This document discusses malnutrition, its causes, effects, and treatment. It defines malnutrition as a condition resulting from a diet lacking in nutrients. Malnutrition affects over 50% of children in India and is caused by factors such as poverty, lack of education, over-reliance on single food sources, and lack of agricultural productivity. Malnutrition in children leads to increased mortality and is measured through stunting, underweight, and wasting. The Indian government addresses malnutrition through programs that provide school meals, maternal/child healthcare, and income support. Treatment involves dietary changes, supplements, or medical nutrition for severe cases.
Malnutrition in India-Background and solutions proposedRohen Agrawal
Despite India's 50% increase in GDP since 1991, more than one third of the world's malnourished children live in India. Among these, half of them under 3 are underweight and a third of wealthiest children are over-nutriented. The World Bank estimates that India is one of the highest ranking countries in the world for the number of children suffering from malnutrition. The presentation proposes how this problem of malnourishment can be eliminated from India.
PRESENTATION GIVEN BY ME AT Central Food and Technology Research Institute (CFTRI), MYSORE WHICH ALSO FETCHED ME A PRIZE. THIS WAS ONE OF THE BEST AND PROUD MOMENTS IN MY CAREER
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Malnutrition in India-Background and solutions proposedRohen Agrawal
Despite India's 50% increase in GDP since 1991, more than one third of the world's malnourished children live in India. Among these, half of them under 3 are underweight and a third of wealthiest children are over-nutriented. The World Bank estimates that India is one of the highest ranking countries in the world for the number of children suffering from malnutrition. The presentation proposes how this problem of malnourishment can be eliminated from India.
PRESENTATION GIVEN BY ME AT Central Food and Technology Research Institute (CFTRI), MYSORE WHICH ALSO FETCHED ME A PRIZE. THIS WAS ONE OF THE BEST AND PROUD MOMENTS IN MY CAREER
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Prevalence of malnutrition among under five children of RukaminiNagar, BelgaumSawan Kumar
synopsis of prevalence of malnutrition among under five years children in Rukmini Nagar, Belgaum
Reaserche:- Mr. Sawan Kumar Yadav
Guide:- Dr. Mubashir Angolkar,
Coordinator and Assistant Professor
Department of Public Health,
J.N. Medical college, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
Epidemiology of Childhood Malnutrition in India and strategies of controlsourav goswami
This presentation includes the epidemiology of childhood malnutrition in India. the problems and challenges that are being faced in the improvement of the condition and the different strategies for its control.
Measuring Poverty through Child Malnutrition A Study With Special Referance T...iosrjce
Malnutrition is identified by a weight for height indicator within a given population, or by a
measurement of a child's mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC). If dietary deficiencies are persistent, children
will stop growing and become stunted (low height for one's age). This is referred to as chronic malnutrition. If
they experience weight loss or 'wasting' (low weight for one's height), they are described as suffering from acute
malnutrition. India's ICDS scheme The Integrated Child Development Scheme is perhaps the largest of all food
and supplementation programmes in the world and was set up as an institutional response to the problem of
malnutrition in India. Initiated in 1975, the ICDS was mandated with improving the health and nutrition status
of children up to the age of six by providing supplementary food and by coordinating with state health
departments to ensure delivery of required health inputs. Under the ICDS, cooked food is provided to children
through anganwadi (community) centre’s. One centre is provided for a population of 1000 (700 in the case of
tribal areas). Fifty million children aged six and below are covered under this Rs.45 billion outreach
programme. There has been much research on the benefit of micronutrient replacement and the promotion of
breastfeeding as ways to prevent malnutrition and its complications in children. The study found the income
level is lesser than national average. Even though there is a minimum availability of nutritious food to
children’s, majority of them are found to be malnourished.
Decades of economic growth and development along with better governance and nutrition-specific programmes had lifted hundreds of millions of people in Asia out of poverty, as well as starvation and malnutrition. However, due to the uneven development, while a large segment of Asian's population had changed their eating habits to over-nutrition diets and worrying about lifestyle diseases like diabetes, cancer and heart diseases, there are still some countries and regions suffering from lack of nutrition. For example, childhood malnutrition and stunting is still prevalent in South Asia, one Indian survey found that 21% of children suffer wasting, and a further 7.5% of children suffer it severely.
For more details, please visit: https://eiuperspectives.economist.com/sustainability/fixing-asias-food-system/white-paper/food-thought-eating-better?utm_source=OrganicSocial&utm_medium=Slideshare&utm_campaign=Amundi&utm_content=Slideshare_whitepaper
Malnutrition project proposal ( Increasing knowlege about importance of a bal...Oriba Dan Langoya
This is a project proposal implemented by Students of Makerere University Under Community Based and Education Research (COBERS)
Meeting the Nutrition requirements of children aged 6months to five years has become a major global
challenge and as such an estimate of 55 million pre- school children globally are malnourished. In 2010,
the nutrition status of children under five in Uganda was estimated to be 38% stunted, 16% acutely
malnourished and 19% undernourished and by 2011 the statistics stand at 33% for stunting,5% for
wasting ,14% for underweight, vitamin A deficiency at 38%. The current levels of malnutrition hinder
Uganda’s human, social, and economic development.
India is the second rank in population and developing in the world. It leads to other countries by own Scio-economic, cultural way. Any country health affects growth in their average expectancy and various socioeconomic indicators like Human Development Index, Multidimensional Poverty Index, and Gross Domestic Product per capita other way reducing the burden of disease. Children, pregnant and lactating women are the most affected with a reduction in cognitive and physical growth and prone to unhealthy which directly affect the productivity of the country. After independence in Indian constitute have a provision in part -IV (Article -45, 47) development of nutritional strategies and intervention in the five-year plans. Hence Government has devised several nutrition programmes like National Nutritional Anaemia Prophylaxis Programme, National Goitre Control Programme, National, Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control Programme, Midday Meal Programme, Applied nutrition Programme, Akshaya Patra Program. The activities in each program have been seen and its impact assessed by various evaluation programs and it was found that these programmes helped the nation. They helped to provide the proper nutrition to the children and women. The implementation of these principles, together with intensification of public health and primary care services, offers an approach to ensure more equitable health care for India’s population. Keywords: India, nutritional programs, Article-45, 47
Presentation by Olivier Ecker at the event: “Tackling food security and nutrition in Egypt: challenges and opportunities” Launch of the findings from the Household, Income, Expenditure and Consumption Survey , Tuesday 21 May in Cairo, Egypt.
Prevalence of malnutrition among under five children of RukaminiNagar, BelgaumSawan Kumar
synopsis of prevalence of malnutrition among under five years children in Rukmini Nagar, Belgaum
Reaserche:- Mr. Sawan Kumar Yadav
Guide:- Dr. Mubashir Angolkar,
Coordinator and Assistant Professor
Department of Public Health,
J.N. Medical college, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
Epidemiology of Childhood Malnutrition in India and strategies of controlsourav goswami
This presentation includes the epidemiology of childhood malnutrition in India. the problems and challenges that are being faced in the improvement of the condition and the different strategies for its control.
Measuring Poverty through Child Malnutrition A Study With Special Referance T...iosrjce
Malnutrition is identified by a weight for height indicator within a given population, or by a
measurement of a child's mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC). If dietary deficiencies are persistent, children
will stop growing and become stunted (low height for one's age). This is referred to as chronic malnutrition. If
they experience weight loss or 'wasting' (low weight for one's height), they are described as suffering from acute
malnutrition. India's ICDS scheme The Integrated Child Development Scheme is perhaps the largest of all food
and supplementation programmes in the world and was set up as an institutional response to the problem of
malnutrition in India. Initiated in 1975, the ICDS was mandated with improving the health and nutrition status
of children up to the age of six by providing supplementary food and by coordinating with state health
departments to ensure delivery of required health inputs. Under the ICDS, cooked food is provided to children
through anganwadi (community) centre’s. One centre is provided for a population of 1000 (700 in the case of
tribal areas). Fifty million children aged six and below are covered under this Rs.45 billion outreach
programme. There has been much research on the benefit of micronutrient replacement and the promotion of
breastfeeding as ways to prevent malnutrition and its complications in children. The study found the income
level is lesser than national average. Even though there is a minimum availability of nutritious food to
children’s, majority of them are found to be malnourished.
Decades of economic growth and development along with better governance and nutrition-specific programmes had lifted hundreds of millions of people in Asia out of poverty, as well as starvation and malnutrition. However, due to the uneven development, while a large segment of Asian's population had changed their eating habits to over-nutrition diets and worrying about lifestyle diseases like diabetes, cancer and heart diseases, there are still some countries and regions suffering from lack of nutrition. For example, childhood malnutrition and stunting is still prevalent in South Asia, one Indian survey found that 21% of children suffer wasting, and a further 7.5% of children suffer it severely.
For more details, please visit: https://eiuperspectives.economist.com/sustainability/fixing-asias-food-system/white-paper/food-thought-eating-better?utm_source=OrganicSocial&utm_medium=Slideshare&utm_campaign=Amundi&utm_content=Slideshare_whitepaper
Malnutrition project proposal ( Increasing knowlege about importance of a bal...Oriba Dan Langoya
This is a project proposal implemented by Students of Makerere University Under Community Based and Education Research (COBERS)
Meeting the Nutrition requirements of children aged 6months to five years has become a major global
challenge and as such an estimate of 55 million pre- school children globally are malnourished. In 2010,
the nutrition status of children under five in Uganda was estimated to be 38% stunted, 16% acutely
malnourished and 19% undernourished and by 2011 the statistics stand at 33% for stunting,5% for
wasting ,14% for underweight, vitamin A deficiency at 38%. The current levels of malnutrition hinder
Uganda’s human, social, and economic development.
India is the second rank in population and developing in the world. It leads to other countries by own Scio-economic, cultural way. Any country health affects growth in their average expectancy and various socioeconomic indicators like Human Development Index, Multidimensional Poverty Index, and Gross Domestic Product per capita other way reducing the burden of disease. Children, pregnant and lactating women are the most affected with a reduction in cognitive and physical growth and prone to unhealthy which directly affect the productivity of the country. After independence in Indian constitute have a provision in part -IV (Article -45, 47) development of nutritional strategies and intervention in the five-year plans. Hence Government has devised several nutrition programmes like National Nutritional Anaemia Prophylaxis Programme, National Goitre Control Programme, National, Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control Programme, Midday Meal Programme, Applied nutrition Programme, Akshaya Patra Program. The activities in each program have been seen and its impact assessed by various evaluation programs and it was found that these programmes helped the nation. They helped to provide the proper nutrition to the children and women. The implementation of these principles, together with intensification of public health and primary care services, offers an approach to ensure more equitable health care for India’s population. Keywords: India, nutritional programs, Article-45, 47
Presentation by Olivier Ecker at the event: “Tackling food security and nutrition in Egypt: challenges and opportunities” Launch of the findings from the Household, Income, Expenditure and Consumption Survey , Tuesday 21 May in Cairo, Egypt.
By far the greatest aspect of humankind is 'fear of failure'. Over the years I met many highly educated folks and top ranked professionals all of them asked me a common question "how can I speak in public?". In this presentation I have tried to cover some of the aspects to deliver. Hope it helps. Do send me your comments.
This presentation aims at explaining all the components of malnutrition. Such as types, causes, criteria of diagnosis, treatment & Government health initiatives to tackle the problem of malnutrition.
Scaling Up Nutrition:-How to solve the problem of malnutrition?Aakash Guglani
It is about the status of malnutrition in India and how can we solve this problem.
It has also been selected for Manthan A national level event presided by Shri Narendra Modi Ji.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
4. What is Malnutrition ?
• Malnutrition is the condition that results
from eating a diet in which
certain nutrients are lacking, in excess
(too high an intake), or in the wrong
proportions. The verb form is
"malnourish"; "malnourishment" is
sometimes used instead of "malnutrition".
9. • These are all symptoms of malnutrition...
In India almost every 2nd child suffers from it.
• Malnutrition grabs a child from mother’s womb
itself and continues affecting it till his 2 years of
age.
A <5 year old child is the most vulnerable to
Malnutrition.
10.
11. Dietary Practices
Deriving too much of one's diet from a
single source, such as eating almost
exclusively corn or rice, can cause
malnutrition. This may either be from a
lack of education about proper
nutrition, or from only having access to
a single food source.
Over-nutrition caused by overeating is
also a form of malnutrition. In the
United States, more than half of all
adults are now overweight — a
condition that, like hunger, increases
susceptibility to disease and disability,
reduces worker productivity, and
lowers life expectancy. Overeating is
much more common in the United
States, where for the majority of
people, access to food is not an issue.
Many parts of the world have access to
a surplus of non-nutritious food, in
addition to increased sedentary
lifestyles.
12. Junk Food
Often fast food, low in cost and
nutrition, is high in calories and
heavily promoted. When these
eating habits are combined with
increasingly urbanized,
automated, and more sedentary
lifestyles, it becomes clear why
weight gain is difficult to
avoid.However, overeating is also
a problem in countries where
hunger and poverty persist. In
China, consumption of high-fat
foods has increased while
consumption of rice and other
goods has decreased. Overeating
leads to many diseases, such as
heart disease and diabetes, that
may result in death.
13. Agricultural Productivity
• Local food shortages can be caused by a lack of arable land, adverse
weather, lower farming skills such as crop rotation, or by a lack of
technology or resources needed for the higher yields found in
modern agriculture, such as fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation,
machinery and storage facilities. As a result of widespread poverty,
farmers cannot afford or governments cannot provide the resources
necessary to improve local yields. The World Bank and some
wealthy donor countries also press nations that depend on aid to cut
or eliminate subsidized agricultural inputs such as fertilizer, in the
name of free market policies even as the United States and Europe
extensively subsidized their own farmers. Many, if not most, farmers
cannot afford fertilizer at market prices, leading to low agricultural
production and wages and high, unaffordable food prices. Reasons
for the unavailability of fertilizer include moves to stop supplying
fertilizer on environmental grounds, cited as the obstacle to feeding
Africa by the Green Revolution pioneer Norman Borlaug.
15. • In Bangladesh, poor socioeconomic position was
associated with chronic malnutrition since it
inhibits purchase of nutritious foods such as milk,
meat, poultry, and fruits. As much as food
shortages may be a contributing factor to
malnutrition in countries with lack of technology,
the FAO(Food and Agriculture Organization) has
estimated that eighty percent of malnourished
children living in the developing world live in
countries that produce food surpluses.
16. * Over 7000 people die
everyday in India due to hunger.
* Over 25 lakh people die every
year due to hunger in India.
* Despite substantial
improvement in health since
independence and a growth rate
of 8 percent in recent years,
under-nutrition remains a silent
emergency in India, with almost
50 percent of Indian children
underweight and more than 70
percent of the women and
children with serious nutritional
deficiencies as anemia.
17. Effects on Women
Researchers from the Centre for World Food
Studies in 2003 found that the gap between levels
of undernutrition in men and women is generally
small, but that the gap varies from region to region
and from country to country.
18. • Women have unique nutritional requirements, and in
some cases need more nutrients than men; for example,
women need twice as much calcium as men. Studies on
nutrition concerning gender bias within households
look at patterns of food allocation, and one study from
2003 suggested that women often receive a lower share
of food requirements than men.[Gender discrimination,
gender roles, and social norms affecting women can
lead to early marriage and childbearing, close birth
spacing, and under nutrition, all of which contribute to
malnourished mothers. Frequent pregnancies with short
intervals between them and long periods of
breastfeeding add an additional nutritional burden
19. Effects on Children
The World Health Organization estimates that malnutrition
accounts for 54 percent of child mortality worldwide, about 1
million children. Even mild degrees of malnutrition double the
risk of mortality for respiratory and diarrheal disease mortality
and malaria.[This risk is greatly increased in more severe cases
of mal
20. • There are three commonly used measures for detecting malnutrition
in children: stunting (extremely low height for age), underweight
(extremely low weight for age), and wasting (extremely low weight
for height). These measures of malnutrition are interrelated, but
studies for the World Bank found that only 9 percent of children
exhibit stunting, underweight, and wasting. According to a 2008
review an estimated 178 million children under age 5 are stunted,
most of whom live in sub-Saharan Africa. A 2008 review of
malnutrition found that about 55 million children are wasted,
including 19 million who have severe wasting or severe acute
malnutrition. Measurements of a child’s growth provide the key
information for the presence of malnutrition, but weight and height
measurements alone can lead to failure to recognize kwashiorkor
and an underestimation of the severity of malnutrition in children.
25. MSU Study
• A study done by experts in the food and nutrition
department of Maharaja Sayajirao University of
Baroda (MSU), found that there was a big divide in the
children aged six to fourteen of the urban and rural
areas of the Vadodara district. The study found that
75% of 3,000 children in the rural areas of this district
were malnourished, whereas 15% of the 23,000
children studied in the urban areas were overweight.
• The study used anthropometrical surveys to calculate
these numbers, focusing on the Body Mass
Index (BMI) as the main indicator of nutrition
26. “HUNGaMa”
• New Delhi - "HUNGaMA" (Hunger and
Malnutrition) is the name of the first study carried
out after years concerning the problem of child
malnutrition. According to the report just
submitted by the country's Prime Minister, Dr.
Manmohan Singh, half the children who live in
the 100 poorest districts of India suffer from
atrophy or malnutrition already at the age of two.
The Minister noted that 42% of Indian children
are malnourished and defined malnutrition a
"national shame" for India.
27. UNICEF Data
• According to the latest 2009 data, provided by
UNICEF, there are about 61 million malnourished
children in the Asian country, one third of the global
total. The current rates are alarming, 59% of children
under 5 is suffering from atrophy. In addition,
because of poor information campaigns, 92% of
mothers had never heard of "malnutrition". In fact,
fewer than half of nursing mothers, and almost none
know what malnutrition is. The study was carried out
by the foundation Naandi in 112 districts of India,
interviewing 73 000 families.
29. • The Akshaya Patra Foundation runs the world's
largest NGO-run midday meal programme serving
freshly cooked meals to over 1.3 million hungry
school children in government and government-aided
schools in India. This programme is conducted with
part subsidies from the Government and partly with
donations from individuals and corporate. The meals
served by Akshaya Patra complies with the nutritional
norms given by the government of India and aims to
eradicate malnutrition among children in India.
31. The Government of India has started a program called Integrated Child
Development Services (ICDS) in the year 1975. ICDS has been instrumental in
improving the health of mothers and children under age 6 by providing health
and nutrition education, health services, supplementary food, and pre-school
education.The ICDS national development program is one of the largest in the
world. It reaches more than 34 million children aged 0–6 years and 7 million
pregnant and lactating mothers. Other programs impacting on under-nutrition
include the National Midday Meal Scheme, the National Rural Health Mission,
and the Public Distribution System (PDS). The challenge for all these programs
and schemes is how to increase efficiency, impact and coverage.
33. • The National Rural Health Mission of India mission was created for the
years 2005–2012, and its goal is to "improve the availability of and access
to quality health care by people, especially for those residing in rural areas,
the poor, women, and children."
• The subset of goals under this mission are:
• Reduce infant mortality rate (IMR) and maternal mortality ratio (MMR)
• Provide universal access to public health services
• Prevent and control both communicable and non-communicable diseases,
including locally endemic diseases
• Provide access to integrated comprehensive primary healthcare
• Create population stabilisation, as well as gender and demographic balance
• Revitalize local health traditions and mainstream AYUSH
• Finally, to promote healthy life styles
• The mission has set up strategies and action plan to meet all of its goals.
34.
35. Treatment at home
• If you are treated under supervision at home, the healthcare professional
helping you will discuss with you changes you should make to your diet.
• Recommended diet plans will depend on your individual circumstances,
but it is likely you will be advised to gradually increase your intake of
energy (calories), protein, carbohydrates, fluids, minerals and vitamins.
• You may also be advised to take special oral nutritional supplements in
addition to these dietary changes. These supplements can increase your
energy and protein intake, reducing the risk of complications (such as
infections) and hospital admission.
• You will be helped to set targets and your progress will be regularly
monitored.
• Depending on the cause of your malnutrition, you may need additional
help. For example, you may benefit from help from a carer if poor mobility
makes it difficult for you to shop for food or cook.
36. Treatments at Hospital
• If you are admitted to hospital with malnutrition you may be seen by a number of
different health professionals who will be involved in your care. This may include:
• a doctor who specialises in treating digestive conditions (a gastroenterologist)
• a dietitian
• a nurse specialising in nutrition
• a social worker
• If you don't have any problems swallowing food, you may be treated with dietary
changes, with or without nutritional supplements.
• If you are unable to swallow food, you may require an artificial feeding method,
such as a feeding tube. There are two types of feeding tubes:
• a nasogastric tube – a tube passed down your nose and into your stomach
• a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube – a tube surgically placed
directly into your stomach through your abdomen (tummy)
• If a feeding tube is not suitable, nutrition directly into your vein (parenteral
nutrition) may be necessary.