This document summarizes a research paper that examines the performance of three mobile ad hoc network (MANET) routing protocols: AODV, DSR, and DSDV. Through network simulations varying the number of nodes and connections, the paper evaluates the routing protocols based on average end-to-end delay, normalized routing load, packet delivery fraction, and throughput. The simulation results show that AODV generally has better performance than DSR and DSDV in terms of lower delay, higher packet delivery, and better throughput, especially as the network size increases. However, DSDV maintains more consistent performance than the reactive protocols as network conditions change.
Tree Based Proactive Source Routing Protocol for MANETspaperpublications3
bstract: A mobile adhoc network (MANET) is a wireless communication network and the node that does not lie within the direct transmission range of each other depends on the intermediate nodes to forward data. Opportunistic data forwarding has not been widely utilized in mobile adhoc networks (MANETs) and the main reason is the lack of an efficient lightweight proactive routing scheme with strong source routing capability. PSR protocol facilitates opportunistic data forwarding in MANETs. In PSR, each node maintains a breadth-first search spanning tree of the network rooted at it-self. This information is periodically exchanged among neighboring nodes for updated network topology information. Here added a Mobile sink to reduce the overhead in case of number of child node increases and also to reduce the delay.
Study of Attacks and Routing Protocol in Wireless Networkijsrd.com
Wireless mesh networks (WMNs) are attractive as a new communication paradigm. Ad hoc routing protocols for WMNs are classified into: (1) proactive, (2) reactive, and (3) hybrid approaches. In general, proactive routing is more suitable for a stationary network, while reactive routing is better for a mobile network with a high mobility. In many applications, a node in WMN is mobile but it can fluctuate between being mobile. Wireless mesh networks is an emergent research area, which is becoming important due to the growing amount of nodes in a network.
Survey comparison estimation of various routing protocols in mobile ad hoc ne...ijdpsjournal
MANET is
an autonomous system of mobile nodes attached by wireless links. It represents
a complex and
dynamic distributed systems that consist of mobile wireless nodes that can freely self organize into
an ad
-
hoc network topology. The devices in the network may hav
e limited transmission
range therefore multiple
hops may be needed by one node to transfer data to another node in network. This leads to the need f
or an
effective routing protocol. In this paper we study various classifications of routing protocols and
th
eir types
for wireless mobile ad
-
hoc networks like DSDV, GSR, AODV, DSR, ZRP, FSR, CGSR, LAR, and Geocast
Protocols. In this paper we also compare different routing proto
cols on based on a given set of
parameters
Scalability, Latency, Bandwidth, Control
-
ov
erhead, Mobility impact
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Tree Based Proactive Source Routing Protocol for MANETspaperpublications3
bstract: A mobile adhoc network (MANET) is a wireless communication network and the node that does not lie within the direct transmission range of each other depends on the intermediate nodes to forward data. Opportunistic data forwarding has not been widely utilized in mobile adhoc networks (MANETs) and the main reason is the lack of an efficient lightweight proactive routing scheme with strong source routing capability. PSR protocol facilitates opportunistic data forwarding in MANETs. In PSR, each node maintains a breadth-first search spanning tree of the network rooted at it-self. This information is periodically exchanged among neighboring nodes for updated network topology information. Here added a Mobile sink to reduce the overhead in case of number of child node increases and also to reduce the delay.
Study of Attacks and Routing Protocol in Wireless Networkijsrd.com
Wireless mesh networks (WMNs) are attractive as a new communication paradigm. Ad hoc routing protocols for WMNs are classified into: (1) proactive, (2) reactive, and (3) hybrid approaches. In general, proactive routing is more suitable for a stationary network, while reactive routing is better for a mobile network with a high mobility. In many applications, a node in WMN is mobile but it can fluctuate between being mobile. Wireless mesh networks is an emergent research area, which is becoming important due to the growing amount of nodes in a network.
Survey comparison estimation of various routing protocols in mobile ad hoc ne...ijdpsjournal
MANET is
an autonomous system of mobile nodes attached by wireless links. It represents
a complex and
dynamic distributed systems that consist of mobile wireless nodes that can freely self organize into
an ad
-
hoc network topology. The devices in the network may hav
e limited transmission
range therefore multiple
hops may be needed by one node to transfer data to another node in network. This leads to the need f
or an
effective routing protocol. In this paper we study various classifications of routing protocols and
th
eir types
for wireless mobile ad
-
hoc networks like DSDV, GSR, AODV, DSR, ZRP, FSR, CGSR, LAR, and Geocast
Protocols. In this paper we also compare different routing proto
cols on based on a given set of
parameters
Scalability, Latency, Bandwidth, Control
-
ov
erhead, Mobility impact
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
T HE I MPACT OF TCP C ONGESTION W INDOW S IZE ON THE P ERFORMANCE E VA...ijwmn
A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a temporary coll
ection of mobile nodes randomly moved within a
limited terrain area. The nodes are connected to fo
rm a wireless network without use any communication
infrastructure. Because of the limiting resources o
f MANET nodes, multiple hops
scheme is proposed for
data exchange
across the network. Varieties of mobile ad hoc rout
ing protocols have been developed to
support the multi-hop scheme of ad hoc networks. A
popular Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
provides a reliable connection in a computer networ
k environment; it sets its congestion window size i
n
response to the behavior of the network to achieve
the best performance. This work aims to investigate
and
compare the MANET protocol
performance, such as DSDV, AODV and DSR in terms of
network
throughput, average routing load, the packet delive
ry ratio (PDR), and average end-to-end delay by
varying the maximum congestion window size. Our si
mulation has been implemented using a well-known
NS-2.35 network simulator. The simulated results sh
ow that the demonstrates of the concepts of MANET
routing protocols with respect to TCP congestion wi
ndow size in MANET environment
MANET Routing Protocols , a case studyRehan Hattab
L. Yi, Y. Zhai, Y. Wang, J. Yuan and I. You , Impacts of Internal Network Contexts on Performance of MANET Routing Protocols: a Case Study, Sixth International Conference on Innovative Mobile and Internet Services in Ubiquitous Computing,2012.
Performance Analysis of Ad-hoc on Demand Distance Vector Routing (AODV) and D...ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
IMPROVED NETWORK CONNECTIVITY IN MANETSIJCNCJournal
The growth in wireless communication technologies has resulted in a considerable amount of
attention given to mobile adhoc networks. All mobile hosts in an adhoc network are embedded with
packet forwarding capabilities. It is decentralized and is independent of infrastructure. Since mobile
hosts in an adhoc network usually move freely, the topology of the network changes dynamically and
disconnection occurs frequently. These characteristics require the routing protocols to find an
alternative path towards the destination for data transfer. The existing on-demand routing protocols
does the alternative path establishment only after the disconnection of links in the existing path. The
data sent by the source during alternate path establishment period will be lost leading to incomplete
data transfer. The network traffic will therefore increase considerably. This problem can be overcome
by establishing an alternative path when the existing path is more likely to be broken, by sending a
warning message to the source indicating the likelihood of disconnection. In this paper an attempt has
been made to analyze a protocol that improves the network connectivity by preempting the alternative
path before the existing link gets failed by monitoring the signal strength and ‘age of the path’.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF OLSR PROTOCOL IN MANET CONSIDERING DIFFERENT MOBILITY...ijwmn
A Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is created when an independent mobile node network is connected
dynamically via wireless links. MANET is a self-organizing network that does not rely on pre-existing
infrastructure such as wired or wireless network routers. Mobile nodes in this network move randomly,
thus, the topology is always changing. Routing protocols in MANET are critical in ensuring dependable
and consistent connectivity between the mobile nodes. They conclude logically based on the interaction
between mobile nodes in MANET routing and encourage them to choose the optimum path between source
and destination. Routing protocols are classified as proactive, reactive, or hybrid. The focus of this project
will be on Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocol, a proactive routing technique. OLSR is known as
the optimized variant of link state routing in which packets are sent throughout the network using the
multipoint relay (MPR) mechanism. This article evaluates the performance of the OLSR routing protocol
under condition of changing mobility speed and network density. The study's performance indicators are
average packet throughput, packet delivery ratio (PDR), and average packet latency. Network Simulator 2
(NS-2) and an external patch UM-OLSR are used to simulate and evaluate the performance of such
protocol. As a result of research, the approach of implementing the MPR mechanism are able to minimise
redundant data transmission during the normal message broadcast. The MPRs enhance the link state
protocols’ traditional diffusion mechanism by selecting the right MPRs. Hence, the number of undesired
broadcasts can be reduced and limited. Further research will focus on different scenario and environment
using different mobility model
Dvr based hybrid routing protocols in mobile ad-hoc network application and c...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Comparatively analysis of AODV and DSR in MAC layer for Ad Hoc Environmentijsrd.com
In Wireless Adhoc Network is a group of wireless mobile nodes is an autonomous system of mobile nodes connected by wireless links. Every node operates as an end system and as a router to forward packets. In this paper mainly focused on Mac layer because this layer is most important for the data communication using control the packet loss and we worked on the comparison based performance of wimax802.16 and wireless802.11 networks using Ad hoc on- demand Distance Vector Routing Protocol and Dynamic Source Routing Protocol. In this paper we used the different maximum speed for the network. And this comparison based on unicast On-demand routing procedure and our simulation for mobile ad hoc networks discover and maintain only needed the design and follows the idea that each node by sending routing packets whenever a communication is requested and compared various parameter packet delivery ratio, normalized routing load and e-e delay. These simulations are carried out using the Network simulator version-2. The results presented in this work illustrate the importance in carefully evaluating and implementing routing protocols in an ad hoc environment.
Abstract— A MANETs is a self-configuring network is a collection of mobile hosts that are connected via a wireless link. Opportunistic data forwarding has drawn much attention in the research community of multihop wireless networks. Opportunistic data forwarding is the lack of an efficient, lightweight proactive routing scheme with strong source routing capability. In this project proposed to a lightweight proactive source routing (PSR) protocol. PSR can be maintained at different network topology information than distance vector (DV), link state (LS), optimized link State routing (OLSR), then reactive source routing [e.g., dynamic source routing (DSR)]. In this project concentrate on reducing the overhead at the base line protocols, then testing to the better data transportation. Network Simulator (NS-2) help in testing and implementing to this project for effectively reduced to the overhead in the data transportation.
ENERGY AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF REACTIVE, PROACTIVE, AND HYBRID ROUTING ...ijwmn
This paper evaluates the energy consumption of well-known routing protocols, along with other metrics
such as throughput, packet delivery ratio (PDR), and delay in different scenarios. We consider two other
metrics in order to capture the efficiency of the energy consumption: e-throughput which is the ratio
between the consumed energy and the throughput; and the e-PDR which is the ratio between the
consumed energy and the PDR. We compare four routing protocols: AODV, OLSR, and HWMP in
Reactive and Proactive modes. The number of nodes is varying between 25 and 81 nodes, with different
mobility models. Simulations are conducted using NS3 and the parameters of a real network interface
card. From the results, AODV presents the lowest energy consumption and a better e-Throughput. OLSR
provides a better e-PDR in mobile scenarios. With a smaller e-PDR and e-Throughput, the proactive
mode of HWMP is more energy efficient than the reactive mode.
Performance Comparison of AODV and DSDV Routing Protocols for Ad-hoc Wireless...Narendra Singh Yadav
An ad hoc network is a collection of mobile nodes communicating through wireless channels without any existing network infrastructure or centralized administration. Because of the limited transmission range of wireless network interfaces, multiple “hops” may be needed to exchange data across the network. Consequently, many routing algorithms have come into existence to satisfy the needs of communications in such networks. This paper presents performance comparison of the three routing protocols AODV and DSDV. Protocols were simulated using the ns-2 and were compared in terms of packet delivery fraction, normalized routing load and average delay, while varying number of nodes, and pause time. Simulation revealed that although DSDV perfectly scales to small networks with low node speeds, AODV is preferred due to its more efficient use of bandwidth.
The Effects of Speed on the Performance of Routing Protocols in Mobile Ad-hoc...Narendra Singh Yadav
Mobile ad hoc network is a collection of mobile nodes communicating through wireless channels without any existing network infrastructure or centralized administration. Because of the limited transmission range of wireless network interfaces, multiple "hops" may be needed to exchange data across the network. Consequently, many routing algorithms have come into existence to satisfy the needs of communications in such networks. Researchers have conducted many simulations comparing the performance of these routing protocols under various conditions and constraints. One question that arises is whether speed of nodes affects the relative performance of routing protocols being studied. This paper addresses the question by simulating two routing protocols AODV and DSDV. Protocols were simulated using the ns-2 and were compared in terms of packet delivery fraction, normalized routing load and average delay, while varying number of nodes, and speed.
Mobility is one of the basic features that define an ad hoc network, an asset that leaves the field free for the
nodes to move. The most important aspect of this kind of network turns into a great disadvantage when it
comes to commercial applications, take as an example: the automotive networks that allow communication
between a groups of vehicles. The ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) routing protocol, designed
for mobile ad hoc networks, has two main functions. First, it enables route establishment between a source
and a destination node by initiating a route discovery process. Second, it maintains the active routes, which
means finding alternative routes in a case of a link failure and deleting routes when they are no longer
desired. In a highly mobile network those are demanding tasks to be performed efficiently and accurately.
In this paper, we focused in the first point to enhance the local decision of each node in the network by the
quantification of the mobility of their neighbours. Quantification is made around RSSI algorithm a well
known distance estimation method.
COMPARING THREE PROTOCOLS OF DODV, DSR, DSDV FOR VANET NETWORKpijans
An ad hoc network is a network created by wireless hosts that can be mobile. This means that no infrastructure such as a central station, router, roaming, or anything else used by other networks to help network structure or anything else that other networks use to help Network structure, is not used. Rather, they are just a few wireless nodes connecting to non neighboring nodes with the help of the neighboring nodes. Wireless ad hoc mobile network (MANET) and Wireless ad hoc inter-car network (VANET), are among wireless networks which have the most effective parameters in the ability of this type of networksto transfer multimedia from source to destination. In this research, we examine the challenges and solutions presented in DODV, DSR, and DSDV protocols.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ROUTING PROTOCOLS IN MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKSijcax
A Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of mobile nodes that want to communicate without any pre-determined infrastructure and fixed organization of available links. Each node in MANET operates as a router, forwarding information packets for other mobile nodes. There are many routing protocols that possess different performance levels in different scenarios. The main task is to evaluate the existing routing
protocols and finding by comparing them the best one. In this article we compare AODV, DSR, DSDV, OLSR and DYMO routing protocols in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) to specify the best operational conditions for each MANETs protocol. We study these five MANETs routing protocols by different simulations in NS-2 simulator. We describe that pause time parameter affect their performance. This performance analysis is measured in terms of Packet Delivery Ratio, Average End-to-End Delay, Normalized Routing Load and Average Throughput.
T HE I MPACT OF TCP C ONGESTION W INDOW S IZE ON THE P ERFORMANCE E VA...ijwmn
A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a temporary coll
ection of mobile nodes randomly moved within a
limited terrain area. The nodes are connected to fo
rm a wireless network without use any communication
infrastructure. Because of the limiting resources o
f MANET nodes, multiple hops
scheme is proposed for
data exchange
across the network. Varieties of mobile ad hoc rout
ing protocols have been developed to
support the multi-hop scheme of ad hoc networks. A
popular Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
provides a reliable connection in a computer networ
k environment; it sets its congestion window size i
n
response to the behavior of the network to achieve
the best performance. This work aims to investigate
and
compare the MANET protocol
performance, such as DSDV, AODV and DSR in terms of
network
throughput, average routing load, the packet delive
ry ratio (PDR), and average end-to-end delay by
varying the maximum congestion window size. Our si
mulation has been implemented using a well-known
NS-2.35 network simulator. The simulated results sh
ow that the demonstrates of the concepts of MANET
routing protocols with respect to TCP congestion wi
ndow size in MANET environment
MANET Routing Protocols , a case studyRehan Hattab
L. Yi, Y. Zhai, Y. Wang, J. Yuan and I. You , Impacts of Internal Network Contexts on Performance of MANET Routing Protocols: a Case Study, Sixth International Conference on Innovative Mobile and Internet Services in Ubiquitous Computing,2012.
Performance Analysis of Ad-hoc on Demand Distance Vector Routing (AODV) and D...ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
IMPROVED NETWORK CONNECTIVITY IN MANETSIJCNCJournal
The growth in wireless communication technologies has resulted in a considerable amount of
attention given to mobile adhoc networks. All mobile hosts in an adhoc network are embedded with
packet forwarding capabilities. It is decentralized and is independent of infrastructure. Since mobile
hosts in an adhoc network usually move freely, the topology of the network changes dynamically and
disconnection occurs frequently. These characteristics require the routing protocols to find an
alternative path towards the destination for data transfer. The existing on-demand routing protocols
does the alternative path establishment only after the disconnection of links in the existing path. The
data sent by the source during alternate path establishment period will be lost leading to incomplete
data transfer. The network traffic will therefore increase considerably. This problem can be overcome
by establishing an alternative path when the existing path is more likely to be broken, by sending a
warning message to the source indicating the likelihood of disconnection. In this paper an attempt has
been made to analyze a protocol that improves the network connectivity by preempting the alternative
path before the existing link gets failed by monitoring the signal strength and ‘age of the path’.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF OLSR PROTOCOL IN MANET CONSIDERING DIFFERENT MOBILITY...ijwmn
A Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is created when an independent mobile node network is connected
dynamically via wireless links. MANET is a self-organizing network that does not rely on pre-existing
infrastructure such as wired or wireless network routers. Mobile nodes in this network move randomly,
thus, the topology is always changing. Routing protocols in MANET are critical in ensuring dependable
and consistent connectivity between the mobile nodes. They conclude logically based on the interaction
between mobile nodes in MANET routing and encourage them to choose the optimum path between source
and destination. Routing protocols are classified as proactive, reactive, or hybrid. The focus of this project
will be on Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocol, a proactive routing technique. OLSR is known as
the optimized variant of link state routing in which packets are sent throughout the network using the
multipoint relay (MPR) mechanism. This article evaluates the performance of the OLSR routing protocol
under condition of changing mobility speed and network density. The study's performance indicators are
average packet throughput, packet delivery ratio (PDR), and average packet latency. Network Simulator 2
(NS-2) and an external patch UM-OLSR are used to simulate and evaluate the performance of such
protocol. As a result of research, the approach of implementing the MPR mechanism are able to minimise
redundant data transmission during the normal message broadcast. The MPRs enhance the link state
protocols’ traditional diffusion mechanism by selecting the right MPRs. Hence, the number of undesired
broadcasts can be reduced and limited. Further research will focus on different scenario and environment
using different mobility model
Dvr based hybrid routing protocols in mobile ad-hoc network application and c...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Comparatively analysis of AODV and DSR in MAC layer for Ad Hoc Environmentijsrd.com
In Wireless Adhoc Network is a group of wireless mobile nodes is an autonomous system of mobile nodes connected by wireless links. Every node operates as an end system and as a router to forward packets. In this paper mainly focused on Mac layer because this layer is most important for the data communication using control the packet loss and we worked on the comparison based performance of wimax802.16 and wireless802.11 networks using Ad hoc on- demand Distance Vector Routing Protocol and Dynamic Source Routing Protocol. In this paper we used the different maximum speed for the network. And this comparison based on unicast On-demand routing procedure and our simulation for mobile ad hoc networks discover and maintain only needed the design and follows the idea that each node by sending routing packets whenever a communication is requested and compared various parameter packet delivery ratio, normalized routing load and e-e delay. These simulations are carried out using the Network simulator version-2. The results presented in this work illustrate the importance in carefully evaluating and implementing routing protocols in an ad hoc environment.
Abstract— A MANETs is a self-configuring network is a collection of mobile hosts that are connected via a wireless link. Opportunistic data forwarding has drawn much attention in the research community of multihop wireless networks. Opportunistic data forwarding is the lack of an efficient, lightweight proactive routing scheme with strong source routing capability. In this project proposed to a lightweight proactive source routing (PSR) protocol. PSR can be maintained at different network topology information than distance vector (DV), link state (LS), optimized link State routing (OLSR), then reactive source routing [e.g., dynamic source routing (DSR)]. In this project concentrate on reducing the overhead at the base line protocols, then testing to the better data transportation. Network Simulator (NS-2) help in testing and implementing to this project for effectively reduced to the overhead in the data transportation.
ENERGY AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF REACTIVE, PROACTIVE, AND HYBRID ROUTING ...ijwmn
This paper evaluates the energy consumption of well-known routing protocols, along with other metrics
such as throughput, packet delivery ratio (PDR), and delay in different scenarios. We consider two other
metrics in order to capture the efficiency of the energy consumption: e-throughput which is the ratio
between the consumed energy and the throughput; and the e-PDR which is the ratio between the
consumed energy and the PDR. We compare four routing protocols: AODV, OLSR, and HWMP in
Reactive and Proactive modes. The number of nodes is varying between 25 and 81 nodes, with different
mobility models. Simulations are conducted using NS3 and the parameters of a real network interface
card. From the results, AODV presents the lowest energy consumption and a better e-Throughput. OLSR
provides a better e-PDR in mobile scenarios. With a smaller e-PDR and e-Throughput, the proactive
mode of HWMP is more energy efficient than the reactive mode.
Performance Comparison of AODV and DSDV Routing Protocols for Ad-hoc Wireless...Narendra Singh Yadav
An ad hoc network is a collection of mobile nodes communicating through wireless channels without any existing network infrastructure or centralized administration. Because of the limited transmission range of wireless network interfaces, multiple “hops” may be needed to exchange data across the network. Consequently, many routing algorithms have come into existence to satisfy the needs of communications in such networks. This paper presents performance comparison of the three routing protocols AODV and DSDV. Protocols were simulated using the ns-2 and were compared in terms of packet delivery fraction, normalized routing load and average delay, while varying number of nodes, and pause time. Simulation revealed that although DSDV perfectly scales to small networks with low node speeds, AODV is preferred due to its more efficient use of bandwidth.
The Effects of Speed on the Performance of Routing Protocols in Mobile Ad-hoc...Narendra Singh Yadav
Mobile ad hoc network is a collection of mobile nodes communicating through wireless channels without any existing network infrastructure or centralized administration. Because of the limited transmission range of wireless network interfaces, multiple "hops" may be needed to exchange data across the network. Consequently, many routing algorithms have come into existence to satisfy the needs of communications in such networks. Researchers have conducted many simulations comparing the performance of these routing protocols under various conditions and constraints. One question that arises is whether speed of nodes affects the relative performance of routing protocols being studied. This paper addresses the question by simulating two routing protocols AODV and DSDV. Protocols were simulated using the ns-2 and were compared in terms of packet delivery fraction, normalized routing load and average delay, while varying number of nodes, and speed.
Mobility is one of the basic features that define an ad hoc network, an asset that leaves the field free for the
nodes to move. The most important aspect of this kind of network turns into a great disadvantage when it
comes to commercial applications, take as an example: the automotive networks that allow communication
between a groups of vehicles. The ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) routing protocol, designed
for mobile ad hoc networks, has two main functions. First, it enables route establishment between a source
and a destination node by initiating a route discovery process. Second, it maintains the active routes, which
means finding alternative routes in a case of a link failure and deleting routes when they are no longer
desired. In a highly mobile network those are demanding tasks to be performed efficiently and accurately.
In this paper, we focused in the first point to enhance the local decision of each node in the network by the
quantification of the mobility of their neighbours. Quantification is made around RSSI algorithm a well
known distance estimation method.
COMPARING THREE PROTOCOLS OF DODV, DSR, DSDV FOR VANET NETWORKpijans
An ad hoc network is a network created by wireless hosts that can be mobile. This means that no infrastructure such as a central station, router, roaming, or anything else used by other networks to help network structure or anything else that other networks use to help Network structure, is not used. Rather, they are just a few wireless nodes connecting to non neighboring nodes with the help of the neighboring nodes. Wireless ad hoc mobile network (MANET) and Wireless ad hoc inter-car network (VANET), are among wireless networks which have the most effective parameters in the ability of this type of networksto transfer multimedia from source to destination. In this research, we examine the challenges and solutions presented in DODV, DSR, and DSDV protocols.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ROUTING PROTOCOLS IN MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKSijcax
A Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of mobile nodes that want to communicate without any pre-determined infrastructure and fixed organization of available links. Each node in MANET operates as a router, forwarding information packets for other mobile nodes. There are many routing protocols that possess different performance levels in different scenarios. The main task is to evaluate the existing routing
protocols and finding by comparing them the best one. In this article we compare AODV, DSR, DSDV, OLSR and DYMO routing protocols in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) to specify the best operational conditions for each MANETs protocol. We study these five MANETs routing protocols by different simulations in NS-2 simulator. We describe that pause time parameter affect their performance. This performance analysis is measured in terms of Packet Delivery Ratio, Average End-to-End Delay, Normalized Routing Load and Average Throughput.
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A Survey of Enhanced Routing Protocols for Manetspijans
Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) form a class of dynamic multi-hop networks consisting of a set of
mobile nodes that intercommunicate on shared wireless channels. MANETs are self-organizing and selfconfiguring multi-hop wireless networks, where the network structure changes dynamically due to the node
mobility. There exists no fixed topology due to the mobility of nodes, interference, multipath propagation
and path loss. Hence efficient dynamic routing protocols are required for these networks to function
properly. Many routing protocols have been developed to accomplish this task. In this paper we survey
various new routing protocols that have been developed as extensions or advanced versions of previously
existing routing protocols for MANETs such as DSR, AODV, OLSR etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ROUTING PROTOCOLS IN MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKSijcax
A Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of mobile nodes that want to communicate without any
pre-determined infrastructure and fixed organization of available links. Each node in MANET operates as
a router, forwarding information packets for other mobile nodes. There are many routing protocols that
possess different performance levels in different scenarios. The main task is to evaluate the existing routing
protocols and finding by comparing them the best one. In this article we compare AODV, DSR, DSDV,
OLSR and DYMO routing protocols in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) to specify the best operational
conditions for each MANETs protocol. We study these five MANETs routing protocols by different
simulations in NS-2 simulator. We describe that pause time parameter affect their performance. This
performance analysis is measured in terms of Packet Delivery Ratio, Average End-to-End Delay,
Normalized Routing Load and Average Throughput.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ROUTING PROTOCOLS IN MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKSijcax
A Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a collection of mobile nodes that want to communicate without any pre-determined infrastructure and fixed organization of available links. Each node in MANET operates as a router, forwarding information packets for other mobile nodes. There are many routing protocols that
possess different performance levels in different scenarios. The main task is to evaluate the existing routing protocols and finding by comparing them the best one. In this article we compare AODV, DSR, DSDV, OLSR and DYMO routing protocols in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) to specify the best operational conditions for each MANETs protocol. We study these five MANETs routing protocols by different
simulations in NS-2 simulator. We describe that pause time parameter affect their performance. This performance analysis is measured in terms of Packet Delivery Ratio, Average End-to-End Delay, Normalized Routing Load and Average Throughput.
Performance Analysis of Mobile Adhoc Network Routing Protocols Over Tcppijans
In order to reduce the communication cost and time we are looking forward for successful implementation
of an infrastructure less network like Mobile Ad Hoc Network in all arena of wireless mobile
communication. But still it is a challenge to decide a most appropriate routing protocol for MANET. In
MANET there is no fixed topology due to the mobility of nodes, interference, multipath propagation and
path loss. Since MANET does not use fixed infrastructure rather it always have to find suitable router and
routing path for each communication, existing established routing protocol is not suitable for MANET to
function properly. Different Routing protocols have been proposed to meet the challenges with MANETs.
This paper evaluates the performances of four MANET routing protocols which are DSDV, AODV, DSR
and TORA over TCP, a Transport Layer Protocol. The performance metrics which are considered in this
paper are packet delivery fractions, normalized routing overload, end to end delay and throughput. DSDV
is a proactive protocol and the others are reactive protocols.
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Change is the only thing which is constant in this
today’s era. Constant technology updates demand building up
and falling down of infrastructure along with cost involvement.
Today there is a need of adaptive infrastructure called Ad hoc
network.
Ad hoc network is a collection of two or more nodes with
wireless communication having network capability that they can
communicate without centralized manner. So, at any time host
devices may act as a router or as a node. Ad hoc networks can be
erected as wireless technology, comprising of Radio Frequency
(RF) and infrared frequency.
Wireless Ad hoc network is Temporary, Infrastructure less,
Decentralized, self-organized packet switched network. In this
network topology changes dynamically which can results change
in link failure or broken. In this paper we evaluate the
performance parameters like Throughput, End-to-End Delay and
Packet Delivery Ratio of AODV (ad hoc on Demand Vector) and
DSDV (Destination Sequential Distance Vector) protocol. The
simulation tool used is Network Simulator 2 -2.35
Mobile ad hoc network is a reconfigurable network of mobile nodes connected by multi-hop wireless links and capable of operating without any fixed infrastructure support. In order to facilitate communication within such self-creating, self-organizing and self administrating network, a dynamic routing protocol is needed. The primary goal of such an ad hoc network routing protocol is to discover and establish a correct and efficient route between a pair of nodes so that messages may be delivered in a timely manner. Route construction should be done with a minimum of overhead and bandwidth consumption. This paper examines two routing protocols, both on-demand source routing, for mobile ad hoc networks– the Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), an flat architecture based and the Cluster Based Routing Protocol (CBRP), a cluster architecture based and evaluates both routing protocols in terms of packet delivery fraction, normalized routing load, average end to end delay, throughput by varying number of nodes per sq. km, traffic sources and mobility. Simulation results show that in high
mobility (pause time 0s) scenarios, CBRP outperforms DSR. CBRP scales well with increasing number of nodes.
To improve the QoS in MANETs through analysis between reactive and proactive ...CSEIJJournal
A Mobile Ad hoc NETwork (MANET), is a self-configuring infra structure less network of mobile devices
connected by wireless links. ad hoc is Latin and means "for this purpose". Each device in a MANET is free
to move independently in any direction, and will therefore change its links to other devices frequently. Each
must forward traffic unrelated to its own use, and therefore be a router. The primary challenge in building
a MANET is equipping each device to continuously maintain the information required to properly route
traffic. QOS is defined as a set of service requirements to be met by the network while transporting a
packet stream from source to destination. Intrinsic to the notion of QOS is an agreement or a guarantee by
the network to provide a set of measurable pre-specified service attributes to the user in terms of delay,
jitter, available bandwidth, packet loss, and so on. The analysis is mainly between proactive or table-driven
protocols like OLSR (Optimized Link State Routing) viz DSDV (Destination Sequenced Distance Vector) &
CGSR (Cluster Head Gateway Switch Routing) and reactive or source initiated routing protocols viz
AODV (Ad hoc on Demand distance Vector) & DSR (Dynamic Source Routing). The QoS analysis of the
above said protocols is simulated on NS2 and results are shown thereby.
COMPARING THREE PROTOCOLS OF DODV, DSR, DSDV FOR VANET NETWORKpijans
An ad hoc network is a network created by wireless hosts that can be mobile. This means that no
infrastructure such as a central station, router, roaming, or anything else used by other networks to help
network structure or anything else that other networks use to help Network structure, is not used. Rather,
they are just a few wireless nodes connecting to non-neighboring nodes with the help of the neighboring
nodes. Wireless ad hoc mobile network (MANET) and Wireless ad hoc inter-car network (VANET), are
among wireless networks which have the most effective parameters in the ability of this type of networksto
transfer multimedia from source to destination. In this research, we examine the challenges and solutions
presented in DODV, DSR, and DSDV protocols
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
1. International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887)
Volume 49– No.9, July 2012
37
Mobile Ad Hoc Network Routing Protocols: a Detailed
Performance Examination of AODV, DSR and DSDV
Sanjeev Gangwar
Department of Computer Application, VBS
Purvanchal University Jaunpur
Krishan Kumar
Department of Computer Application, Gurukula
Kangri Vishwavidyalaya, Haridwar
ABSTARCT
The latest technology MANETs is being studied widely and
attracting a large variety of applications. Due to varying
network topology, The most common challenging factor in
MANET is routing [2][3]. In this research paper, we study the
performance of reactive routing protocols, Ad hoc on demand
Distance Vector (AODV) and Dynamic Source Routing
(DSR) and proactive routing protocol Destination Sequenced
Distance Vector (DSDV). We study the performance of
MANETs routing protocol in high mobility case under low,
medium and high density scenario. It becomes important to
study the noticeable effect of high mobility on the
performance of these routing protocols. We examine in detail
the performance of routing protocol with respect to Average
End-to-End Delay, Normalized Routing Load (NRL), Packet
Delivery Fraction (PDF) and Throughput. Simulation study
with NS-2 confirms that AODV provide better performance as
compared to DSR and DSDV
General Terms
Mobile ad hoc networks, AODV, DSR
Keywords
MANETs, Routing Protocols, NRL, AODV, DSDV, DSR,
NS2.
1. INTRODUCTION
Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) [1] is defined as an
autonomous system of mobile nodes and associated hosts
connected by wireless links. Every node operates not only as
an end system, but also as a node to forward the packets in
appropriate direction. All the nodes are free to move and
organize themselves into a network. The important use of
mobile ad hoc network is in battlefield. MANETs do not
require the support of wired access points or base stations for
intercommunication. A mobile ad hoc network, unlike a static
network, has no infrastructure. It is a collection of mobile
nodes where communication is established in the absence of
any fixed foundation. The only possible direct communication
is between neighboring nodes. Therefore, communication
between remote nodes is based on multiple-hop. (MANETs)
are considered as infrastructure-less mobile wireless
communication network. An ad hoc network is a group of
wireless nodes in which nodes give or receive packets for
each other to allow a node to communicate beyond its direct
wireless transmission range. Ad hoc networks require no fixed
network infrastructure such as base stations or access points
and can be building quickly and inexpensive set up as needed.
In a MANET, nodes within each other‟s wireless transmission
ranges can communicate directly. However a node which is
situated outside the communication range then a node which
wants to send a message to another node has to trust on some
other nodes to relay its messages [3]. Routing is the most
fundamental research issue in MANETs. The Desirable
qualitative properties of a routing protocol for MANETs are
Distributed operation, Loop-freedom, Demand-based
operation, Security, Sleep period operation and unidirectional
link support. Some quantitative metrics that can be used to
assess the performance of any routing protocol are End-to end
delay, throughput, PDF, NRL and Route Acquisition Time
etc. Routing protocols for ad hoc networks have some
limitations such as high error rates, scalability, security,
quality of service, energy efficiency, multicast, aggregation
and node cooperation etc. This paper is explained as follows:
In section 2, we explain some of the routing protocols used in
MANETs. Section 3 explains related work. Section 4 explains
Performance metrics for routing protocols. The Simulation
study is explained in section 5. The results are discussed in
section 6. The last section discusses the concluding remarks.
2. ROUTING PROTOCOLS FOR
MANETS
Routing protocols for wireless ad hoc networks can be mainly
arranged into the two categories: Table-driven (or Proactive)
and On-demand (or Reactive) [3].
2.1 Pro-active Routing (Table-driven)
The information from each node to every node in the network
maintains up-to-date information by table driven routing
protocols. These protocols require each node to maintain one
or more tables to store routing information and they respond
to changes in network topology by propagating updates
throughout the network in order to maintain a consistent
network view. The areas where they differ are the number of
necessary routing-related tables and the methods by which
changes in network structure are broadcast. The main
disadvantage of table driven implementation algorithm is-
i. Requirement for maintenance of a large amount of data at
every node.
ii. Slow reaction on restructuring and failures
2.1.1 Destination Sequenced Distance
Vector (DSDV)
The Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector Routing protocol
(DSDV) presented in [17] is a table-driven algorithm based on
the classical Bellman- Ford routing mechanism. The
improvements made to the Bellman-Ford algorithm include
freedom from loops in routing tables [18]. Every mobile node
in the network maintains a routing table in which all of the
possible destinations within the network and the number of
hops to each destination are recorded. Each entry is marked
with a sequence number assigned by the destination node. The
sequence numbers enable the mobile nodes to distinguish stale
routes from new ones, thereby avoiding the formation of
2. International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887)
Volume 49– No.9, July 2012
38
routing loops. Routing table updates are periodically
transmitted throughout the network in order to maintain table
consistency [19]. To help alleviate the potentially large
amount of network traffic that such updates can generate,
route updates can employ two possible types of packets. The
first is known as a "full dump." This type of packet carries all
available routing information and can require multiple
network protocol data units (NPDUs). During periods of
occasional movement, these packets are transmitted
infrequently. Smaller "incremental" packets are used to relay
only that information which has changed since the last full
dump. Each of these broadcasts should fit into a standard size
NPDU, thereby decreasing the amount of traffic generated.
The mobile nodes maintain an additional table where they
store the data sent in the incremental routing information
packets. New route broadcasts contain the address of the
destination, the number of hops to reach the destination, the
sequence number of the information received regarding the
destination, as well as a new sequence number unique to the
broadcast [17]. The route labeled with the most recent
sequence number is always used. In the event that two updates
have the same sequence number, the route with the smaller
metric is used in order to optimize (shorten) the path. Mobiles
also keep track of the settling time of routes, or the weighted
average time that routes to a destination will fluctuate, before
the route with the best metric is received [17]. By delaying the
broadcast of a routing update by the length of the settling
time, mobiles can reduce network traffic and optimize routes
by eliminating those broadcasts that would occur if a better
route was discovered in the very near future.
2.2 Reactive Routing (On-demand)
A different approach from table-driven routing is source-
initiated on-demand routing. This type of routing creates
routes only when desired by the source node. When a node
requires a route to a destination, it initiates a route discovery
process within the network. This process is completed once a
route is found or all possible route permutations have been
examined. Once a route has been established, it is maintained
by some form of route maintenance procedure until either the
destination becomes inaccessible along every path from the
source or until the route is no longer desired.
2.2.1 Ad hoc On Demand Distance Vector
(AODV)
AODV is an improvement on DSDV because it minimizes the
number of required broadcasts by creating routes on an on-
demand basis, as opposed to maintaining a complete list of
routes, as in the DSDV algorithm. When a source node wants
to send a message to some destination node and does not
already have a valid route to that destination, it initiates a path
discovery process to discover the other node. It transmit a
route request (RREQ) packet to its neighbors, which then
forward the request to their neighbors, and so on, until either
the destination or an intermediate node with a "fresh enough"
route to the destination is located. AODV utilizes destination
sequence numbers to make certain that all routes are loop-free
and contain the most recent route information. Each node
maintains its own sequence number, as well as a broadcast ID.
The broadcast ID is incremented for every RREQ the node
initiates, and together with the nodes IP address, uniquely
identifies a RREQ. Along with its own sequence number and
the broadcast ID, the source node includes in the RREQ the
most recent sequence number it has for the destination.
Intermediate nodes can reply to the RREQ only if they have a
route to the destination whose corresponding destination
sequence number is greater than or equal to that contained in
the RREQ.
2.2.2 Dynamic Source Routing (DSR)
The Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocol presented in
[20] [16] is an on demand routing protocol that is based on the
concept of source routing. Mobile nodes are required to
maintain route caches that contain the source routes of which
the mobile is aware. Entries in the route cache are continually
updated as new routes are learned. DSR also has the
capability to handle unidirectional links. Since DSR discovers
routes on-demand, it may have poor performance in terms of
control overhead in networks with high mobility and heavy
traffic loads. Scalability is said to be another disadvantage of
DSR.in DSR, when a mobile (source) needs a route to another
mobile (destination), it initiates a route discovery process
which is based on flooding. The source originates a RREQ
packet that is flooded over the network. The RREQ packet
contains a list of hops which is collected by the route request
packet as it is propagated through the network. Once the
RREQ reaches either the destination or a node that knows a
route to the destination, it responds with a RREP along the
reverse of the route collected by the RREQ [7]. This means
that the source may receive several RREP messages
corresponding, in general, to different routes to the
destination. DSR selects one of these routes, and it maintains
the other routes in a cache. The routes in the cache can be
used as substitutes to speed up the route discovery if the
selected route gets disconnected. To avoid that RREQ packets
travel forever in the network, nodes, that have already
processed a RREQ, discard any further RREQ bearing the
same identifier.
3. RELATED WORK
To determine the performance of the routing protocols
Chenna R. et al. [9], Talooki and Ziarati [10] and
Lakshmikant et al. [11] gives a detailed simulation of DSDV,
AODV, DSR and TORA with 50 wireless nodes forming ad
hoc networks and the paper concluded that DSDV and TORA
show good performance in a network with low mobility
whereas AODV and DSR maintain comparatively better
performance in all mobility situations. Mahdipur E, et. Al [12]
evaluated the performance of DSDV and AODV routing
protocols in MANETs under CBR traffic with NS-2 [8].
Performance comparison of AODV and DSR routing
protocols in a constrained situation is done in [13]. The
authors claim that the AODV outperforms DSR in normal
situation but in the constrained situation DSR out performs
AODV, where the degradation is as severe as 30% in AODV
whereas DSR degrades marginally as 10%. Though both
AODV and DSR use on demand route discovery, they have
different routing mechanics. Perkins et all [14] observe that,
for application oriented metrics such as delay and throughput,
DSR outperforms AODV when the numbers of nodes are
smaller. AODV outperforms DSR when the number of nodes
is very large. The authors show that DSR consistently
generates less routing load than AODV.
4. PERFORMANCE METRICS
Following four performance metrics are to be considered to
compare the three routing protocol.
1. Average End-to-End Delay: It is defined as the average
time taken by the data packets to propagate from source to
destination across a MANET. This includes all possible
delays caused by buffering during routing discovery latency,
3. International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887)
Volume 49– No.9, July 2012
39
queuing at the interface queue, and retransmission delays at
the MAC, propagation and transfer times.
2. Normalized Routing Load (NRL): The number of routing
packets transmitted per data packet delivered at the
destination.
3. Packet Delivery Fraction (PDF): This is the ratio of the
number of data packets successfully delivered to the
destinations to those generated by sources. Packet Delivery
Fraction = received packets/sent packets * 100
4. Throughput: It is the rate of successfully transmitted data
packets in a unit time in the network during the simulation
5. SIMULATION SETUP
We use the Network Simulator NS-2 [9] for performing the
network simulation. The traffic sources are Constant Bit Rate
(CBR). The source destination pairs are spread randomly over
the network. The mobility model uses „random waypoint
model‟ in a rectangular field of 1000m x 1000m with 25
nodes to 200 nodes. Different network scenario for different
number of nodes for 5 connections and 10 connections are
generated. In Table -1, we have summarized the model
parameters that have been used for our experiments.
Table-1
Parameter Parameter Value
Simulator
Simulation Area
MAC Protocol
Mobile Nodes
Antenna Type
Propagation Model
Number of Connections
Packet Size
Routing Protocols
Traffic Sources
Simulation Time
Mobility Model
Pause Time
NS-2.33
1000m X 1000m
IEEE 802.11
25,50,75,100,125,150,
175,200
Omni antenna
Two Ray Ground
5,10
512 byte
AODV, DSDV &
DSR
CBR (UDP)
100 Sec.
Random waypoint
0
6. RESULTS
In this section we compare three MANETs routing protocol.
Simulations results are collected from a total of 60 scenarios
of the three protocols. By varying number of sources,
comparison between the three protocols can be done using
line graph.
Figure 1. Average End-to-End Delay vs. Number of Nodes
(with 5 Connections)
Figure 2. Average End-to--End Delay vs. Number of
Nodes (with 10 Connections)
In Figure 2, we noticed that the performance of DSR is
degrading due to increase in the number of nodes in the
networks. The performance of the AODV is slightly better.
Average delay is less for DSDV routing protocol and remains
constant as the number of nodes increases.
Figure 3. Normalized Routing Load vs. Number of Nodes
(with 5 Connections)
Figure 4. Normalized Routing Load vs. Number of Nodes
(with 10 Connections)
Normalized routing load (NRL) of AODV, DSDV and DSR
protocols in different sources are presented in Figure 3 and
Figure 4. In Figure 3 (5 connection/source), AODV and DSR
demonstrate lower routing load. Proactive routing protocol
DSDV showed higher routing load than the reactive routing
protocols AODV and DSR. In Figure 4 (10
connection/source), as Network load is increased, Normalized
Routing Load of AODV and DSR is much higher than the
DSDV. In this simulation, due to high congestion in the ad-
hoc network, AODV requires more routing packets to
maintain transmission of data packets. We have used the same
simulation environment path, mobility and traffic patterns for
4. International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887)
Volume 49– No.9, July 2012
40
these three protocols and AODV has consistent and worse
NRL as the number of nodes is increased.
Figure 5. Packet Delivery Fraction vs. Number of Nodes
(with 5 Connections)
Figure 6. Packet Delivery Fraction vs. Number of Nodes
(with 10 Connections)
In Figure 5, we have noticed a slight advantage to AODV
when the number of nodes is increased in mobile networks.
Overall, the data packet delivery ratio of AODV and DSR is
higher in a scenario with high mobility than that of DSDV.
Figure 6 shows that the AODV manages to deliver a
greater fraction of data packets in scenarios with high mobility
in large mobile networks. We observe that DSR routing
protocol performs well when the number of nodes is less,
however its performance declines drastically with increased
number of nodes in the network. The performance of DSDV is
better when the number of nodes is increasing in the network.
Figure 7. Throughput vs. Number of Nodes (with 5
Connections)
Figure 8. Throughput vs. Number of Nodes (with 10
Connections)
From the above Figure 7 and Figure 8 it is clear that
AODV gives better throughput and outperforms even the DSR
Table-2 Result Analysis
Average End-to-End
Delay
NRL PDF Through
put
Performance
Degrade with
number of nodes
increase in the
networks
Consistent and
worse
NRL when
increasing
number of nodes.
Best Best
Least and remains
constant as the
number of nodes
increase in the
networks
Higher routing
load
than the AODV
and
DSR.
Least Least
Degrade when
number of nodes
increase in the
Networks.
Much higher than
the
AODV when
network
load is increased.
Performs
well
when the
number of
nodes is
less
but it
declines
drastically
when the
numbers
of
nodes are
increased.
Better
than
DSDV
7. CONCLUSION
Simulation study shows the performance of three routing
protocols AODV, DSR and DSDV. This paper study the
performance of routing protocols, used in MANETs, in high
mobility case under low, medium and high density scenario.
We vary the number of nodes from 25 (low density) to 200
(high density) in a fixed topography of 1000 x 1000 meters.
Moreover, since Random Waypoint Mobility Model has been
used in this study to generate node mobility, we take an
average of 10 randomly generated scenarios so to make a
detailed performance analysis. We find that the performance
varies widely across different network sizes and results from
one scenario cannot be applied to those from the other
scenario. AODV performance is the best considering its
5. International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887)
Volume 49– No.9, July 2012
41
ability to maintain connection by periodic exchange of
information. As far as Throughput is concerned, AODV and
DSR perform better than the DSDV even when the network
has a large number of nodes. Simulation work shows that
AODV performs better in a network with a larger number of
nodes whereas DSR performs better when the number of
nodes is small. Average End-to-End Delay is the least for
DSDV and does not change if the no of nodes are increased.
Thus, we find that AODV is a viable choice for MANETs but
NRL for AODV increases at a higher rate compared to that in
DSDV & DSR with increase in number of nodes in networks.
In this paper, we have done complete analysis of the three
MANET‟s routing protocols.
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