Ultrasonography uses high-frequency sound waves and a transducer probe to produce images of the inside of the body. It is widely used due to its availability, speed, low cost, and the fact that it does not use radiation. Ultrasound can be used to evaluate symptoms, guide procedures like biopsies, and examine internal organs. It is commonly used in obstetrics to assess pregnancies and in gynecology to examine reproductive organs. The procedure involves applying gel and moving a transducer probe over the body to obtain images, which are displayed on a machine with components like a transducer, CPU, and display. Benefits include being non-invasive and providing real-time images, while limitations include

1. ULTRASONOGRAPHY
AJAZ AHMAD KHAN
GHULAM MOHAMMAD KHAN
KUZWERA CHADOORA BUDGAM
BSC OTT 3RD YEAR
ROLL NO.14331435002

2. DEFINITION
• Ultrasound is a procedure which involves the
use of a small transducer(probe) and
ultrasound gel to expose the body to high-
frequency waves to produce pictures of the
inside of the body. US is most widely used
imaging technology worldwide. US is popular
due to availability, speed, low cost, patient-
friendliness(no radiation)

3. USES OF ULTRASOUND
• Ultrasound is used to help physicians evaluate
symptoms like pain, swelling, infection,
hematuria(blood in urine)
• US is used to guide procedures such as needle
biopsies, in which needles are used to extract
sample cells from an abnormal area for
laboratory testing
• US is used to image the breasts and to guide
biopsy of breast cancer
• US is used to examine the internal organs of
the body such as liver, gall bladder, spleen,
pancreas, kidneys, brain in infants etc.

4. INDICATIONS
• Gynaecological:
Assess the reproductive organs
Congenital defects
Pelvic mass
• Obstetric:
Establish the presence of living embryo/fetus
Estimate the age of pregnancy
Diagnose congenital abnormalities of fetus
Evaluate the position of fetus & placenta
Assess fetal well being & fetal growth
Determine amount of amniotic fluid around baby

5. PROCEDURE
Explain to patient the need/purpose of
procedure and how it will be done as it will
minimize anxiety &facilitates patient
cooperation
Ensure that informed consent is signed, this
ensures full awareness of procedure for
patient
Check the maternal vital signs
Patient should have full bladder-helps in clear
visualization of low lying pelvic organs
Provide privacy-reduces anxiety

6. Place the patient in dorsal position
Low abdominal area is exposed. A clear water
based gel is applied to the area to help the
transducer make secure contact with the body and
eliminate air pockets between the transducer and
the skin that can block the sound waves from
passing into your body
Sometimes a trans vaginal scan needs to be
performed as it often produces improved & more
detailed images of the uterus & ovaries
Wipe off the US gel from skin of patient after
completion of examination
Ask the patient to wait while US images are
reviewed

7. THE ULTRASOUND MACHINE
A basic US machine has following parts:-
 Transducer probe-that sends and receives the sound waves
 CPU-computer that does all the calculations and contains the
electrical power supplies for itself and the transducer probe
 Transducer pulse controls-changes the amplitude, frequency,
and duration of the pulses emitted from the transducer probe
 Display-displays the image from the US data processed by CPU
 Keyboard/Cursor-inputs data and takes measurements from
the display
 Disk Storage Device-(hard, floppy, CD) stores the acquired
images
 Printer-prints the images from the displayed data

8. EQUIPMENT
Ultrasound scanners consist of a console containing a
computer and electronics, a video display screen and
a transducer that is used to do the scanning
The transducer is a small hand-held device that
resembles a microphone, attached to the scanner by
a cord
The transducer sends out inaudible high frequency
sound waves into the body and then listens for the
returning echoes from the tissues in the body
The principles are similar to sonar used by boats and
submarines

9. BENEFITS
 Most ultrasound scanning is non invasive(no needles or
injections) & is usually painless.
 US is widely available, easy to use, and less expensive than
other imaging methods.
 US imaging doesn’t use any ionizing radiation.
 US scanning gives a clear picture of soft tissues that don’t
show up well on x-rays.
 US is the preferred imaging modality for the diagnosis and
monitoring of pregnant women & their unborn babies.
 US provides real time imaging, making it a good tool for
guiding minimally invasive procedures such as needle
biopsies and needle aspiration.

10. LIMITATIONS
 US waves are disrupted by air or gas; therefore US is not an
ideal imaging technique for air-filled bowel or organs
obscured by the bowel.
 Large patients are more difficult to image by ultrasound
because greater amounts of tissue weakens the sound
waves as they pass deeper into the body.
 Ultrasound has difficulty penetrating bone and therefore
can only see the outer surface of bony structures and not
what lies within(except in infants).

11. THE END
• KUZWERA CHADOORA BUDGAM J&K
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