Learn from our Slideshare about the differences between ultrasound transducers. We also cover tips on how to treat your probes and how to select the right one.
Learn from our Slideshare about the differences between ultrasound transducers. We also cover tips on how to treat your probes and how to select the right one.
Ultrasound Physics Made easy - By Dr Chandni WadhwaniChandni Wadhwani
History of ultrasound, Principle of Ultrasound.
Ultrasound wave and its interactions
Ultrasound machine and its parts, Image display, Artifacts and their clinical importance
what is Doppler ultrasound, Elastography and Recent advances in field of ultrasound.
Safety issues in ultrasound.
This document discusses the physical principles of ultrasound used in medical imaging. It defines key terms like frequency, wavelength, attenuation and resolution. It describes how piezoelectric transducers convert electrical pulses to ultrasound pulses and echoes. It explains how sector and linear array transducers work and the different display modes. It also discusses artifacts and the safety of diagnostic medical ultrasound.
Training Material inherited form Philips Basics of Ultrasonography. Covers the fundamentals of Ultrasound Waveform, Piezoelectric Effect, Phased Echo Concept, Goal of Ultrasound, Ultrasound Image Construction process, Types of Resolution, Probe Internals, The Doppler Effect, Spectrum Waveform and concept, Color Doppler, Components of Ultrasound.
This document discusses various types of artifacts that can appear in ultrasound images, including reverberation, acoustic shadowing, enhancement, edge shadowing, beam width artifact, slice thickness artifact, side lobe artifact, mirror image, double image, and equipment-generated and refraction artifacts. It provides details on what causes each type of artifact and examples of when they may appear.
This document discusses the history and evolution of different generations of computed tomography (CT) technology. It describes the key limitations and innovations of each generation from the first generation CT scanner created in 1971, which took 5 minutes to produce an image, to modern multi-slice CT scanners. The higher the generation number, the faster imaging times and more slices that could be acquired simultaneously. However, a higher generation does not always indicate a higher performance system.
Ultrasound uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images of structures inside the body. It has several advantages over other imaging techniques, including lack of radiation exposure, low cost, portability, and ability to image different tissue planes. This document provides an introduction to ultrasound physics, terminology, machine components, and basic abdominal ultrasound imaging and interpretation for medical students. It discusses how ultrasound images are formed from sound wave reflections and demonstrates common ultrasound appearances of anatomical structures and pathologies.
This document provides an overview of ultrasound physics basics. It discusses how ultrasound uses sound waves between 10-20 MHz to generate images. Sound waves are longitudinal waves that travel through materials at different speeds depending on compressibility and density. Ultrasound imaging works by transmitting pulses into the body and receiving echoes, with transducers converting between electrical and sound signals. Factors like frequency, beam characteristics, and tissue interactions impact the resulting images and potential artifacts. Understanding ultrasound physics principles is important for optimizing scans and interpreting images.
Learn from our Slideshare about the differences between ultrasound transducers. We also cover tips on how to treat your probes and how to select the right one.
Ultrasound Physics Made easy - By Dr Chandni WadhwaniChandni Wadhwani
History of ultrasound, Principle of Ultrasound.
Ultrasound wave and its interactions
Ultrasound machine and its parts, Image display, Artifacts and their clinical importance
what is Doppler ultrasound, Elastography and Recent advances in field of ultrasound.
Safety issues in ultrasound.
This document discusses the physical principles of ultrasound used in medical imaging. It defines key terms like frequency, wavelength, attenuation and resolution. It describes how piezoelectric transducers convert electrical pulses to ultrasound pulses and echoes. It explains how sector and linear array transducers work and the different display modes. It also discusses artifacts and the safety of diagnostic medical ultrasound.
Training Material inherited form Philips Basics of Ultrasonography. Covers the fundamentals of Ultrasound Waveform, Piezoelectric Effect, Phased Echo Concept, Goal of Ultrasound, Ultrasound Image Construction process, Types of Resolution, Probe Internals, The Doppler Effect, Spectrum Waveform and concept, Color Doppler, Components of Ultrasound.
This document discusses various types of artifacts that can appear in ultrasound images, including reverberation, acoustic shadowing, enhancement, edge shadowing, beam width artifact, slice thickness artifact, side lobe artifact, mirror image, double image, and equipment-generated and refraction artifacts. It provides details on what causes each type of artifact and examples of when they may appear.
This document discusses the history and evolution of different generations of computed tomography (CT) technology. It describes the key limitations and innovations of each generation from the first generation CT scanner created in 1971, which took 5 minutes to produce an image, to modern multi-slice CT scanners. The higher the generation number, the faster imaging times and more slices that could be acquired simultaneously. However, a higher generation does not always indicate a higher performance system.
Ultrasound uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images of structures inside the body. It has several advantages over other imaging techniques, including lack of radiation exposure, low cost, portability, and ability to image different tissue planes. This document provides an introduction to ultrasound physics, terminology, machine components, and basic abdominal ultrasound imaging and interpretation for medical students. It discusses how ultrasound images are formed from sound wave reflections and demonstrates common ultrasound appearances of anatomical structures and pathologies.
This document provides an overview of ultrasound physics basics. It discusses how ultrasound uses sound waves between 10-20 MHz to generate images. Sound waves are longitudinal waves that travel through materials at different speeds depending on compressibility and density. Ultrasound imaging works by transmitting pulses into the body and receiving echoes, with transducers converting between electrical and sound signals. Factors like frequency, beam characteristics, and tissue interactions impact the resulting images and potential artifacts. Understanding ultrasound physics principles is important for optimizing scans and interpreting images.
This document discusses different types of ultrasound transducers and systems. It describes linear array, sector, and vector array transducers. It also discusses mechanical transducers, electronically steered systems, and phased array transducers. Finally, it outlines several specialized ultrasound transducers including those used for small parts, endocavity, transesophageal, transluminal, and intracardiac applications.
Principle of usg imaging, construction of transducersDev Lakhera
This document discusses the principles of ultrasound imaging, including the construction of transducers and ultrasound controls. It covers topics such as the properties of sound waves, how sound propagates through different mediums, the components and workings of an ultrasound transducer, and how ultrasound images are displayed. It also describes various ultrasound imaging controls and their functions.
Ultrasound uses sound waves with frequencies greater than the human ear can hear to produce images of structures inside the body. The document discusses several key ultrasound imaging terms and techniques including probes, depth, focus, gain, and time gain compensation. It describes how ultrasound is used to visualize muscles, tendons, ligaments, and other soft tissues, noting advantages like portability and ability to stress test during imaging. Limitations include operator dependence and inability to penetrate bone or cross air interfaces.
CT angiography uses x-rays and iodine contrast dye to produce detailed images of blood vessels and tissues. A CT scan is performed after the contrast dye is injected into the bloodstream. CT angiography can be used to diagnose and evaluate diseases of the blood vessels like injuries, aneurysms, and blockages. It provides more precise anatomical detail than MRI for small blood vessels. Potential risks include radiation exposure and allergic reaction to the contrast dye.
Ultrasound uses longitudinal waves to produce diagnostic images. It transmits sound pulses and receives echoes to determine depth and structures within the body. The document discusses key aspects of ultrasound including its history, components like transducers, and interactions with tissue like reflection, refraction and absorption that allow ultrasound imaging. Transducers convert electrical pulses to sound waves and back using piezoelectric crystals. Factors like frequency, focal length and beam properties affect image resolution and depth.
This document provides an overview of ultrasound physics, transducers, and transducer jelly. It discusses the characteristics of sound waves including their generation through mechanical vibration and their transmission through solids, liquids, and gases. The history of ultrasound and piezoelectricity is summarized. Key ultrasound concepts like wavelength, frequency, propagation velocity, amplitude, and absorption are defined. The components and function of ultrasound transducers including the piezoelectric crystal and backing block are described. Finally, the properties and ingredients of transducer jelly used to couple the transducer to the skin are outlined.
CT artifacts can be caused by a variety of factors related to the physics of CT imaging, the patient, and hardware issues. Physics-based artifacts include beam hardening, which causes cupping and streak artifacts, as well as partial volume averaging and noise. Patient motion can also cause artifacts. Hardware issues like ring artifacts may occur from problems with the x-ray tube. Proper use of filters and reconstruction techniques can help reduce artifacts like beam hardening, while keeping the patient still can minimize motion artifacts. Artifacts need to be understood as they can obscure anatomy or be mistaken for pathology.
Definition of Side lobes and the principle behind its production during ultrasound imaging. Side lobes artifact and its result on image. Explanation of harmonic imaging, its production and the techniques use to eliminate fundamental frequency to produce optimal harmonic images.
This document discusses the principles of Doppler ultrasound. It begins with a brief history of Doppler and how the Doppler effect was discovered. It then covers the basic physics of Doppler ultrasound including the Doppler equation. The remainder of the document discusses specific Doppler parameters and how to optimize the Doppler examination including:
- Adjusting spectral and color Doppler parameters
- Normal arterial and venous flow patterns
- Changes in flow related to stenosis
Doppler ultrasonography is a non-invasive medical imaging technique that uses ultrasound and the Doppler effect to visualize blood flow and motion within the body. It is used to monitor the circulatory system by detecting blood flow velocity, direction, and turbulence. Doppler ultrasonography has been used in medicine for decades with no reported long-term side effects. It provides real-time digital images without harming the patient or requiring preparation or aftercare.
Ultrasonography uses high frequency sound waves to produce images of internal organs and structures. Sound waves are transmitted into the body using a transducer, which converts electrical signals to sound and vice versa. Reflections from tissues are detected and used to construct images showing anatomical structures. Key physics principles include velocity, frequency, wavelength, and reflection based on acoustic impedance differences between tissues. Proper transducer design and focused beams are important for optimizing image quality and resolution.
The document discusses CT numbers, window width, and window level in computed tomography (CT) imaging. It provides the following key points:
1) The linear attenuation coefficient describes how much a beam of radiation is absorbed or scattered as it passes through a medium. CT numbers represent differences from the linear attenuation coefficient of water.
2) Window width determines the range and contrast of CT numbers displayed. A narrow width provides higher contrast than a wide width.
3) Window level sets the midpoint brightness level of the displayed CT numbers. It controls the brightness of the CT image.
• What is Ultrasound imaging?
• Why Ultrasound?
• Common Uses
• History
• Properties of Ultrasound
• Equipment types
• How does the procedure work?
• Physics
• Benefits and Risks etc.
This document provides an overview of the basic sonographic anatomy of major organs. It discusses the interactions of ultrasound waves with different tissues and scanning techniques for organs like the liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, and bladder. Key points include how ultrasound is used to visualize the internal structure of organs, identify important landmarks, and evaluate for any abnormalities. Proper patient preparation and positioning techniques are also covered to optimize image quality.
The document describes the procedure of ERCP and T-tube cholangiography, outlining the anatomy, indications, contraindications, equipment, patient preparation, technique, and potential complications. ERCP allows endoscopes and other tools to be passed through the duodenum to visualize and treat the biliary and pancreatic ducts using techniques like sphincterotomy, stone removal, stent placement, and biopsy. A T-tube cholangiogram involves injecting contrast through a surgical T-tube in the bile ducts to image them after gallbladder removal.
Exposure factors such as kVp, mA, time, mAs, focal spot size, and distance influence the quality and quantity of the x-ray beam and the resulting radiographic image. KVp controls beam quality and penetration, mA controls quantity of x-rays, and mAs is the product of mA and time determining total exposure. Increasing kVp increases penetration but reduces contrast. Proper selection of these technical factors is needed to produce diagnostic radiographs with minimal radiation exposure.
This document provides an overview of ultrasound physics principles:
1. It describes how ultrasound works by using a transducer to emit pulses that reflect off tissues and are received back to form an image, and how tissue properties like density and velocity affect reflection and transmission.
2. It explains key ultrasound concepts such as wavelength, frequency, amplitude, acoustic impedance, and gain which determine image quality, as well as Doppler effects which provide blood flow information.
3. The primary components of an ultrasound system are described as the transducer, which emits and receives sound, and the imaging instrument which processes the returning echoes to display an image.
This document discusses the interaction of ultrasound with matter. It explains that ultrasound reflections, refractions, absorptions, and scatterings are determined by the acoustic properties of tissues. Reflection is the most important interaction for generating ultrasound images. Reflection depends on the acoustic impedance at tissue interfaces, which is determined by density and sound velocity. Differences in acoustic impedance between tissues result in more reflection. Absorption converts ultrasound to heat as it passes through tissues. Scattering results in weaker, diffuse reflections that degrade image quality. Refraction bends ultrasound beams at tissue boundaries based on changes in sound speed. The effects of these interactions are important for ultrasound imaging.
This document discusses various topics related to ultrasound imaging including goals, early pioneers, transducer types, Doppler instrumentation and physics, harmonic imaging, spatial compounding, extended field of view, fusion imaging, 3D and 4D ultrasound, and contrast enhanced ultrasound. It provides details on transducer selection, control settings, tissue harmonic imaging principles, spatial compounding benefits, fusion imaging steps, and contrast agent interactions.
The document discusses different types of ultrasound transducers. The essential element of each transducer is a piezoelectric crystal that generates and receives ultrasound waves. Transducers come in various shapes, sizes, and features depending on the body part being imaged. The main types of transducers discussed are linear, convex, phased array, pencil, endocavitary, transesophageal, and 4D transducers. Each type has a different piezoelectric crystal arrangement, aperture, frequency, and intended medical applications.
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) provides high-resolution, cross-sectional imaging of the retina and optic nerve head. It uses light waves instead of sound waves to capture micrometer-scale resolutions. OCT is a non-contact, non-invasive imaging technique that correlates well with retinal histology. The document discusses the principles, advantages, and procedures of OCT, summarizing key aspects of image acquisition and analysis for clinical and research applications.
This document discusses different types of ultrasound transducers and systems. It describes linear array, sector, and vector array transducers. It also discusses mechanical transducers, electronically steered systems, and phased array transducers. Finally, it outlines several specialized ultrasound transducers including those used for small parts, endocavity, transesophageal, transluminal, and intracardiac applications.
Principle of usg imaging, construction of transducersDev Lakhera
This document discusses the principles of ultrasound imaging, including the construction of transducers and ultrasound controls. It covers topics such as the properties of sound waves, how sound propagates through different mediums, the components and workings of an ultrasound transducer, and how ultrasound images are displayed. It also describes various ultrasound imaging controls and their functions.
Ultrasound uses sound waves with frequencies greater than the human ear can hear to produce images of structures inside the body. The document discusses several key ultrasound imaging terms and techniques including probes, depth, focus, gain, and time gain compensation. It describes how ultrasound is used to visualize muscles, tendons, ligaments, and other soft tissues, noting advantages like portability and ability to stress test during imaging. Limitations include operator dependence and inability to penetrate bone or cross air interfaces.
CT angiography uses x-rays and iodine contrast dye to produce detailed images of blood vessels and tissues. A CT scan is performed after the contrast dye is injected into the bloodstream. CT angiography can be used to diagnose and evaluate diseases of the blood vessels like injuries, aneurysms, and blockages. It provides more precise anatomical detail than MRI for small blood vessels. Potential risks include radiation exposure and allergic reaction to the contrast dye.
Ultrasound uses longitudinal waves to produce diagnostic images. It transmits sound pulses and receives echoes to determine depth and structures within the body. The document discusses key aspects of ultrasound including its history, components like transducers, and interactions with tissue like reflection, refraction and absorption that allow ultrasound imaging. Transducers convert electrical pulses to sound waves and back using piezoelectric crystals. Factors like frequency, focal length and beam properties affect image resolution and depth.
This document provides an overview of ultrasound physics, transducers, and transducer jelly. It discusses the characteristics of sound waves including their generation through mechanical vibration and their transmission through solids, liquids, and gases. The history of ultrasound and piezoelectricity is summarized. Key ultrasound concepts like wavelength, frequency, propagation velocity, amplitude, and absorption are defined. The components and function of ultrasound transducers including the piezoelectric crystal and backing block are described. Finally, the properties and ingredients of transducer jelly used to couple the transducer to the skin are outlined.
CT artifacts can be caused by a variety of factors related to the physics of CT imaging, the patient, and hardware issues. Physics-based artifacts include beam hardening, which causes cupping and streak artifacts, as well as partial volume averaging and noise. Patient motion can also cause artifacts. Hardware issues like ring artifacts may occur from problems with the x-ray tube. Proper use of filters and reconstruction techniques can help reduce artifacts like beam hardening, while keeping the patient still can minimize motion artifacts. Artifacts need to be understood as they can obscure anatomy or be mistaken for pathology.
Definition of Side lobes and the principle behind its production during ultrasound imaging. Side lobes artifact and its result on image. Explanation of harmonic imaging, its production and the techniques use to eliminate fundamental frequency to produce optimal harmonic images.
This document discusses the principles of Doppler ultrasound. It begins with a brief history of Doppler and how the Doppler effect was discovered. It then covers the basic physics of Doppler ultrasound including the Doppler equation. The remainder of the document discusses specific Doppler parameters and how to optimize the Doppler examination including:
- Adjusting spectral and color Doppler parameters
- Normal arterial and venous flow patterns
- Changes in flow related to stenosis
Doppler ultrasonography is a non-invasive medical imaging technique that uses ultrasound and the Doppler effect to visualize blood flow and motion within the body. It is used to monitor the circulatory system by detecting blood flow velocity, direction, and turbulence. Doppler ultrasonography has been used in medicine for decades with no reported long-term side effects. It provides real-time digital images without harming the patient or requiring preparation or aftercare.
Ultrasonography uses high frequency sound waves to produce images of internal organs and structures. Sound waves are transmitted into the body using a transducer, which converts electrical signals to sound and vice versa. Reflections from tissues are detected and used to construct images showing anatomical structures. Key physics principles include velocity, frequency, wavelength, and reflection based on acoustic impedance differences between tissues. Proper transducer design and focused beams are important for optimizing image quality and resolution.
The document discusses CT numbers, window width, and window level in computed tomography (CT) imaging. It provides the following key points:
1) The linear attenuation coefficient describes how much a beam of radiation is absorbed or scattered as it passes through a medium. CT numbers represent differences from the linear attenuation coefficient of water.
2) Window width determines the range and contrast of CT numbers displayed. A narrow width provides higher contrast than a wide width.
3) Window level sets the midpoint brightness level of the displayed CT numbers. It controls the brightness of the CT image.
• What is Ultrasound imaging?
• Why Ultrasound?
• Common Uses
• History
• Properties of Ultrasound
• Equipment types
• How does the procedure work?
• Physics
• Benefits and Risks etc.
This document provides an overview of the basic sonographic anatomy of major organs. It discusses the interactions of ultrasound waves with different tissues and scanning techniques for organs like the liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, and bladder. Key points include how ultrasound is used to visualize the internal structure of organs, identify important landmarks, and evaluate for any abnormalities. Proper patient preparation and positioning techniques are also covered to optimize image quality.
The document describes the procedure of ERCP and T-tube cholangiography, outlining the anatomy, indications, contraindications, equipment, patient preparation, technique, and potential complications. ERCP allows endoscopes and other tools to be passed through the duodenum to visualize and treat the biliary and pancreatic ducts using techniques like sphincterotomy, stone removal, stent placement, and biopsy. A T-tube cholangiogram involves injecting contrast through a surgical T-tube in the bile ducts to image them after gallbladder removal.
Exposure factors such as kVp, mA, time, mAs, focal spot size, and distance influence the quality and quantity of the x-ray beam and the resulting radiographic image. KVp controls beam quality and penetration, mA controls quantity of x-rays, and mAs is the product of mA and time determining total exposure. Increasing kVp increases penetration but reduces contrast. Proper selection of these technical factors is needed to produce diagnostic radiographs with minimal radiation exposure.
This document provides an overview of ultrasound physics principles:
1. It describes how ultrasound works by using a transducer to emit pulses that reflect off tissues and are received back to form an image, and how tissue properties like density and velocity affect reflection and transmission.
2. It explains key ultrasound concepts such as wavelength, frequency, amplitude, acoustic impedance, and gain which determine image quality, as well as Doppler effects which provide blood flow information.
3. The primary components of an ultrasound system are described as the transducer, which emits and receives sound, and the imaging instrument which processes the returning echoes to display an image.
This document discusses the interaction of ultrasound with matter. It explains that ultrasound reflections, refractions, absorptions, and scatterings are determined by the acoustic properties of tissues. Reflection is the most important interaction for generating ultrasound images. Reflection depends on the acoustic impedance at tissue interfaces, which is determined by density and sound velocity. Differences in acoustic impedance between tissues result in more reflection. Absorption converts ultrasound to heat as it passes through tissues. Scattering results in weaker, diffuse reflections that degrade image quality. Refraction bends ultrasound beams at tissue boundaries based on changes in sound speed. The effects of these interactions are important for ultrasound imaging.
This document discusses various topics related to ultrasound imaging including goals, early pioneers, transducer types, Doppler instrumentation and physics, harmonic imaging, spatial compounding, extended field of view, fusion imaging, 3D and 4D ultrasound, and contrast enhanced ultrasound. It provides details on transducer selection, control settings, tissue harmonic imaging principles, spatial compounding benefits, fusion imaging steps, and contrast agent interactions.
The document discusses different types of ultrasound transducers. The essential element of each transducer is a piezoelectric crystal that generates and receives ultrasound waves. Transducers come in various shapes, sizes, and features depending on the body part being imaged. The main types of transducers discussed are linear, convex, phased array, pencil, endocavitary, transesophageal, and 4D transducers. Each type has a different piezoelectric crystal arrangement, aperture, frequency, and intended medical applications.
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) provides high-resolution, cross-sectional imaging of the retina and optic nerve head. It uses light waves instead of sound waves to capture micrometer-scale resolutions. OCT is a non-contact, non-invasive imaging technique that correlates well with retinal histology. The document discusses the principles, advantages, and procedures of OCT, summarizing key aspects of image acquisition and analysis for clinical and research applications.
Ultrasound uses high frequency sound waves to visualize internal structures. It works by transmitting sound waves into the body using a transducer probe, which detects the echoes as they bounce off tissues and organs. The echoes are processed to form images on the ultrasound machine screen in real-time. Common applications include obstetrics, cardiology, and urology. The Philips HD11 is an ultrasound system with curvilinear, linear, and phased array probes for different exams. It provides grey scale, Doppler, and color imaging modes. Ultrasound has benefits of being non-invasive, portable, and having no radiation, but has limitations of being operator dependent and unable to penetrate bone.
The document discusses the basic components and functioning of an ultrasound machine. It describes the transmitter/pulser, transducer, receiver and processor, display, and recording components. The transducer is made of piezoelectric crystals and converts electrical energy to ultrasound energy and vice versa. Different controls like gain, zoom, and Doppler are used by the radiographer to optimize the ultrasound image.
This document provides an outline for a course on ultrasound for small animals. It discusses ultrasound physics including how ultrasound works, transducer frequencies and imaging modalities. It covers getting ready for scans such as patient preparation and positioning. It also discusses applications of ultrasound in private practice for emergency FAST exams, general internal medicine, and single organ studies.
Ultrasound transducers come in different shapes and sizes depending on their intended use. The main types are linear transducers, convex transducers, phased array transducers, pencil transducers, endocavitary transducers, and transesophageal transducers. Each has a distinct piezoelectric crystal arrangement and frequency that makes it suited for specific applications like abdominal, cardiac, or fetal examinations. 4D transducers allow for live 3D imaging of motion.
01 basic principles of ultrasound & basic termJuan Alcatruz
Ultrasound uses sound waves above 20 kHz to produce images. It can be directed in a beam and obeys reflection and refraction laws. Higher frequencies have better resolution but poorer penetration. The document defines ultrasound terms like cycle, wavelength, velocity and discusses transducer components, instrumentation settings, and Doppler modes. Pulsed wave Doppler has range resolution while continuous wave Doppler can measure higher velocities but lacks range information.
01 basic principles of ultrasound & basic termJuan Alcatruz
This document provides an overview of basic ultrasound principles and terminology. It defines ultrasound as sound waves with a frequency over 20 kHz. Ultrasound can be directed in a beam and obeys the laws of reflection and refraction. The document describes ultrasound properties such as wavelength, velocity, frequency, and acoustic impedance. It also discusses ultrasound imaging techniques including pulsed wave and continuous wave Doppler, and how settings like depth, focal zone, and filter affect the image.
This document provides an overview of ultrasonography principles:
- Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves to generate images and is a useful, noninvasive diagnostic tool.
- Sound waves have properties like frequency, wavelength, and velocity that affect image quality. Higher frequencies produce better surface details but poorer penetration.
- Images are produced when sound waves emitted from a transducer's piezoelectric crystals enter the body, encounter tissues, and return echoes that are converted into a visual display.
- Different transducer types and ultrasound modes like B-mode produce various image types used for diagnostic purposes. Artifacts like shadows and reverberations can occur and should be recognized to avoid diagnostic errors.
L2 Gynaecological usg (TAUS part 2).pptxiqra saeed
This lecture is the continuation of previous transabdominal technique. In this lecture types of probes are explained briefly. Transducer Manipulation Techniques are explained as well. An idea of acoustic window is given and few TAUS pelvis images are displayed.
This document provides an overview of ultrasound physics, instrumentation, and techniques. It discusses how acoustic waves propagate in tissue, the principles of ultrasound transducers and imaging, factors that influence image quality like attenuation and impedance, and advanced techniques like elastography. The key topics covered are the longitudinal propagation of sound waves in tissue, piezoelectric transducers, the basic components of ultrasound machines, and how beamforming and different transducer arrays are used to generate images.
The document outlines an agenda for a sales presentation focusing on medical equipment. It begins with introducing the company, its products, and basic physics of ultrasound technology. It then discusses using the FAB (Features, Advantages, Benefits) method to showcase products. The document provides examples of features, advantages, and benefits for portable ultrasound machines A5 and A8. It emphasizes that FAB helps organize presentations, explain products more easily to customers, and focus on fulfilling customer needs. The agenda concludes with a sales call section.
Ultrasound technology works by using piezoelectric crystals that produce sound waves when electric current is applied. These waves travel through the body and reflect off tissues, returning echoes that are converted back to electric signals to form an image. Higher frequency waves have shorter wavelengths and provide better resolution, while lower frequencies penetrate deeper. Ultrasound modes like B-mode produce 2D images from multiple scan lines, while Doppler mode detects motion and flow. Tissue properties like density and elasticity affect how waves propagate and are displayed on ultrasound images.
Here are quick answers to the review questions:
1. Ultrasound is high frequency sound waves that travel well through soft tissues like muscles, organs and fat. It travels poorly through gas pockets or bones.
2. Higher frequency ultrasound has better resolution but poorer penetration. Lower frequency has poorer resolution but better penetration.
3. Pros of ultrasound include lack of radiation, quick exams, ability to see different tissue planes, portability and lower cost compared to other imaging modalities.
4. Probes come in linear, convex, sector and endocavity shapes. Linear probes have a rectangular footprint for long superficial structures. Convex probes have a curved footprint for abdominal exams. Sector probes have a wedge shape for
This document discusses the physics and instrumentation of ultrasound. It describes how sound waves propagate through tissue and how ultrasound is generated and detected using piezoelectric transducers. Key parameters like frequency, wavelength, resolution and depth of penetration are defined. The interactions of ultrasound with tissue including reflection, scattering, refraction and attenuation are covered. The document also discusses the various controls available on ultrasound machines to optimize image quality including gain, depth, focus and dynamic range.
This document discusses ultrasound and its use in diagnostic radiology. It begins by defining sound and describing the different categories of sound including infrasound, audible sound, and ultrasound. It then explains that ultrasound is an imaging technology used in diagnostic radiology to examine internal body structures using high frequency sound waves without using ionizing radiation. The document goes on to describe the piezoelectric effect and pulse echo principle, which are the physical principles that allow ultrasound to generate and receive sound waves. It also discusses the different components of an ultrasound machine including transducers, pulsers, amplifiers, beamformers, and displays. Finally, it describes different types of transducers and their applications.
Ultrasonography in Animals.pptxblba jhahaIzzatAftab
Ultrasonography, also known as ultrasound, is the second most commonly used imaging technique in veterinary medicine. It uses high-frequency sound waves to create real-time images of internal organs and structures. Different transducer probes emit sound pulses into the body and interpret echoes to build images. Ultrasound is useful for evaluating soft tissues like organs and muscles without radiation. It allows veterinarians to diagnose many conditions by detecting size, shape, and echo pattern abnormalities in tissues.
Lecture 3 & 4 anam sanam chick ldkfdlsfldfjdlsjfdlks .pptxfaiz3334
Computed tomography (CT) scans create cross-sectional images of the body by using X-rays and computer processing. An X-ray tube rotates around the body and produces multiple images from different angles, which are used to reconstruct cross-sectional slices using back projection. These slices can be combined to create 3D images. CT scans provide more detailed images than basic X-rays due to their ability to distinguish between different tissue densities and visualize structures throughout the body.
The facial nerve, also known as cranial nerve VII, is one of the 12 cranial nerves originating from the brain. It's a mixed nerve, meaning it contains both sensory and motor fibres, and it plays a crucial role in controlling various facial muscles, as well as conveying sensory information from the taste buds on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.
Unlocking the Secrets to Safe Patient Handling.pdfLift Ability
Furthermore, the time constraints and workload in healthcare settings can make it challenging for caregivers to prioritise safe patient handling Australia practices, leading to shortcuts and increased risks.
Let's Talk About It: Breast Cancer (What is Mindset and Does it Really Matter?)bkling
Your mindset is the way you make sense of the world around you. This lens influences the way you think, the way you feel, and how you might behave in certain situations. Let's talk about mindset myths that can get us into trouble and ways to cultivate a mindset to support your cancer survivorship in authentic ways. Let’s Talk About It!
Comprehensive Rainy Season Advisory: Safety and Preparedness Tips.pdfDr Rachana Gujar
The "Comprehensive Rainy Season Advisory: Safety and Preparedness Tips" offers essential guidance for navigating rainy weather conditions. It covers strategies for staying safe during storms, flood prevention measures, and advice on preparing for inclement weather. This advisory aims to ensure individuals are equipped with the knowledge and resources to handle the challenges of the rainy season effectively, emphasizing safety, preparedness, and resilience.
International Cancer Survivors Day is celebrated during June, placing the spotlight not only on cancer survivors, but also their caregivers.
CANSA has compiled a list of tips and guidelines of support:
https://cansa.org.za/who-cares-for-cancer-patients-caregivers/
At Apollo Hospital, Lucknow, U.P., we provide specialized care for children experiencing dehydration and other symptoms. We also offer NICU & PICU Ambulance Facility Services. Consult our expert today for the best pediatric emergency care.
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As Mumbai's premier kidney transplant and donation center, L H Hiranandani Hospital Powai is not just a medical facility; it's a beacon of hope where cutting-edge science meets compassionate care, transforming lives and redefining the standards of kidney health in India.
Get Covid Testing at Fit to Fly PCR TestNX Healthcare
A Fit-to-Fly PCR Test is a crucial service for travelers needing to meet the entry requirements of various countries or airlines. This test involves a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test for COVID-19, which is considered the gold standard for detecting active infections. At our travel clinic in Leeds, we offer fast and reliable Fit to Fly PCR testing, providing you with an official certificate verifying your negative COVID-19 status. Our process is designed for convenience and accuracy, with quick turnaround times to ensure you receive your results and certificate in time for your departure. Trust our professional and experienced medical team to help you travel safely and compliantly, giving you peace of mind for your journey.
Letter to MREC - application to conduct studyAzreen Aj
Application to conduct study on research title 'Awareness and knowledge of oral cancer and precancer among dental outpatient in Klinik Pergigian Merlimau, Melaka'
MBC Support Group for Black Women – Insights in Genetic Testing.pdfbkling
Christina Spears, breast cancer genetic counselor at the Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, joined us for the MBC Support Group for Black Women to discuss the importance of genetic testing in communities of color and answer pressing questions.
The best massage spa Ajman is Chandrima Spa Ajman, which was founded in 2023 and is exclusively for men 24 hours a day. As of right now, our parent firm has been providing massage services to over 50,000+ clients in Ajman for the past 10 years. It has about 8+ branches. This demonstrates that Chandrima Spa Ajman is among the most reasonably priced spas in Ajman and the ideal place to unwind and rejuvenate. We provide a wide range of Spa massage treatments, including Indian, Pakistani, Kerala, Malayali, and body-to-body massages. Numerous massage techniques are available, including deep tissue, Swedish, Thai, Russian, and hot stone massages. Our massage therapists produce genuinely unique treatments that generate a revitalized sense of inner serenely by fusing modern techniques, the cleanest natural substances, and traditional holistic therapists.
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2. • Produces sound waves that
bounce off body tissues and
make echoes.
• Receives the echoes and
sends them to a computer that
uses them to create an image
called sonogram.
How Does an Ultrasound Transducer
Work?
3. Ultrasound Transducer Features
Vary a lot, and have diverse
features – different
specifications are needed for
maintaining image quality
across different parts of the
body.
Can be either passed over the
surface of the body – external
transducers, or can be
inserted into an orifice, such
as the rectum or vagina –
these are internal
transducers.
The ultrasound transducers
differ in construction based
on:
- Piezoelectric crystal
arrangement;
- Aperture (footprint);
- Frequency
Shape and Size Uses Construction
5. Linear
Transducers
• Piezoelectric crystal arrangement is
linear, the shape of the beam is
rectangular, and the near field
resolution is good.
• The footprint, frequency, and
applications depend on whether the
product is for 2D or 3D imaging.
6. Linear
Transducers
– 2D
Imaging
• A wide footprint, a central
frequency – 2.5Mhz -
12Mhz.
• Used for various
applications, such as
vascular, blood vessel
visualization, breast, thyroid,
tendon, arthrogenous,
intraoperative, laparoscopy,
photoacoustic imaging, and
ultrasonic velocity change
imaging.
7. Linear Transducers – 3D imaging
• A wide footprint, a central
frequency – 7.5Mhz - 11Mhz.
• Can be used for breast, thyroid,
and arteria carotis of vascular
application.
8. Convex
Transducers
• Also called the curved
transducer because the
piezoelectric crystal
arrangement is curvilinear.
• The beam shape is convex
and the transducer is good
for in depth examinations,
even though the image
resolution decreases when
the depth increases.
9. Convex
Transducers
• The footprint, frequency, and
applications also depend on
whether the product is for
2D or 3D imaging.
• There is a subtype called
micro convex – with much
smaller footprint, typically
used in neonatal and
pediatrics.
10. Convex Transducers – 2D imaging
• A wide footprint, central
frequency – 2.5MHz - 7.5MHz.
• Can be used for abdominal
examinations, transvaginal and
transrectal examinations, and
diagnosis of organs.
11. Convex
Transducers
– 3D imaging
• A wide field of view, a central
frequency – 3.5MHz - 6.5MHz.
• Can be used for abdominal
examinations.
12. Phased Array Transducers
• Piezoelectric crystal
arrangement called phased-
array – the most commonly
used crystal.
• A small footprint and low
frequency – its central
frequency is 2Mhz - 7.5Mhz,
beam point is narrow but it
expands depending on the
applied frequency. The beam
shape is almost triangular and
the near field resolution is poor.
13. Phased Array Transducers
Can be used for cardiac
examinations, including
transesophageal examinations,
abdominal and brain
examinations.
14. Pencil
Transducers
• Also called CW Doppler
probes, utilized to measure
blood flow and speed of
sound in blood.
• This probe has a small
footprint and uses low
frequency of 2Mhz - 8Mhz.
15. Endocavitary Transducers
• Used for internal examinations
of the patient, designed to fit in
specific body orifices.
• The endocavitary transducers
include endovaginal, endorectal,
and endocavity
transducers. Typically, they have
small footprints and the
frequency of 3.5Mhz - 11.5Mhz.
16. Transesophageal (TEE) Transducers
• Has a small footprint, used for
internal examinations – often
employed in cardiology to obtain
a better image of the heart
through the oesophagus.
• Its frequency is mid-range:
3Mhz - 10Mhz.
17. Tips for Buying an Ultrasound Transducer
Double check that the probe
you are about to buy is
compatible with the system
you own.
Penetration depth is better at
a low frequency (between 2.5
and 7.5Mhz) but a
disadvantage of the low
frequency is a lower image
quality.
The higher the frequency
(above 7.5Mhz), the lower is
the depth of penetration,
however, you get better
quality images close to the
surface (7.5MHz = 20 cm).
18. Tips for Buying an Ultrasound Transducer
A black line on the screen
of the ultrasound system
will most likely mean that
the transducer has a
dead crystal inside.
A shadow ultrasound
screen could indicate a
weak crystal inside the
transducer that does not
produce the necessary
vibration.
Avoid transducers with a
crack, it will cause noise in
the picture, a missing
connection or lines in the
image.
19. How To
Treat Your
Transducer?
• Do not throw, drop, or knock the
transducer.
• Be careful not to damage the duct
of the transducer.
• Wipe the gel from the transducer
after each use.
• Do not sluice with alcohol-based
liquids.
20. We hope that now you have a clear image of ultrasound transducer types
and that you will be more prepared the next time you are purchasing probes.
If you have any more questions about transducers, do not hesitate to contact
our sales department by mail or phone.
Questions?
sales@lbnmedical.com
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