International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Destination Aware APU Strategy for Geographic Routing in MANETEditor IJCATR
In this paper, we have explained the Enhanced Adaptive Position Update strategy for geographic routing in mobile ad hoc
network In Adaptive Position Update strategy, there are two techniques: Mobility prediction rule and On-demand learning rule. Proposed
system is based on the destination aware routing in which path to transfer the data over the network is based on the distance from highly
stable node to the destination node. Results of the proposed system are compared with Periodic Beaconing on the basis of packet delivery
ratio, beacon overhead, energy consumption. Experiment results show a high improvement in results on the parameters energy
consumption, packet delivery ratio and beacon overhead. Proposed work is implemented on the NS2 (Network Simulator) Environment
to perform experiments.
An Enhanced DSR Protocol for Improving QoS in MANETKhushbooGupta145
Ad hoc network is a network without centralized administration in which different users can communicate and exchange information. In such a structure, all the nodes participate in order to achieve the network and ensure the travel of the information. Hence, multihopping techniques are used to achieve this task. The communication reliability within an ad hoc network and how the different nodes act are managed by routing protocols. Nowadays, different types of protocols exist. Nevertheless, the source routing ones, based on information known at the source of the communication, seem to attract more studies. Source routing protocols had shown interesting results in realistic scenarios in areas such as military battlefields or airport stations.
This Paper deals with DSR Protocol and is focused on the multipath aspect of this routing protocol. Since, it is necessary to understand that multipath techniques enhance reliability and can ensure security. We have simulated a new multipath algorithm. The solution had been evaluated with the network Simulator 2. Since we want to know how our protocol reacts in different mobility cases, the random waypoint model which allows us to present relevant results, due to the fact this situation is taken into account.
Simulation results show that the multipath protocol behaves better than DSR, the main actual reactive protocol. The Proposed protocol MSR performs well in high mobility by using much less overhead than DSR. Additionally, it is interesting to see that DSR without any modifications manage poorly in high mobility situation.
Comparative Analysis of MANET Routing Protocols and Cluster Head Selection Te...IJERA Editor
Mobile Ad-hoc Network is a kind of wireless network. It is a backbone of new generation advanced communication technology. MANET is an ideal applicant for rescue and emergency situation due to its independence of connected devices of fixed wires. This paper represents a work on trust based system in MANET cluster that can be used to improve the performance of the network even in the existence of not trusted nodes. In the cluster architecture, cluster head and gateway nodes form a communication for routing among neighbouring clusters. But selection of cluster head is the important problem in dynamic Ad-hoc network because cluster head work as coordinator in clustered architecture. In this work, some values have used correspond to the threshold values of forward packet and dropped packet of each node within the network cluster. These values have been used dynamically updated every time and the node is selected as cluster head. In this technique of selecting the node as cluster head, the node which has maximum trusted value is elected as cluster head and this information is updated in every node’s trusted table. After implementation of our desired work, the proposed Dynamic Trust Evaluation of Cluster Head (DTE-CH) technique is analysed with traditional routing protocols and traditional clustering technique viz. Highest Degree Algorithm. The simulation is done by using network simulator software on the basis of different performance metrics throughput, packet delivery ratio, routing overhead, packet drop, average end to end delay and remain energy. Simulation result presents that proposed DTE-CH technique improves the performance of network as compare to most suitable existing AODV MANET protocol based technique as well as traditional highest degree clustering technique.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Destination Aware APU Strategy for Geographic Routing in MANETEditor IJCATR
In this paper, we have explained the Enhanced Adaptive Position Update strategy for geographic routing in mobile ad hoc
network In Adaptive Position Update strategy, there are two techniques: Mobility prediction rule and On-demand learning rule. Proposed
system is based on the destination aware routing in which path to transfer the data over the network is based on the distance from highly
stable node to the destination node. Results of the proposed system are compared with Periodic Beaconing on the basis of packet delivery
ratio, beacon overhead, energy consumption. Experiment results show a high improvement in results on the parameters energy
consumption, packet delivery ratio and beacon overhead. Proposed work is implemented on the NS2 (Network Simulator) Environment
to perform experiments.
An Enhanced DSR Protocol for Improving QoS in MANETKhushbooGupta145
Ad hoc network is a network without centralized administration in which different users can communicate and exchange information. In such a structure, all the nodes participate in order to achieve the network and ensure the travel of the information. Hence, multihopping techniques are used to achieve this task. The communication reliability within an ad hoc network and how the different nodes act are managed by routing protocols. Nowadays, different types of protocols exist. Nevertheless, the source routing ones, based on information known at the source of the communication, seem to attract more studies. Source routing protocols had shown interesting results in realistic scenarios in areas such as military battlefields or airport stations.
This Paper deals with DSR Protocol and is focused on the multipath aspect of this routing protocol. Since, it is necessary to understand that multipath techniques enhance reliability and can ensure security. We have simulated a new multipath algorithm. The solution had been evaluated with the network Simulator 2. Since we want to know how our protocol reacts in different mobility cases, the random waypoint model which allows us to present relevant results, due to the fact this situation is taken into account.
Simulation results show that the multipath protocol behaves better than DSR, the main actual reactive protocol. The Proposed protocol MSR performs well in high mobility by using much less overhead than DSR. Additionally, it is interesting to see that DSR without any modifications manage poorly in high mobility situation.
Comparative Analysis of MANET Routing Protocols and Cluster Head Selection Te...IJERA Editor
Mobile Ad-hoc Network is a kind of wireless network. It is a backbone of new generation advanced communication technology. MANET is an ideal applicant for rescue and emergency situation due to its independence of connected devices of fixed wires. This paper represents a work on trust based system in MANET cluster that can be used to improve the performance of the network even in the existence of not trusted nodes. In the cluster architecture, cluster head and gateway nodes form a communication for routing among neighbouring clusters. But selection of cluster head is the important problem in dynamic Ad-hoc network because cluster head work as coordinator in clustered architecture. In this work, some values have used correspond to the threshold values of forward packet and dropped packet of each node within the network cluster. These values have been used dynamically updated every time and the node is selected as cluster head. In this technique of selecting the node as cluster head, the node which has maximum trusted value is elected as cluster head and this information is updated in every node’s trusted table. After implementation of our desired work, the proposed Dynamic Trust Evaluation of Cluster Head (DTE-CH) technique is analysed with traditional routing protocols and traditional clustering technique viz. Highest Degree Algorithm. The simulation is done by using network simulator software on the basis of different performance metrics throughput, packet delivery ratio, routing overhead, packet drop, average end to end delay and remain energy. Simulation result presents that proposed DTE-CH technique improves the performance of network as compare to most suitable existing AODV MANET protocol based technique as well as traditional highest degree clustering technique.
On the routing overhead in infrastructureless multihop wireless networksNarendra Singh Yadav
Routing in infrastructureless multihop wireless networks is a challenging task and has received a vast amount of attention from researchers. This has lead to development of many different routing protocols each having their own superiorities and pitfalls making it very difficult to decide on a better protocol under vulnerable scenarios in such networks. In this paper the performance of three routing protocols (DSR, AODV and CBRP) in terms of routing overhead in bytes and in packets is presented under growing density and varying mobility in different traffic conditions. The simulation results show that CBRP outperforms both DSR and AODV in all scenarios.
Abstract— A MANETs is a self-configuring network is a collection of mobile hosts that are connected via a wireless link. Opportunistic data forwarding has drawn much attention in the research community of multihop wireless networks. Opportunistic data forwarding is the lack of an efficient, lightweight proactive routing scheme with strong source routing capability. In this project proposed to a lightweight proactive source routing (PSR) protocol. PSR can be maintained at different network topology information than distance vector (DV), link state (LS), optimized link State routing (OLSR), then reactive source routing [e.g., dynamic source routing (DSR)]. In this project concentrate on reducing the overhead at the base line protocols, then testing to the better data transportation. Network Simulator (NS-2) help in testing and implementing to this project for effectively reduced to the overhead in the data transportation.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Analysis of FSR, LANMAR and DYMO under MANETidescitation
A movable ad hoc system (MANET) is a self-configuring communications set of
connections of mobile procedure associated by wireless. Each mechanism in a MANET is
free to move independently in some way, and will therefore modify its relations to other
devices frequently [2]. The primary purpose of any ad-hoc network routing protocol is to
meet the challenges of the dynamically changing topology and establish an efficient route
connecting every two nodes. In this paper three protocols FSR, LANMAR and DYMO are
compared by using random waypoint mobility in few nodes with varying packet sizes in
CBR traffic. The parameters or metrics are used to assess the performance of protocols with
and without Black Hole attack, that are data Packet Delivery ratio and Average Jitter with
varying data traffic CBR (Constant Bit Ratio) using Qual Net 5.0.2 simulator.
IMPROVED NETWORK CONNECTIVITY IN MANETSIJCNCJournal
The growth in wireless communication technologies has resulted in a considerable amount of
attention given to mobile adhoc networks. All mobile hosts in an adhoc network are embedded with
packet forwarding capabilities. It is decentralized and is independent of infrastructure. Since mobile
hosts in an adhoc network usually move freely, the topology of the network changes dynamically and
disconnection occurs frequently. These characteristics require the routing protocols to find an
alternative path towards the destination for data transfer. The existing on-demand routing protocols
does the alternative path establishment only after the disconnection of links in the existing path. The
data sent by the source during alternate path establishment period will be lost leading to incomplete
data transfer. The network traffic will therefore increase considerably. This problem can be overcome
by establishing an alternative path when the existing path is more likely to be broken, by sending a
warning message to the source indicating the likelihood of disconnection. In this paper an attempt has
been made to analyze a protocol that improves the network connectivity by preempting the alternative
path before the existing link gets failed by monitoring the signal strength and ‘age of the path’.
Tree Based Proactive Source Routing Protocol for MANETspaperpublications3
bstract: A mobile adhoc network (MANET) is a wireless communication network and the node that does not lie within the direct transmission range of each other depends on the intermediate nodes to forward data. Opportunistic data forwarding has not been widely utilized in mobile adhoc networks (MANETs) and the main reason is the lack of an efficient lightweight proactive routing scheme with strong source routing capability. PSR protocol facilitates opportunistic data forwarding in MANETs. In PSR, each node maintains a breadth-first search spanning tree of the network rooted at it-self. This information is periodically exchanged among neighboring nodes for updated network topology information. Here added a Mobile sink to reduce the overhead in case of number of child node increases and also to reduce the delay.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IMPLEMENTATION AND COMPARISION OF DATA LINK QUALITY SCHEME ON ODMRP AND ADMR ...ijngnjournal
An ad hoc network is a collection of wireless mobile nodes dynamically forming a temporary network without the use of any fixed network infrastructure or centralized administration. In order to enable communication within the network, a routing protocol is needed to discover routes between nodes. The primary goal of ad hoc network routing protocols is to establish routes between node pairs so that messages may be delivered reliably and in a timely manner. The objective of any routing protocol is to have packet delivered with least possible cost in terms of receiving power, transmission power, battery energy consumption and distance. All these factors basically effect the establishment of link between the mobile nodes and liability and stability of these links. In this paper, we implement a data link quality scheme on two protocols ODMRP and ADMR and compare them on the bases link quality and link stability.
The Impact of Signal Strength over Routing Protocols in Wireless NetworksDr. Amarjeet Singh
In ad hoc routing protocols the source node
may need an intermediate nodes to transmit the packets into
the destination if the destination is not within transmission
range of the source. This paper studies the impact of signal
strength of nodes over ad hoc routing protocols and explains
an important effect of signal strength on ad hoc routing
protocols in four different directions including the routes and
the nodes. As a result the study give an important
improvement in ad hoc routing protocols when using signal
strength compared to other ad hoc routing protocols without
considering signal strength.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
On the routing overhead in infrastructureless multihop wireless networksNarendra Singh Yadav
Routing in infrastructureless multihop wireless networks is a challenging task and has received a vast amount of attention from researchers. This has lead to development of many different routing protocols each having their own superiorities and pitfalls making it very difficult to decide on a better protocol under vulnerable scenarios in such networks. In this paper the performance of three routing protocols (DSR, AODV and CBRP) in terms of routing overhead in bytes and in packets is presented under growing density and varying mobility in different traffic conditions. The simulation results show that CBRP outperforms both DSR and AODV in all scenarios.
Abstract— A MANETs is a self-configuring network is a collection of mobile hosts that are connected via a wireless link. Opportunistic data forwarding has drawn much attention in the research community of multihop wireless networks. Opportunistic data forwarding is the lack of an efficient, lightweight proactive routing scheme with strong source routing capability. In this project proposed to a lightweight proactive source routing (PSR) protocol. PSR can be maintained at different network topology information than distance vector (DV), link state (LS), optimized link State routing (OLSR), then reactive source routing [e.g., dynamic source routing (DSR)]. In this project concentrate on reducing the overhead at the base line protocols, then testing to the better data transportation. Network Simulator (NS-2) help in testing and implementing to this project for effectively reduced to the overhead in the data transportation.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Analysis of FSR, LANMAR and DYMO under MANETidescitation
A movable ad hoc system (MANET) is a self-configuring communications set of
connections of mobile procedure associated by wireless. Each mechanism in a MANET is
free to move independently in some way, and will therefore modify its relations to other
devices frequently [2]. The primary purpose of any ad-hoc network routing protocol is to
meet the challenges of the dynamically changing topology and establish an efficient route
connecting every two nodes. In this paper three protocols FSR, LANMAR and DYMO are
compared by using random waypoint mobility in few nodes with varying packet sizes in
CBR traffic. The parameters or metrics are used to assess the performance of protocols with
and without Black Hole attack, that are data Packet Delivery ratio and Average Jitter with
varying data traffic CBR (Constant Bit Ratio) using Qual Net 5.0.2 simulator.
IMPROVED NETWORK CONNECTIVITY IN MANETSIJCNCJournal
The growth in wireless communication technologies has resulted in a considerable amount of
attention given to mobile adhoc networks. All mobile hosts in an adhoc network are embedded with
packet forwarding capabilities. It is decentralized and is independent of infrastructure. Since mobile
hosts in an adhoc network usually move freely, the topology of the network changes dynamically and
disconnection occurs frequently. These characteristics require the routing protocols to find an
alternative path towards the destination for data transfer. The existing on-demand routing protocols
does the alternative path establishment only after the disconnection of links in the existing path. The
data sent by the source during alternate path establishment period will be lost leading to incomplete
data transfer. The network traffic will therefore increase considerably. This problem can be overcome
by establishing an alternative path when the existing path is more likely to be broken, by sending a
warning message to the source indicating the likelihood of disconnection. In this paper an attempt has
been made to analyze a protocol that improves the network connectivity by preempting the alternative
path before the existing link gets failed by monitoring the signal strength and ‘age of the path’.
Tree Based Proactive Source Routing Protocol for MANETspaperpublications3
bstract: A mobile adhoc network (MANET) is a wireless communication network and the node that does not lie within the direct transmission range of each other depends on the intermediate nodes to forward data. Opportunistic data forwarding has not been widely utilized in mobile adhoc networks (MANETs) and the main reason is the lack of an efficient lightweight proactive routing scheme with strong source routing capability. PSR protocol facilitates opportunistic data forwarding in MANETs. In PSR, each node maintains a breadth-first search spanning tree of the network rooted at it-self. This information is periodically exchanged among neighboring nodes for updated network topology information. Here added a Mobile sink to reduce the overhead in case of number of child node increases and also to reduce the delay.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IMPLEMENTATION AND COMPARISION OF DATA LINK QUALITY SCHEME ON ODMRP AND ADMR ...ijngnjournal
An ad hoc network is a collection of wireless mobile nodes dynamically forming a temporary network without the use of any fixed network infrastructure or centralized administration. In order to enable communication within the network, a routing protocol is needed to discover routes between nodes. The primary goal of ad hoc network routing protocols is to establish routes between node pairs so that messages may be delivered reliably and in a timely manner. The objective of any routing protocol is to have packet delivered with least possible cost in terms of receiving power, transmission power, battery energy consumption and distance. All these factors basically effect the establishment of link between the mobile nodes and liability and stability of these links. In this paper, we implement a data link quality scheme on two protocols ODMRP and ADMR and compare them on the bases link quality and link stability.
The Impact of Signal Strength over Routing Protocols in Wireless NetworksDr. Amarjeet Singh
In ad hoc routing protocols the source node
may need an intermediate nodes to transmit the packets into
the destination if the destination is not within transmission
range of the source. This paper studies the impact of signal
strength of nodes over ad hoc routing protocols and explains
an important effect of signal strength on ad hoc routing
protocols in four different directions including the routes and
the nodes. As a result the study give an important
improvement in ad hoc routing protocols when using signal
strength compared to other ad hoc routing protocols without
considering signal strength.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
La Bolsa de Comercio de Rosario celebró, como todos los años, el primer remate de soja donde estuvieron presentes políticos de diferentes partidos. La intendenta, Mónica Fein, el gobernador Antonio Bonfatti y el Secretario de Agricultura, Ganadería y Pezca, Gabriel Delgado dieron sus respectivos discursos acerca de la situación del grano a nivel nacional e internacional.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS AND COMPARISON OF IMPROVED DSR WITH DSR, AODV AND DSDV R...ijp2p
Mobile Ad-hoc networks are categorized by multi-hop wireless connectivity and numbers of nodes are
connecting each other through wireless network. It includes several routing protocols specifically designed
for ad-hoc routing. The most widely used ad hoc routing protocols are Ad-hoc On Demand Distance Vector
(AODV), Destination Sequence Distance Vector (DSDV), and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR). In this
paper, we present an analysis of DSR protocol and propose our algorithm to improve the performance of
DSR protocol by using small delay applied on last route ACK path when an original route fails in Mobile
Ad Hoc networks. Past researchers the MANET have focused on simulation study by varying network
parameters, such as network size, number of nodes. The simulation results shows that the M-DSR protocol
having some excellent performance Metrics then other protocols. We have taken different performance
parameters over the comparison of Modified -DSR with other three protocols in mobility as well as Nonmobility scenario up to 300 nodes in MANETs using NS2 simulator. To achieve this goal DSR is modified
by using modified algorithm technique in order to load balancing, to avoid congestion and lower packet
delivery.
ENHANCING STUDENTS’ LEARNING AND SATISFACTION THROUGH THE USE OF SOCIAL MEDIAIJITE
Communication in and out the classroom is an essential component for education. As the technology
emerges, there is a need to adopt to the new technologies to enhance students’ learning experience. Social
media technologies provide informal communication methods that promote student engagement and
satisfaction by removing communication barriers. In this paper, we report our experience in using different
social media technologies to enhance students’ learning experience and satisfaction with the course. We
perform our experiment in software project management course and conduct a survey to assess the
students’ perspective towards using these different social media technologies in enhancing their learning
and satisfaction. Results show that students are satisfied and feel that their learning experience has
improved when using social media for class communication.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS AND COMPARISON OF IMPROVED DSR WITH DSR, AODV AND DSDV R...ijp2p
Mobile Ad-hoc networks are categorized by multi-hop wireless connectivity and numbers of nodes are connecting each other through wireless network. It includes several routing protocols specifically designed for ad-hoc routing. The most widely used ad hoc routing protocols are Ad-hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Destination Sequence Distance Vector (DSDV), and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR). In this paper, we present an analysis of DSR protocol and propose our algorithm to improve the performance of DSR protocol by using small delay applied on last route ACK path when an original route fails in Mobile Ad Hoc networks. Past researchers the MANET have focused on simulation study by varying network parameters, such as network size, number of nodes. The simulation results shows that the M-DSR protocol
having some excellent performance Metrics then other protocols. We have taken different performance parameters over the comparison of Modified -DSR with other three protocols in mobility as well as Nonmobility scenario up to 300 nodes in MANETs using NS2 simulator. To achieve this goal DSR is modified by using modified algorithm technique in order to load balancing, to avoid congestion and lower packet
delivery.
Our area of interest for the paper is the improvement of performance of DSR routing protocol by
changing in algorithm and this Improved DSR protocol should compare with remaining protocols
taken in this research paper.
2. In this paper we made changesin traditional DSR protocol and generation of new improved DSR the
different performance parameters and compare with AODV/DSR/DSDV protocols in mobility and
non- mobility scenarios nodes up to 300.
3. We can plot the graphs throughput, End to end Delay, Packet delivery Ratio, Dropping Ratio, and
average energy consumption on Mobility and Non-Mobility scenario by using Network Simulator
version 2.34 for Modified DSR protocols. M-DSR, DSDV perform well when Mobility is low.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS AND COMPARISON OF IMPROVED DSR WITH DSR, AODV AND DSDV R...ijp2p
Mobile Ad-hoc networks are categorized by multi-hop wireless connectivity and numbers of nodes are
connecting each other through wireless network. It includes several routing protocols specifically designed
for ad-hoc routing. The most widely used ad hoc routing protocols are Ad-hoc On Demand Distance Vector
(AODV), Destination Sequence Distance Vector (DSDV), and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR). In this
paper, we present an analysis of DSR protocol and propose our algorithm to improve the performance of
DSR protocol by using small delay applied on last route ACK path when an original route fails in Mobile
Ad Hoc networks. Past researchers the MANET have focused on simulation study by varying network
parameters, such as network size, number of nodes. The simulation results shows that the M-DSR protocol
having some excellent performance Metrics then other protocols. We have taken different performance
parameters over the comparison of Modified -DSR with other three protocols in mobility as well as Nonmobility scenario up to 300 nodes in MANETs using NS2 simulator. To achieve this goal DSR is modified
by using modified algorithm technique in order to load balancing, to avoid congestion and lower packet
delivery.
EFFECT OF PAUSE TIME AND NODES ON PERFORMANCE OF AODV AND DSR ROUTING PROTOCO...Editor IJMTER
A central challenge in designing of wireless ad hoc networks is the development of dynamic
routing protocols that can efficiently find routes between two communication nodes when nodes are
mobile. To accomplish this, a number of ad hoc routing protocols had been proposed and implemented.
In wireless ad hoc network the selected protocol should find best route which can insure packet delivery
and packet integrity. Performance evolution of the protocols is the key step before selecting a particular
protocol. In this paper, the performance is compared on Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV)
and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) at application layer by varying the pause time and number of nodes
using QualNet 5.0.2 simulator. The average jitter, end-to-end delay, throughput and packet delivery
fraction (PDF) are the four common measures used for the comparison of the performance of above
protocols. The experimental results show that DSR perform better in low load and high pause time but
in case of high load and less pause time AODV outperform DSR.
Mobile ad hoc network is a reconfigurable network of mobile nodes connected by multi-hop wireless links and capable of operating without any fixed infrastructure support. In order to facilitate communication within such self-creating, self-organizing and self administrating network, a dynamic routing protocol is needed. The primary goal of such an ad hoc network routing protocol is to discover and establish a correct and efficient route between a pair of nodes so that messages may be delivered in a timely manner. Route construction should be done with a minimum of overhead and bandwidth consumption. This paper examines two routing protocols, both on-demand source routing, for mobile ad hoc networks– the Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), an flat architecture based and the Cluster Based Routing Protocol (CBRP), a cluster architecture based and evaluates both routing protocols in terms of packet delivery fraction, normalized routing load, average end to end delay, throughput by varying number of nodes per sq. km, traffic sources and mobility. Simulation results show that in high
mobility (pause time 0s) scenarios, CBRP outperforms DSR. CBRP scales well with increasing number of nodes.
Comparing: Routing Protocols on Basis of sleep modeIJMER
The architecture of ad hoc wireless network consists of mobile nodes for communication
without the use of fixed-position routers. The communication between them takes place without
centralized control. Routing is a very crucial issue, so to deal with this routing algorithms must deliver
the packet in significant delay. There are different protocols for handling the mobile environment like
AODV, DSR and OLSR. But this paper will focus on performance of AODV and OLSR routing protocols.
The performance of these protocols is analyzed on two metrics: time and throughput
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Survey comparison estimation of various routing protocols in mobile ad hoc ne...ijdpsjournal
MANET is
an autonomous system of mobile nodes attached by wireless links. It represents
a complex and
dynamic distributed systems that consist of mobile wireless nodes that can freely self organize into
an ad
-
hoc network topology. The devices in the network may hav
e limited transmission
range therefore multiple
hops may be needed by one node to transfer data to another node in network. This leads to the need f
or an
effective routing protocol. In this paper we study various classifications of routing protocols and
th
eir types
for wireless mobile ad
-
hoc networks like DSDV, GSR, AODV, DSR, ZRP, FSR, CGSR, LAR, and Geocast
Protocols. In this paper we also compare different routing proto
cols on based on a given set of
parameters
Scalability, Latency, Bandwidth, Control
-
ov
erhead, Mobility impact
Novel Routing Protocol Based on Periodic Route Discovery for Mobile Adhoc Net...IJERA Editor
A group of mobile devices called as nodes, without any centralized network, communicates with each other over multi-hop links is called as an Ad-hoc Network (MANET). The military battle-field scenarios, Post-disaster rescue efforts, sensor networks, and entrepreneurs in a conference are some of the examples of mobile ad-hoc networks. Since there is no infrastructure in the network, the routing should be handled at every node. To improve the life time of network different routing protocols are consider. In present routing protocols of ad hoc networks, routing is an act of moving information from a source to destination in an internetwork. Route is selected in the route discovery phase until all the packets are sent out. Due to the continuous flow of packets in a selected route leads to the route failure. In order to reduce this problem we consider PRD-based MMBCR and considering the percentage of the optimum value for periodic route discovery. In our research we are going to analyze the performance of different routing protocols like DSR, MMBCR to get maximum optimum value using Network Simulator Software.
A Survey of Enhanced Routing Protocols for Manetspijans
Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) form a class of dynamic multi-hop networks consisting of a set of
mobile nodes that intercommunicate on shared wireless channels. MANETs are self-organizing and selfconfiguring multi-hop wireless networks, where the network structure changes dynamically due to the node
mobility. There exists no fixed topology due to the mobility of nodes, interference, multipath propagation
and path loss. Hence efficient dynamic routing protocols are required for these networks to function
properly. Many routing protocols have been developed to accomplish this task. In this paper we survey
various new routing protocols that have been developed as extensions or advanced versions of previously
existing routing protocols for MANETs such as DSR, AODV, OLSR etc.
Ad Hoc Networks are infrastructure less network in which nodes are connected by Multi-hop wireless links. Each node is acting as a router as it supports distributed routing. Routing challenges occurs as there are frequent path breaks due to the mobility. Various application domains include military applications, emergency search and rescue operations and collaborative computing. The existing protocols used are divided into proactive and on demand routing protocols. The various new routing algorithms are also designed to optimize the performance of a network in terms of various performance parameters. Dual reinforcement routing is learning based approach used for routing. This paper describes the implementation, mathematical evaluation and judging the performance of a network and analyze it to find the performance of a network.
Ad Hoc Networks are infrastructure less network in which nodes are connected by Multi-hop wireless links. Each node is acting as a router as it supports distributed routing. Routing challenges occurs as there are frequent path breaks due to the mobility. Various application domains include military applications, emergency search and rescue operations and collaborative computing. The existing protocols used are divided into proactive and on demand routing protocols. The various new routing algorithms are also designed to optimize the performance of a network in terms of various performance parameters. Dual reinforcement routing is learning based approach used for routing. This paper describes the implementation, mathematical evaluation and judging the performance of a network and analyze it to find the performance of a network.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
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- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
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Charlie Greenberg, Host
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
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👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
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As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Generating a custom Ruby SDK for your web service or Rails API using Smithyg2nightmarescribd
Have you ever wanted a Ruby client API to communicate with your web service? Smithy is a protocol-agnostic language for defining services and SDKs. Smithy Ruby is an implementation of Smithy that generates a Ruby SDK using a Smithy model. In this talk, we will explore Smithy and Smithy Ruby to learn how to generate custom feature-rich SDKs that can communicate with any web service, such as a Rails JSON API.
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Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
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1. Pushpender et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.991-995
RESEARCH ARTICLE
www.ijera.com
OPEN ACCESS
Performance /efficiency enhancement of Dynamic Source Routing
Protocol in Wireless Mesh Networks
1
Pushpender, 2Prof. (Dr.) Sohan Garg, 3Prof. (Dr.) YashPal Singh
1
Research scholar, Shri Venkateshwara University, Gajraula (UP), India
Professor, C.C.S. University, Meerut
3
Professor, S. (P.G.) I.T.M., Rewari,
2
Abstract—
A Wireless Mesh Network is a collection of wireless nodes that form a network connection. There are several
routing protocols like TORA, HEAT, AODV and DSR etc. which have been designed for providing
communication among all the nodes in the wireless network. DSR is a reactive routing protocol and comfortable
for unlimited number of nodes. This paper presents the comparison performance of DSR protocol with E-DSR
(enhanced-DSR) protocol. In the enhanced approach of DSR, we improve the performance of Packet Delivery
Ratio and throughput of the Wireless Mesh Networks. In E-DSR the destination a node recognizes first route
request message (RREQ), it produces Turn-Around route request (TA-RREQ) message and deluges it to
neighbor nodes within transmission range. E-DSR decreases route fail variation messages and gets very good
performance as compared to Dynamic Source Routing protocol (DSR).
Keywords— WMNs, Packet Delivery Ratio, HEAT, E-DSR, RREQ (Route Request), RREP (Route Reply);
Organization of the paper- The present paper has been organized into eight topics starting from the introduction
of the Wireless Mesh Network and E-DSR. Topic second explains the literature review regarding Dynamic
Source Routing. Topic third describes about the problem statement. Topic fourth tells us the overview of
proposed enhanced-DSR (D-DSR), implementation work, working procedure of proposed enhanced-DSR
algorithm, implementation code for E-DSR. Topic five depicts the experimental setup for simulation. Topic six
describes about analyze the metrics based performance results for DSR and E-DSR. Topic seven describes the
references. Topic eight concludes this paper. At last of this paper, there is description about the author.
I.
Introduction
Information Communication Techniques (ICT)
has been broaden the usages and application as the
introduction, networking becomes the backbone of
the data communication 3G and 4G technology have
made the networking with easy access. Wireless
Mesh Network (WMN) is a wireless network in
which several numbers of nodes are connected in a
mesh topology. Wireless links connects all these
nodes to each other in the network. Wireless Mesh
Network has mainly the following components:
(i) Mesh clients (ii) Mesh Routers and (iii) Gateways.
Laptops, mobile phones etc are the example of the
mesh clients. The main functionality of mesh routers
is to forward the traffic to and from the gateways. In
a mesh network, each radio node is connected to all
the radio nodes. Hence when a single node can’t
communicate or not in a working condition, the rest
of nodes can communicate to each other. WMN is a
self organizing, self healing wireless network.
Nowadays, it is a popular technology because of low
cost maintenance, ease of deployable etc. Routing is
the important part of the communication on the
Wireless Mesh Network. Several types of routing
protocols are used in WMNs i.e. DSDV, HEAT
scalable routing protocol, AODV, DSR etc. And
different types of strategies are used in these
protocols. However, there are several numbers of
www.ijera.com
routing protocols in WMNs, but regarding
performance there is a need of enhancement in the
performance of some routing protocols to maintain a
fast responsive network.
In this paper, we proposed a new routing protocol
enhanced DSR (E-DSR) which is the enhancement in
the DSR routing protocol. In E-DSR, destination
node uses turn-around RREQ to find source node. It
reduces the number of route path fail alteration
messages and therefore can enhance the performance
of the network. Therefore, number of success rate of
discovery route may be improved. The results of the
simulation indicates our proposed enhanced
algorithm improves the performance of DSR
(Dynamic Source Routing) protocol in several types
of metrics i.e. average end-to-end delay, average
throughput etc.
II.
Literature Review
Dynamic Source Routing protocol (DSR) is
a reactive, on-demand routing protocol, which finds
the route as and when required, dynamically. DSR
routing protocol manage the network without any
centralized administrator or infrastructure. In route
discovery this protocol discovers for the routes from
source node to destination. In DSR, data packets
stored the routing information of all intermediate
nodes in its header to reach at a particular destination.
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2. Pushpender et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.991-995
Routing information for every source node can be
change at any time in the network and DSR updates it
after each change occur [4]. Intermediate routers
don´t need to have routing information to route the
passing traffic, but they save routing information for
their future use. Basic purpose to develop DSR was
to reduce the overhead on the network and designing
self-organizing and self-configuring protocol to
support WMNs. The DSR protocol contains two
phases in its routing mechanism:
a) Route discovery
b) Route maintenance
a) Route discovery:
In the route discovery phase the source node
establishes a route by flooding route request packets
(RREQ). The RREQ contains the source IP address
and destination IP address. The neighbor nodes
accumulate the traversed path into the RREQ and
broadcast to its next neighbor if the current node is
not the destination node. Once the destination node
receives the RREQ it concatenates the source route in
a Route Reply packet (RREP) and replies on the
same path as in RREQ. In the RREQ process,
intermediate nodes update their routing tables to each
of the nodes along the source route. In the route
discovery phase each node uses route cache to store
all multiple route entries to be maintained per
destination. Fig.1 is an example of route discovery
between source and destination nodes and possible
discovered paths.
Fig 1
b) Route maintenance:
Route maintenance is carried whenever
there is a broken link observed in the specific route to
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the destination. When the packets are forwarded
through a specific route, each node sends the packet
to the next node in the route and the next node
acknowledges the packet received. When a broken
link is observed in the destination path the broken
link will not acknowledge to the packet transmitted
by the neighbor node, and the node send a route error
message (RERR) to the source node. The source then
responds to this RERR and stops sending the next
packets and will look in its route cache for alternative
routes and follow the next available path.
DSR Features
The two most important features of DSR
protocol are route discovery and route
maintenance that make this protocol selfconfiguring and self-maintaining.
In DSR protocol, there is no need of
periodic updates to send over the network
about neighbors or link state information.
This reduces overhead on the network by
eliminating the periodic updates send on the
network. The both operations of DSR are on
demand basis [4].
A node may save more than one route for
the same destination. In DSR it is carried out
by listening to passing traffic, or by saving
the additional routes when attempts for
single route discovery. This property make
DSR to use cache route in case of one route
broke down, there is no need of route
discovery as alternative routes are already
available to the destination [4].
Another important property of DSR routing
protocol is network type flexibility. A
packet using DSR routing protocol can reach
its destination even when the intermediate
nodes are using different type of network.
DSR make it possible that nodes with
different network types can participate in ad
hoc networks, DSR protocol consider them
as Ad hoc Network [4].
There is unidirectional link support The
basic algorithm for route discovery can be
optimized in many ways [5].
● To avoid too many broadcasts, each route
request could contain a counter. Every node
rebroadcasts the request increments the
counter by one. Knowing the maximum
network diameter (take the number of nodes
if nothing else is known), nodes can drop a
request if the counter reaches this number.
● A node can cache path fragments from
recent requests. These fragments can now be
used to answer other route requests much
faster (if they still reflect the topology!).
● A node can also update this cache from
packet headers while forwarding other
packets.
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3. Pushpender et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.991-995
●
If a node overhears transmissions from other
nodes, it can also use this information for
shortening routes.
Although dynamic source routing offers
benefits compared to other algorithms by being much
more bandwidth efficient, problems arise if the
topology is highly dynamic and links are
asymmetrical [5].
III.
Motivation of Work
DSR and most of the On-Demand Routing
protocols in wireless networks, use solitary route
along overturn path. If there is change in network
topology frequently, then due to this reason the route
reply could not get there to the source node i.e. when
a node sends many of route requests; the node obtains
a reply. Due to this reason, routing performance (like,
long end-to-end delay, low packet delivery fraction
and average throughput) is decreased. Therefore, how
can we decrease the breakdown of RREP message?
IV.
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communication. If it receives the same message, the
dropping of message is done, otherwise message is
forwarded. When a first turn-around RREQ is hold
by the source node, then source node starts a packet
distributing process. The RREQ message in E-DSR,
have several fields such as IP address, request ID,
end IP address, hop add up, request time etc.
In emergency condition such as route
connection breakdown, transaction routes may be
used. E-DSR decreases the number of failure
alteration messages and obtains a excellence
performance as compared to Dynamic Source
Routing algorithm.
1.3 Implementation code for proposed E-DSR
protocol
Overview of proposed enhanced-DSR
(E-DSR)
We propose the E-DSR to avoid RREP loss
and enhance the routing in WMNs. E-DSR uses the
method of RREQ of DSR to deliver route message to
source node. We give the name to the route reply
messages as TA-RREQ (turn around route request).
E-DSR can respond from end to source if there is at
least one path to source node. This describes how EDSR put-off’s a so many numbers of re-transmissions
of RREQ (route request) messages and therefore
eliminates the overcrowding in the wireless networks.
Besides this, E-DSR will provide us the better
performance of routing such as fraction packet
delivery, end-to-end delay etc.
1.1. Implementation
DSR and enhanced DSR are tested on
MATLab (also may be tested on NS-2 simulator)
which is mostly used for research work regarding
simulation purposes. MATLab provides a support for
simulation of routing protocols, wireless networks
etc. MATLab have many of the specialized features
support for simulation of wireless networks.
1.2. Working procedure of proposed
Enhanced-DSR (E-DSR) Algorithm
A turn around route discovery procedure is
used to discover the out routes on-demand. In EDSR, the first route request message is received by
the end node, after this TA-RREQ is generated and
broadcasting of this message is done to neighbor
nodes in a broadcasting range. When this TA-RREQ
message is received by the source node, then source
node starts the broadcasting process of packet, and
rest of TA-RREQ messages are put aside for further
use. When a transmitted TA-RREQ packet arrives to
centre node, it will check for duplicity
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4. Pushpender et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.991-995
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This illustrates the level of delivered data to the
destination.
∑ Number of packet receive/∑ Number of packet
send
The greater value of packet delivery ratio means
the better performance of the protocol.
Average throughput: throughput or network
throughput is the average rate of successful message
delivery over a communication channel. It is
expressed in kilobits per second.
V.
Experimental setup
For the performance analysis of the
routing protocol extensions, the experimental setup is
done using Matlab R2010b. The simulation for the
performance evaluation may be done using NS-2.34
network simulator. Research has been taken out for
the evaluation performance of the routing protocols
in Wireless Mesh Networks. The main goal is to
reduce the end-to-end delay and improve the PDF
and throughout. The same parameters are used here
for the simulation of both routing protocols i.e. DSR
and E-DSR. The following parameters are set for the
simulation purposes as shown in table 1.
Table 1: Mesh topology simulation parameters
Parameter
Number of Nodes
Packet Size
Data Rate
Operational Frequency
Simulation Time
Pause Time
Topology Used
Mobility Strategy
Transmission Radius
each node
Type of traffic
Domain
Max Speed
Burst Time
Random Noise
of
Value
100
127 bytes
100k
2.4 GHz
600 sec
0s, 20s, 40s, 60s, 80s
Mesh Topology
Random Way Point
20 m
CBR
100m*100m*100m
10,20,30,40,50,60 m/s
200 m/s
0
Analyze the metrics based performance
results for DSR and E-DSR
Here, results are shown for performance of
DSR routing protocol and E-DSR routing protocol.
We analyze then using the metrics:
EED (end-to-end delay): refers to that the time taken
for a packet to be transmitted across a network from
source to destination.
PDF (packet delivery fraction): the ratio of the
number of delivered data packet to the destination.
www.ijera.com
Fig 2: Mobility Vs End to End Delay
Fig 2 indicates the average EED of DSR and E-DSR
protocols. Here, delay has to be supposed for the
packets that actually arrive at the destinations. We
analyze that delay of E-DSR is lower as compared to
DSR. E-DSR chooses route earlier.
Fig 3: Pause Time Vs Packet Delivery Fraction
Fig 3 represents the result of Pause Time Vs
Packet Delivery Fraction. This result indicates the
rate of packet drop. It describes packet deliver ratio
of DSR and E-DSR, by improving in the pause time.
The EED (end-to-end delay) includes the processing
time and queuing time.
For excellent performance, End-to- End Delay
must be low.
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5. Pushpender et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 5, Sep-Oct 2013, pp.991-995
[5]
[6]
Fig 4: Pause Time Vs Average Throughput
Fig 4 describes that, after increasing the pause time,
performance result of E-DSR produces well as
compared to existing DSR routing protocol.
VI.
Conclusion
The routing in Wireless Mesh Network is
the main part of communication. Several types of
routing protocols are used in WMNs. To enhance the
overall performance of the WMNs, improvement in
the routing protocol is need of time. In Dynamic
Source Routing protocol, RREP messages are very
important for WMNs for send messages. A
degradation of performance takes place due to the
high rate of route reply. And if route reply takes place
high, there is chances of route reply lost. Route reply
mechanism will be affected. In this paper, it is
proposed the idea of enhanced DSR, which attends
TA-RREQ. E-DSR route detection succeeds in a
smaller amount tries than DSR. We have attempted a
simulation to analyze the performance of E-DSR with
that of DSR using MAT Lab. The results indicate that
E-DSR enhances the performance of DSR in several
metrics, as the packet delivery, ETE delay. In future,
we will analyze the performance of DSR and E-DSR
routing protocols on the behalf of another metrics.
We will test this proposed algorithm in other routing
protocols such as AODV routing protocol.
References
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C. Siva Ram Murthy and B. S. Manoj, “Ad Hoc
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demand distance vector routing”, Proceedings
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D. Johnson, D. Maltz, Y. Hu, and J. Jetcheva,
“The dynamic source routing protocol for
mobile ad hoc networks”. Internet Draft,
Internet Engineering Task Force, Mar
2001.http://www.ietf.org/internetdrafts/draftietf.
David B. Johnson, David A. Maltz, and Josh
Broch, “DSR: The Dynamic Source Routing
Protocol for Multi-Hop Wireless Ad Hoc
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Networks”, in Ad Hoc Networking, Editor:
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Addison-Wesley, Second Edition, pp.336-339,
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www.ijarcsse.com
www.wikipedia.com
Er. Pushpender Sarao, Dr. Sohan Garg, Prof.(Dr.)
YashPal Singh, “Wireless Mesh Networks:
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IJIEASR, volume 2,issue 9,page no. 29-34,Sept,
2013.
About the Author’s
Er. Pushpender received the B.tech degree
in Information Technology
Engineering and
M.Tech degree in Computer Science and Engineering
from M.D. University, Rohtak (India). He has been in
teaching profession more than three years. Beside he has
the good industrial exposure in the field of computer
technology and network. He is a research scholar
pursuing his Ph.D from Shri Venkateshwara University,
Gajraula (UP), India in Wireless Mesh Networks
specializing Routing Protocols.
Dr. Sohan Garg: Presently working as Director, Sir
Chhotu Ram Institute of Engineering and Technology,
CCS University Campus Meerut, UP (India). He has
worked as Director, IIMT Management College,
Meerut, (UP), India. He received the Ph.D. degree in
Computer Science from Institute of Advanced Studies,
C.C.S. University Campus Meerut. He received the
M.Tech degree in Computer Science from Manav Bharti
University, Shimla H.P (India). He has published
several research papers in National and international
journals in his credit. He is also the guide of research
scholar for almost twelve of Universities.
Prof. Y.P. Singh, currently working as Professor &
Director, Somany (P.G.) Institute of Technology &
Management, Rewari, Haryana. He has also worked
about 27 years as Lecturer, Dean of academics &
Principal and Director in many Engineering institutions
and organization. He has also served with Training and
Technical Deptt. Govt.Of Delhi, almost for 17 years. He
has about 33 research paper published in National and
42 papers published in international journals in his
credit. He has been selected and awarded by Govt. of
Delhi as “Best Technical Teacher-2004”.He is also an
expert and Master Trainer for the Teachers, empanelled
by SCERT/NCERT. He is also the guide of research
scholar for almost dozen of Universities.
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