discusses methods for assessing the nutritional status of infants. It outlines direct methods like anthropometric measurements of weight, length, head circumference, and mid-upper arm circumference. It also discusses biochemical markers and clinical signs. Indirect methods include analyzing ecological, economic, and vital health statistics. The goal of nutritional assessments is to identify malnutrition, develop appropriate health programs, and measure their effectiveness. Anthropometric measurements are compared to reference standards to evaluate nutritional status.
Nutritional disorders range from overweigh, obesity, protein calorie malnutrition to starvations. it ie sthe is the end result of chronic nutritional and, frequently, emotional deprivation by caregivers who, because of poor understanding, poverty or family discord, are unable to provide the child with the nutrition and care he or she requires These disorders affect both the rich the poo and those in conflict zonesr
According to the WHO, malnutrition is by far the biggest contributor to child mortality
Under-weight births and IUGR (intra-uterine growth restrictions) cause 3 million child deaths a year.
According to the Lancet, consequences of malnutrition in the first two years is irreversible.
Malnourished children grow up with worse health and lower educational achievements.
Malnutrition can exacerbate the problem of diseases such as measles, pneumonia and diarrhoea.
But malnutrition can actually cause diseases itself , and can be fatal in its own right
The term 'faltering growth' is widely used in relation to infants and young children whose weight gain occurs more slowly than expected for their age and sex.
In the past, this was often described as a ‘failure to thrive’ but this is no longer the preferred term :-
partly because ‘failure’ could be perceived as negative,
but also because lesser degrees of faltering growth may not necessarily indicate a significant problem but merely represent variation from the usual pattern when measured against the standardized growth charts (WHO Growth Charts
The document discusses optimal infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices as outlined by the WHO/UNICEF Global Strategy for IYCF. It recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life followed by continued breastfeeding plus complementary foods from six months to two years of age or beyond. The document outlines specific IYCF objectives, guidelines, and recommendations including early initiation of breastfeeding, exclusive breastfeeding, complementary feeding, and continued breastfeeding. It discusses the role of IYCF in child survival, growth, and development and provides considerations for special situations like HIV/AIDS, prematurity, and emergencies.
Undernutrition among children under 5 years old remains a major public health problem. It is defined as being underweight, stunted, wasted, or deficient in micronutrients. In India, 33% of children under 5 are underweight. The Integrated Child Development Services program aims to address undernutrition through supplementary nutrition, healthcare, and education for mothers and children. However, the program could be improved by increasing its focus on the most vulnerable groups like pregnant women and young children, strengthening nutrition education, and improving coordination between frontline workers. Addressing undernutrition requires coordinated efforts across sectors like health, agriculture, education, and community participation.
This document provides an overview of integrated management of acute malnutrition. It defines malnutrition as deficiencies, excesses, or imbalances in energy and nutrient intake. Acute malnutrition is classified as moderate or severe based on wasting and edema. Causes include inadequate dietary intake and diseases. Identification methods include mid-upper arm circumference and weight-for-height measurements. Treatment involves stabilization, transition, and rehabilitation phases with specialized therapeutic foods depending on the severity of malnutrition. Close monitoring of vital signs and intake is also required.
This document provides an overview of integrated management of acute malnutrition. It defines malnutrition as deficiencies, excesses, or imbalances in energy and nutrient intake. Acute malnutrition is classified as moderate or severe based on wasting and edema. Causes include immediate dietary factors and diseases as well as underlying household and socioeconomic issues. Identification methods include mid-upper arm circumference and weight-for-height/length measurements. Treatment involves stabilization, transition, and rehabilitation phases with specialized therapeutic foods depending on the severity of malnutrition. Close monitoring of vital signs and intake is also required.
Undernutrition among children under 5 years old remains a major global public health problem. In India, approximately one third of children are underweight. The Integrated Child Development Services program aims to address undernutrition through nutrition supplementation, health services, and preschool education, though it has had limited effectiveness. Improving implementation by increasing focus on the first 1000 days of life, strengthening nutrition education, improving coordination between frontline workers, and enhancing community participation could help reduce undernutrition. Addressing its multidimensional causes requires commitment across health, nutrition, education, agriculture, and social welfare programs.
Working multisectorally to improve maternal and child nutrition in India: The...POSHAN-IFPRI
This document discusses malnutrition in India and proposes multi-sectoral solutions. Some key points:
- India has high levels of malnutrition, with over 40% of underweight children globally. Malnutrition has multiple causes including poverty, lack of access to water/sanitation, and lack of nutrition awareness.
- Malnutrition affects all ages and is intergenerational - with undernourished mothers more likely to have low birth weight babies who become undernourished children.
- A multi-sectoral approach is needed that addresses the various physical, socioeconomic, governance and behavioral causes. Key sectors include women and child development, health, food, agriculture, education and rural development.
- Proposed essential
This document provides an introduction to basic nutrition concepts including defining key terms like nutrition, balanced diet, and nutritional status. It explains the different forms of malnutrition like acute undernutrition (wasting), chronic undernutrition (stunting), and micronutrient deficiencies. Examples are given of acute malnutrition classification and pictures show cases of severe acute malnutrition. The document also discusses determinants and consequences of malnutrition, highlighting the complex interplay of factors. Take home messages emphasize the need for a multi-sectoral approach to address malnutrition in emergencies.
Childhood obesity is a serious public health problem associated with health risks. The number of overweight or obese children worldwide has increased threefold in the past 30 years. Obesity results from an energy imbalance where more calories are consumed than expended. Evaluation of obese children includes medical history, physical exam assessing BMI and waist circumference, and targeted testing depending on symptoms. Treatment involves lifestyle modifications like diet and exercise. Prevention strategies focus on promoting breastfeeding, limiting screen time and sugar-sweetened drinks, and increasing physical activity.
This document discusses malnutrition in India. It states that India is home to the largest number of hungry people in the world, with over 200 million malnourished. Nearly half of Indian children under age 5 are stunted and underweight. Malnutrition contributes to over 50% of child deaths in India and costs the country 2.95% of its GDP annually. While the government has implemented programs to address malnutrition, such as mid-day meals in schools, challenges remain and innovative solutions are still needed to fully tackle this problem.
Similar to UNDERSTANDING MALNUTRTION IN CHILDREN (20)
This document discusses micronutrient deficiencies in India and recommendations for addressing them. It finds that iron deficiency anemia and iodine deficiency are major public health problems, affecting 50-70% of women and children. Cereal-based diets in India are deficient in micronutrients like iron, calcium, vitamin A, and others. This hidden hunger extracts a heavy human and economic toll. The document recommends strategies like micronutrient supplementation, food fortification, promoting nutrient-rich traditional foods, improving food storage and processing, and nutrition education.
This document discusses priorities for research and action to address micronutrient deficiencies in India. It begins by outlining the magnitude of the problem, noting that iron deficiency anaemia and iodine deficiency disorder are major public health issues. It then examines the dietary causes of micronutrient deficiencies in India and the consequences of deficiencies in iron, iodine, vitamin A, B vitamins, vitamin D, vitamin C, and zinc. Finally, it discusses current strategies to increase micronutrient access such as supplementation, food fortification, food-food fortification, and biofortification, and provides recommendations to improve programs and identify research opportunities in these areas.
This document is a contract between Myra and Company (MaC) and Utpal Ganguly to serve as a consultant. Some key details:
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2. POOR NUTRTION; THE SILENT ENEMY
Poor nutrition in the first 1,000 days of children’s lives can
have irreversible consequences. It means they are -
• forever, stunted.
• susceptible to sickness
• more likely to become overweight when they enter
adulthood.
• and more prone to non-communicable disease.
• About one third of under-five mortality is attributable to
under-nutrition.
3. Under-nutrition contributes to child mortality
and morbidity
• Stunting and other forms of under-nutrition are clearly a
major contributing factor to child mortality, disease and
disability.
• For example, a severely stunted child faces a four times
higher risk of dying, and a severely wasted child is at a nine
times higher risk.
• Specific nutritional deficiencies such as vitamin A, iron or
zinc deficiency also increase risk of death.
• Under-nutrition can cause various diseases such as
blindness due to vitamin A deficiency and neural tube
defects due to folic acid deficiency
4. What are the first 1000 days?
• From a life-cycle perspective, the most crucial time to meet
a child’s nutritional requirements is in the 1,000 days
including the period of pregnancy and ending with the
child’s second birthday.
5. What is stunting, wasting and underweight?
• Stunting (inadequate length/height for age) captures early
chronic exposure to under-nutrition;
• wasting (inadequate weight for height) captures acute
under-nutrition;
• underweight (inadequate weight for age) is a composite
indicator that includes elements of stunting and wasting
6.
7.
8.
9. Mid upper arm circumference (MUAC)
• The circumference of the child’s upper arm half way
between their shoulder and elbow provides an indication of
acute malnutrition independent of the child's age. If the
child’s arm is less than 11.5cm in circumference, she is
severely malnourished; if the child’s arm is between 11.5 and
12.5cm in circumference, she is moderately malnourished.
These values are appropriate for children from 6 months to
60 months.
11. Weight-for-Length Reference Card (below
87 cm)
Weight for length reference table page 7 annex 1
• When assessing weight-for-height, infants and children under
24 months of age should have their lengths measured lying down
(supine).
• Children over 24 months of age should have their heights
measured while standing.
• For simplicity, however, infants and children under 87 cm can be
measured lying down (or supine) and those above 87 cm
standing.
• A z-score is the number of standard deviations (SD) below or
above the reference median value.
12. What is stunting?
• Stunting reflects chronic under-nutrition during the most
critical periods of growth and development in early life.
• It is defined as the percentage of children aged 0 to 59
months whose height for age is below minus two standard
deviations (moderate and severe stunting) and minus three
standard deviations (severe stunting) from the median of
the WHO Child Growth Standards.
13. What is under weight?
• Underweight is a composite form of under-nutrition that
includes elements of stunting and wasting. It is defined as
the percentage of children aged 0 to 59 months whose
weight for age is below minus two standard deviations
(moderate and severe underweight) and minus three
standard deviations (severe underweight) from the median
of the WHO Child Growth Standards.
14. What is wasting?
• Wasting reflects acute under-nutrition.
• It is defined as the percentage of children aged 0 to 59
months whose weight for height is below minus two
standard deviations (moderate and severe wasting) and
minus three standard deviations (severe wasting) from the
median of the WHO Child Growth Standards.
15. DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA FOR SAM IN CHILDREN
AGED 6–60 MONTHS
• Indicator Measure Cut-off
• Severe wasting Weight-for-height < -3 SD
• Severe wasting MUAC < 115 mm
• Bilateral oedema Clinical sign (may not be considered)
16. Overweight???
• Overweight is defined as the percentage of children aged 0
to 59 months whose weight for height is above two standard
deviations (overweight and obese) or above three standard
deviations (obese) from the median of the WHO Child
Growth Standards.
17. Low birth weight??
• Low birth weight is defined as a weight of less than 2,500
grams at birth.
18. Understanding under nutrition changing
focus…
• In tackling child under-nutrition, there has been a shift from
efforts to reduce underweight prevalence (inadequate weight for
age) to prevention of stunting (inadequate length/height for
age).
• There is better understanding of the crucial importance of
nutrition during the critical 1,000-day period covering pregnancy
and the first two years of the child’s life, and of the fact that
stunting reflects deficiencies during this period.
• The World Health Assembly has adopted a new target of
reducing the number of stunted children under the age of 5 by
40 per cent by 2025.
19. How big is the problem?
• Stunting
• Globally, about one in four children under 5 years old are
stunted (26 per cent in 2011). An estimated 80 per cent of
the world’s 165 million stunted children live in just 14
countries.
• Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia are home to three
fourths of the world’s stunted children. In sub-Saharan
Africa, 40 per cent of children under 5 years of age are
stunted; in South Asia, 39 per cent are stunted.
• 80% of the worlds stunted children live in 14 countries
(Figure 5 page 9 unicef report)
20. • Underweight
• Globally in 2011, an estimated 101 million children under 5
years of age were underweight, or approximately 16 per cent
of children under 5.
• As per Hungama report 2011, 42 per cent of children under
five are underweight and 59 percent are stunted. Of the
children suffering from stunting, about half are severely
stunted.
21. Wasting: Burden estimates in the 10 most
affected countries
• Figure 12 page 13 unicef
reportNutrition_Report_final_lo_res_8_April.pdf
22. • Low birth weight
• The World Health Assembly has set a new target to reduce
low birthweight by 30 per cent between 2010 and 2025. In
2011, more than 20 million infants, an estimated 15 per cent
globally, were born with low birth weight. India alone
accounts for one third of the global burden. South Asia has
by far the greatest regional incidence of low birth weight,
with one in four newborns weighing less than 2,500 grams at
birth (Figure 17).
23. • Overweight
• Rates of overweight continue to rise across all regions.
Overweight was once associated mainly with high-income
countries, but in 2011, 69 per cent of the global burden of
overweight children under 5 years old were in low- and
middle-income countries. However, the prevalence of
overweight remains higher in high-income countries (8 per
cent) than in low-income countries (4 per cent).
• Globally, an estimated 43 million children under 5 years of
age are overweight, or 7 per cent of children under 5 years
old.
24. Global focus on nutrition….
• Recognizing that investing in nutrition is a key way to advance global
welfare, the G8 has put this high on its agenda. The global nutrition
community is uniting around the Scaling Up Nutrition movement.
• The United Nations Secretary-General has included elimination of stunting
as a goal in his Zero Hunger Challenge to the world.
• The 2013 World Economic Forum highlighted food and nutrition security as
a global priority.
• And a panel of top economists from the most recent Copenhagen Consensus
selected stunting reduction as a top investment priority.
• The World Health Assembly has set the goal of achieving a 40 per cent
reduction in the number of stunted children
• The global nutrition community is uniting around the Scaling Up Nutrition
(SUN) movement, which supports nationally driven processes for the
reduction of stunting and other forms of malnutrition.
25. Nutrition-specific interventions
• Promoting optimal nutrition practices, meeting
micronutrient requirements and preventing and treating
severe acute malnutrition are key goals for nutrition
programming
• Maternal nutrition and prevention of low birth weight
• Infant and young child feeding (IYCF) Breastfeeding, with
early initiation (within one hour of birth) and continued
exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months followed by
continued breastfeeding up to 2 years
26. Nutrition-specific interventions
• Safe, timely, adequate and appropriate complementary
feeding from 6 months onwards
• Prevention and treatment of micronutrient deficiencies
• Prevention and treatment of severe acute malnutrition
• Promotion of good sanitation practices and access to clean
drinking water
• Promotion of healthy practices and appropriate use of
health services
27. Nutrition-specific interventions
• Key proven practices, services and policy interventions
for the prevention and treatment of stunting and other
forms of undernutrition throughout the life cycle
• Figure 18 page 18 Unicef report
28. Nutrition-specific interventions
• Anganwadi centers are charged with regularly measuring
the weight of children to determine if they are underweight.
The age and weight are plotted on the WHO charts.
Children are severely underweight if their age and weight
put them below the line marked “-3”; they are moderately
underweight if their age and weight put them between the
line marked “-2” and the line marked “-3”
30. Key findings of the Hungama report 2011
• Household socio-economic status has a significant effect on
children’s nutrition status: The prevalence of malnutrition is
significantly higher among children from low-income
families, although rates of child malnutrition are significant
among middle and high income families.
• Children from households identifying as Muslim or
belonging to Scheduled Castes or Schedule Tribes generally
have worse nutrition.
31. • Girls’ nutrition advantage over boys fades away with
time: Girls seem to have a nutrition advantage over boys
in the first months of life; however this advantage seems to
be reversed over time a s girls and boys grow older,
potentially indicating feeding and care neglect vis-à-vis girls
in infancy and early childhood;
32. • Mothers’ education level determines children’s nutrition:
In the 100 Focus Districts,
• 66 per cent mothers did not attend school;
• rates of child underweight and stunting are significantly higher
among m others with low levels of education;
• the prevalence of child underweight among mothers who cannot
read is 45 percent while that among mothers with 10 or more
years of education is 27 percent.
• T he corresponding figures f or child stunting are 63 and 43 per
cent respectively.
33. • Giving colostrum to the newborn and exclusive
breastfeeding for first 6 months of a child’s life are not
commonly practised:
• In the 100 Focus Districts 5 1 per cent mothers did not give
colostrum to the newborn soon after birth and 58 per cent
mothers fed water to their infants before 6 months.
34. • Hand washing with soap is not a common practice:
• In the 100 Focus Districts 11 per cent mothers said they
used soap to wash hands before a meal and 1 9 per cent do
so after a visit to the toilet;
35. • Anganwadi Centres are widespread but not always
efficient:
• There is a n Anganwadi centre in 9 6 per cent o f the villages in
t he 1 00
• Focus Districts, 61 per cent o f them in pucca buildings;
• the Anganwadi service accessed by the largest p roportion of m
others (86 p er c ent) i simmunization;
• 61 per cent of Anganwadi Centreshad dried rations available and
• 5 0 p er c ent provided f ood on the day of s urvey;
• only 19 p ercent of the mothers reported that the Anganwadi
Centre provides nutrition counseling to parents.
36. Complex problems …simple solutions…
• Most of the solutions to the complex problems of under
nutrition in India are simple
Why are they not simply practiced?