Presentation given at IUCN Peatland Action, 22 October 2014, by Prof Mark Reed about the UK Peatland Code. For more information, visit: http://www.iucn-uk-peatlandprogramme.org
Is care without carbon fit for the futureWalt Whitman
The document discusses sustainability initiatives within the NHS. It covers:
1) Organizational changes like Sustainability Transformation Partnerships and pursuing an energy performance contract for multiple NHS trusts to reduce costs.
2) A transport revolution addressing air pollution and a shift to electric vehicles for NHS fleets.
3) A materials revolution embracing circular economy principles and adapting to changes in global recycling markets.
4) Developments in climate change including a recent UK heatwave, flooding incidents, and targets to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius.
Enhancing ambition through carbon pricing, Hugh Salway - UK Department for Bu...OECD Environment
The document discusses three routes to enhance climate ambition through carbon pricing and markets:
1) Market-based programs that fund low-carbon projects through carbon credits, allowing investments that wouldn't otherwise occur, such as a biogas program in Ethiopia expected to generate 1.1m credits.
2) Carbon pricing instruments like the UK's Carbon Price Floor introduced in 2013, which adds a carbon price on top of the EU ETS price for electricity generators. This has been a main driver in reducing UK coal generation and cutting emissions from the electricity system by over half since 2012.
3) Article 6 of the Paris Agreement which recognizes countries may pursue voluntary cooperation to implement more ambitious emissions targets through mechanisms that ensure environmental
Peter Styring (University of Sheffield) presenting 'Introduction to CO2Chem' at the UKCCSRC/IMechE/CO2Chem Air Capture Workshop on 20th February 2015 in London
The document summarizes a baseline study of Green ICT issues across publicly funded higher education institutions (HEIs) in London. It found that the 42 HEIs together emitted around 92,000 tonnes of CO2 annually, which is equivalent to 12% of the emissions from the London borough of Hackney. The study used a carbon footprinting toolkit to analyze initial energy use data and compare energy use and CO2 emissions across HEIs of different types and sizes. It recommends priorities for funding to help reduce the environmental impact of ICT activities in London HEIs.
This document provides guidance on accounting for greenhouse gas emissions from purchased electricity, known as scope 2 emissions. It outlines new requirements for dual reporting using location-based and market-based accounting methods. For companies with electricity choice, it requires reporting both methods and following scope 2 quality criteria for market-based instruments. The guidance was developed over four years with input from a technical working group of over 200 members from 23 countries. It aims to improve transparency and accuracy in accounting for scope 2 emissions.
Lars Ehrlén presented on Växjö's goal to become fossil fuel free by reducing carbon dioxide emissions per capita by 50% by 2010 and 70% by 2025 compared to 1993 levels. Växjö has a population of 78,300 and introduced bioenergy in the 1980s due to high oil prices. Currently 50% of Växjö's energy comes from renewable sources like biomass, and the city has implemented district heating, public transport initiatives, and energy efficiency programs to achieve its fossil fuel free vision.
Climate change: our chance to give rise to the next industrial revolution — F...Serge de Gheldere
10 min presentation for the 85th anniversary of the FWO (Belgian Federal Scientific Research Institute).
4 strategies with examples for moving towards a profitable, resilient and sustainable low-carbon economy and society.
Is care without carbon fit for the futureWalt Whitman
The document discusses sustainability initiatives within the NHS. It covers:
1) Organizational changes like Sustainability Transformation Partnerships and pursuing an energy performance contract for multiple NHS trusts to reduce costs.
2) A transport revolution addressing air pollution and a shift to electric vehicles for NHS fleets.
3) A materials revolution embracing circular economy principles and adapting to changes in global recycling markets.
4) Developments in climate change including a recent UK heatwave, flooding incidents, and targets to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius.
Enhancing ambition through carbon pricing, Hugh Salway - UK Department for Bu...OECD Environment
The document discusses three routes to enhance climate ambition through carbon pricing and markets:
1) Market-based programs that fund low-carbon projects through carbon credits, allowing investments that wouldn't otherwise occur, such as a biogas program in Ethiopia expected to generate 1.1m credits.
2) Carbon pricing instruments like the UK's Carbon Price Floor introduced in 2013, which adds a carbon price on top of the EU ETS price for electricity generators. This has been a main driver in reducing UK coal generation and cutting emissions from the electricity system by over half since 2012.
3) Article 6 of the Paris Agreement which recognizes countries may pursue voluntary cooperation to implement more ambitious emissions targets through mechanisms that ensure environmental
Peter Styring (University of Sheffield) presenting 'Introduction to CO2Chem' at the UKCCSRC/IMechE/CO2Chem Air Capture Workshop on 20th February 2015 in London
The document summarizes a baseline study of Green ICT issues across publicly funded higher education institutions (HEIs) in London. It found that the 42 HEIs together emitted around 92,000 tonnes of CO2 annually, which is equivalent to 12% of the emissions from the London borough of Hackney. The study used a carbon footprinting toolkit to analyze initial energy use data and compare energy use and CO2 emissions across HEIs of different types and sizes. It recommends priorities for funding to help reduce the environmental impact of ICT activities in London HEIs.
This document provides guidance on accounting for greenhouse gas emissions from purchased electricity, known as scope 2 emissions. It outlines new requirements for dual reporting using location-based and market-based accounting methods. For companies with electricity choice, it requires reporting both methods and following scope 2 quality criteria for market-based instruments. The guidance was developed over four years with input from a technical working group of over 200 members from 23 countries. It aims to improve transparency and accuracy in accounting for scope 2 emissions.
Lars Ehrlén presented on Växjö's goal to become fossil fuel free by reducing carbon dioxide emissions per capita by 50% by 2010 and 70% by 2025 compared to 1993 levels. Växjö has a population of 78,300 and introduced bioenergy in the 1980s due to high oil prices. Currently 50% of Växjö's energy comes from renewable sources like biomass, and the city has implemented district heating, public transport initiatives, and energy efficiency programs to achieve its fossil fuel free vision.
Climate change: our chance to give rise to the next industrial revolution — F...Serge de Gheldere
10 min presentation for the 85th anniversary of the FWO (Belgian Federal Scientific Research Institute).
4 strategies with examples for moving towards a profitable, resilient and sustainable low-carbon economy and society.
The deep retrofit programme in SEAI aims to deliver low energy and healthy homes in Ireland. The team present on the pilot programme to date. Presented at the AIVC and SEAI symposium at the Energy Show.
Planning a reliable power system with a high share of renewables in France by...IEA-ETSAP
Planning a reliable power system with a high share of renewables in France by 2050: a new multi-scale, multi-criteria framework
Mr. Yacine Alimou, Mines ParisTech
At the UNFCCC COP20 in Lima Peru, WRI, C40 and ICLEI launch the first internationally accepted standard for measuring emissions at the city level. The Global Protocol for Community-Scale Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventories (GPC) empowers cities to accurately identify where their emissions are coming from, set credible and achievable reduction targets, and consistently track progress.
Deep Retrofit: Energy Cultures and the Importance of Energy Practices Within ...SustainableEnergyAut
Dr Eimear Heaslip, NUIG: Deep Retrofit: Energy Cultures and the Importance of Energy Practices Within Households, SEAI Deep Retrofit conference, June 21st 2017
Stephen presentation on Voluntary carbon marketbrissiesugar
The document discusses the voluntary carbon market, including its key features, products, standards, price trends, benefits and costs. It notes that the voluntary market includes renewable energy, forestry, and methane capture projects. Standards include the Gold Standard and Voluntary Carbon Standard. Price trends have declined from 2007 levels but top products remain steady. The market benefits less polluting industries but does not necessarily reduce emissions. Potential exists in Vietnam if projects are reliably validated, especially those combining renewable energy and social benefits.
The document summarizes the Nottingham Declaration Action Pack, which provides guidance for local governments in the UK to address climate change through mitigation and adaptation efforts. It outlines the roles of local governments in managing their own estates, acting as service providers, and providing community leadership on climate issues. The Action Pack introduces a structured process for local governments to get started, assess their current situation and future risks, develop strategic approaches, implement plans, and prepare action plans to reduce emissions and increase resilience. It is meant to support municipalities that have signed the Nottingham Declaration and allows them to track their progress on climate goals.
Monitoring of Business Energy Performance for Fit-out Redevelopment Potential...EMEX
In 2014, Heathrow’s Terminal 2 Retail Fit-out Sustainability Project won the ‘Most energy efficient project of the year’ at the Environment and Energy Awards. This was for Discovery Mill’s approach and the work the Heathrow team collaboratively achieved with Heathrow’s retail business partners in reducing energy usage in T2 Retail. Predicted energy savings were assessed to be 17-24% compared to existing Terminal 5 operations, with additional direct savings for Heathrow through reduced central building plant consumption as well as reduced infrastructure costs.
Michelin's Ballymena plant in Northern Ireland produces over 1.4 million truck tires per year. Energy is a major cost for the plant, representing the second largest expense after payroll. Michelin has implemented an energy strategy focused on choosing efficient energy sources, utilizing competitive purchasing strategies, investing in capital projects to improve efficiency, and educating workers. This strategy has reduced the plant's energy costs by 25% and carbon emissions by 29% compared to using fuel oil alone. Michelin is also pursuing on-site renewable energy projects including wind turbines and combined heat and power to further reduce costs and emissions.
The Circular Economy and SMEs - Peter Czaga, Policy Officer, European Commiss...GreenEconomyCoalition
The document discusses the circular economy and how it relates to small and medium enterprises (SMEs). It provides an overview of the European Commission's upcoming communications that aim to establish a policy framework and modernize waste policy to transition to a circular economy. The circular economy aims to keep resources in products for longer and reduce waste. It also outlines the various actions needed to implement a circular economy, including eco-design, recycling, reuse, and industrial symbiosis. The document notes that a circular economy presents opportunities for SMEs through cost savings and new business opportunities in transitioning to more sustainable practices and green value chains. The European Commission plans various capacity building and financial support initiatives to help SMEs undertake resource efficiency improvements and participate
Changing the tyre while we’re driving: evolving a model at the same time as i...IEA-ETSAP
This document discusses using an energy systems optimization model called TIMES-Ireland Model (TIM) to inform carbon budget recommendations for Ireland. TIM can calculate the least-cost energy system configuration to meet future demands while respecting constraints. In the short-term, TIM can inform what changes are needed to meet decarbonization targets, the optimal emission reduction pathway over time and sectors, and the policy effort gap. Additional development is needed for TIM to fully inform other questions around carbon budgets, costs, and policies. The model developers aim to make TIM fully open-source and engage stakeholders in its use and development.
Energy agencies operate at international, European, national, regional and local levels to support the transition to more sustainable energy systems. Local and regional energy agencies in Europe often provide advice, technical assistance, public information and support for energy projects, infrastructure and local energy plans. They also act as intermediaries between local, regional and national organizations and European networks. Typical services include information, advice, training, energy audits, awareness raising and helping to find incentive funds for energy management. Three energy agencies will present on their roles in supporting community energy activities.
Results of the Workshop on Sustainability Performance of the Energy SystemsIEA-ETSAP
The document summarizes the 72nd Semi-Annual ETSAP workshop held in Zurich, Switzerland on December 11-12, 2017. The workshop included presentations from researchers from 13 organizations on topics related to energy systems modeling, sustainability assessments, and energy policies. Key areas of discussion included improving the connection between bottom-up and top-down energy-economic models, assessing scenarios' economic, environmental and social sustainability, and identifying cost-effective low-carbon strategies for cities. Attendees discussed issues such as incorporating behavioral factors and transparency around renewable technologies in models.
Building & Business Level Carbon Accounting : Lessons from Business | Mike Bo...icarb
The document discusses key topics in carbon accounting for cities and communities from lessons learned in business carbon accounting. It outlines three main things: 1) Harmonization through common standards, processes, and platforms for data exchange and validation. 2) Assessment including establishing an emissions baseline, measuring performance against targets, and holistic evaluation. 3) Emerging trends such as benchmarking, full lifecycle analysis, and industrial ecology through industrial symbiosis and resource efficiency networks.
The document provides information about energy efficiency learnings and models in Finland. It discusses Finland's targets for 2020 related to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and increasing the share of renewables and energy efficiency. It describes the various tools Finland uses to promote energy efficiency, including legislation, subsidies, voluntary agreements and energy auditing. It also outlines the typical steps involved in energy auditing and management in Finland, and provides examples of energy savings identified in audits of industrial facilities.
Quality ventilation is key to achieving healthy buildings introductionSustainableEnergyAut
The document discusses the Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland's vision of moving towards a low carbon energy future through using less and cleaner energy and developing new solutions. It notes that energy efficiency is about reducing the amount of energy needed to heat homes and having more efficient ways of generating energy. The document also outlines some EU and Irish government targets around decarbonizing energy supply by 80-95% by 2050, achieving renewable energy sources in heating, and meeting EU energy efficiency and emissions targets for 2020.
The document summarizes the key findings from energy audits conducted at several manufacturing companies in Zambia. The audits found inefficient energy usage, including lack of energy management systems, unnecessary equipment running, and use of non-energy efficient lighting. Recommendations included establishing energy audit teams, training and awareness programs, installing efficient lighting and automated controls, improving maintenance to reduce leaks, and investing in power factor correction and quality equipment. Follow up audits and workshops were proposed to encourage energy efficiency improvements.
Economic Assessment of Low-Emission Development Scenarios for UkraineIEA-ETSAP
This document summarizes an economic assessment of low-emission development scenarios for Ukraine conducted by researchers from ETH Zürich. It finds that:
1) Ukraine currently has high carbon and energy intensity compared to other countries, with energy production relying heavily on fossil fuels like coal.
2) Modeling analysis was conducted using TIMES-Ukraine and UGEM models to assess policy scenarios focusing on energy efficiency, renewables, and market reforms.
3) A "RE scenario" achieving 92% renewable energy by 2050 showed significant reductions in GHG emissions and energy use while maintaining negative total system costs.
This document summarizes the current state of biomass power generation in the UK. It finds that while biomass power is a technology that can help meet the UK's renewable energy targets, it faces constraints including intermittent wind and solar sources and higher costs than some alternatives. Currently, biomass power is generated through both co-firing at large coal plants and smaller dedicated biomass facilities, but future support from government policies is uncertain as incentives like the Renewables Obligation are set to change.
Sustainable Uplands: learning to manage future changeBSBEtalk
This document discusses managing future change in upland areas through three main points:
1) The Sustainable Uplands Project scenario approach which develops multiple future scenarios to better anticipate and respond to changes.
2) Challenges and opportunities for upland management, with opportunities including carbon management through peatland restoration but challenges around balancing ecosystem services.
3) Paying for ecosystem services through schemes like payments for peatland restoration under the Peatland Code and place-based donation programs to help fund conservation.
Participatory development: a Kalahari case studyBSBEtalk
This document discusses participatory development and land degradation in southern Africa. It summarizes stakeholder participation as a process where those affected take an active role in decision making. It also defines stakeholders and describes land degradation and desertification issues affecting the region. The document outlines challenges in assessing multi-dimensional land degradation and engaging communities. It proposes developing indicators that empower non-specialists to monitor changes and potential solutions.
The deep retrofit programme in SEAI aims to deliver low energy and healthy homes in Ireland. The team present on the pilot programme to date. Presented at the AIVC and SEAI symposium at the Energy Show.
Planning a reliable power system with a high share of renewables in France by...IEA-ETSAP
Planning a reliable power system with a high share of renewables in France by 2050: a new multi-scale, multi-criteria framework
Mr. Yacine Alimou, Mines ParisTech
At the UNFCCC COP20 in Lima Peru, WRI, C40 and ICLEI launch the first internationally accepted standard for measuring emissions at the city level. The Global Protocol for Community-Scale Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventories (GPC) empowers cities to accurately identify where their emissions are coming from, set credible and achievable reduction targets, and consistently track progress.
Deep Retrofit: Energy Cultures and the Importance of Energy Practices Within ...SustainableEnergyAut
Dr Eimear Heaslip, NUIG: Deep Retrofit: Energy Cultures and the Importance of Energy Practices Within Households, SEAI Deep Retrofit conference, June 21st 2017
Stephen presentation on Voluntary carbon marketbrissiesugar
The document discusses the voluntary carbon market, including its key features, products, standards, price trends, benefits and costs. It notes that the voluntary market includes renewable energy, forestry, and methane capture projects. Standards include the Gold Standard and Voluntary Carbon Standard. Price trends have declined from 2007 levels but top products remain steady. The market benefits less polluting industries but does not necessarily reduce emissions. Potential exists in Vietnam if projects are reliably validated, especially those combining renewable energy and social benefits.
The document summarizes the Nottingham Declaration Action Pack, which provides guidance for local governments in the UK to address climate change through mitigation and adaptation efforts. It outlines the roles of local governments in managing their own estates, acting as service providers, and providing community leadership on climate issues. The Action Pack introduces a structured process for local governments to get started, assess their current situation and future risks, develop strategic approaches, implement plans, and prepare action plans to reduce emissions and increase resilience. It is meant to support municipalities that have signed the Nottingham Declaration and allows them to track their progress on climate goals.
Monitoring of Business Energy Performance for Fit-out Redevelopment Potential...EMEX
In 2014, Heathrow’s Terminal 2 Retail Fit-out Sustainability Project won the ‘Most energy efficient project of the year’ at the Environment and Energy Awards. This was for Discovery Mill’s approach and the work the Heathrow team collaboratively achieved with Heathrow’s retail business partners in reducing energy usage in T2 Retail. Predicted energy savings were assessed to be 17-24% compared to existing Terminal 5 operations, with additional direct savings for Heathrow through reduced central building plant consumption as well as reduced infrastructure costs.
Michelin's Ballymena plant in Northern Ireland produces over 1.4 million truck tires per year. Energy is a major cost for the plant, representing the second largest expense after payroll. Michelin has implemented an energy strategy focused on choosing efficient energy sources, utilizing competitive purchasing strategies, investing in capital projects to improve efficiency, and educating workers. This strategy has reduced the plant's energy costs by 25% and carbon emissions by 29% compared to using fuel oil alone. Michelin is also pursuing on-site renewable energy projects including wind turbines and combined heat and power to further reduce costs and emissions.
The Circular Economy and SMEs - Peter Czaga, Policy Officer, European Commiss...GreenEconomyCoalition
The document discusses the circular economy and how it relates to small and medium enterprises (SMEs). It provides an overview of the European Commission's upcoming communications that aim to establish a policy framework and modernize waste policy to transition to a circular economy. The circular economy aims to keep resources in products for longer and reduce waste. It also outlines the various actions needed to implement a circular economy, including eco-design, recycling, reuse, and industrial symbiosis. The document notes that a circular economy presents opportunities for SMEs through cost savings and new business opportunities in transitioning to more sustainable practices and green value chains. The European Commission plans various capacity building and financial support initiatives to help SMEs undertake resource efficiency improvements and participate
Changing the tyre while we’re driving: evolving a model at the same time as i...IEA-ETSAP
This document discusses using an energy systems optimization model called TIMES-Ireland Model (TIM) to inform carbon budget recommendations for Ireland. TIM can calculate the least-cost energy system configuration to meet future demands while respecting constraints. In the short-term, TIM can inform what changes are needed to meet decarbonization targets, the optimal emission reduction pathway over time and sectors, and the policy effort gap. Additional development is needed for TIM to fully inform other questions around carbon budgets, costs, and policies. The model developers aim to make TIM fully open-source and engage stakeholders in its use and development.
Energy agencies operate at international, European, national, regional and local levels to support the transition to more sustainable energy systems. Local and regional energy agencies in Europe often provide advice, technical assistance, public information and support for energy projects, infrastructure and local energy plans. They also act as intermediaries between local, regional and national organizations and European networks. Typical services include information, advice, training, energy audits, awareness raising and helping to find incentive funds for energy management. Three energy agencies will present on their roles in supporting community energy activities.
Results of the Workshop on Sustainability Performance of the Energy SystemsIEA-ETSAP
The document summarizes the 72nd Semi-Annual ETSAP workshop held in Zurich, Switzerland on December 11-12, 2017. The workshop included presentations from researchers from 13 organizations on topics related to energy systems modeling, sustainability assessments, and energy policies. Key areas of discussion included improving the connection between bottom-up and top-down energy-economic models, assessing scenarios' economic, environmental and social sustainability, and identifying cost-effective low-carbon strategies for cities. Attendees discussed issues such as incorporating behavioral factors and transparency around renewable technologies in models.
Building & Business Level Carbon Accounting : Lessons from Business | Mike Bo...icarb
The document discusses key topics in carbon accounting for cities and communities from lessons learned in business carbon accounting. It outlines three main things: 1) Harmonization through common standards, processes, and platforms for data exchange and validation. 2) Assessment including establishing an emissions baseline, measuring performance against targets, and holistic evaluation. 3) Emerging trends such as benchmarking, full lifecycle analysis, and industrial ecology through industrial symbiosis and resource efficiency networks.
The document provides information about energy efficiency learnings and models in Finland. It discusses Finland's targets for 2020 related to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and increasing the share of renewables and energy efficiency. It describes the various tools Finland uses to promote energy efficiency, including legislation, subsidies, voluntary agreements and energy auditing. It also outlines the typical steps involved in energy auditing and management in Finland, and provides examples of energy savings identified in audits of industrial facilities.
Quality ventilation is key to achieving healthy buildings introductionSustainableEnergyAut
The document discusses the Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland's vision of moving towards a low carbon energy future through using less and cleaner energy and developing new solutions. It notes that energy efficiency is about reducing the amount of energy needed to heat homes and having more efficient ways of generating energy. The document also outlines some EU and Irish government targets around decarbonizing energy supply by 80-95% by 2050, achieving renewable energy sources in heating, and meeting EU energy efficiency and emissions targets for 2020.
The document summarizes the key findings from energy audits conducted at several manufacturing companies in Zambia. The audits found inefficient energy usage, including lack of energy management systems, unnecessary equipment running, and use of non-energy efficient lighting. Recommendations included establishing energy audit teams, training and awareness programs, installing efficient lighting and automated controls, improving maintenance to reduce leaks, and investing in power factor correction and quality equipment. Follow up audits and workshops were proposed to encourage energy efficiency improvements.
Economic Assessment of Low-Emission Development Scenarios for UkraineIEA-ETSAP
This document summarizes an economic assessment of low-emission development scenarios for Ukraine conducted by researchers from ETH Zürich. It finds that:
1) Ukraine currently has high carbon and energy intensity compared to other countries, with energy production relying heavily on fossil fuels like coal.
2) Modeling analysis was conducted using TIMES-Ukraine and UGEM models to assess policy scenarios focusing on energy efficiency, renewables, and market reforms.
3) A "RE scenario" achieving 92% renewable energy by 2050 showed significant reductions in GHG emissions and energy use while maintaining negative total system costs.
This document summarizes the current state of biomass power generation in the UK. It finds that while biomass power is a technology that can help meet the UK's renewable energy targets, it faces constraints including intermittent wind and solar sources and higher costs than some alternatives. Currently, biomass power is generated through both co-firing at large coal plants and smaller dedicated biomass facilities, but future support from government policies is uncertain as incentives like the Renewables Obligation are set to change.
Sustainable Uplands: learning to manage future changeBSBEtalk
This document discusses managing future change in upland areas through three main points:
1) The Sustainable Uplands Project scenario approach which develops multiple future scenarios to better anticipate and respond to changes.
2) Challenges and opportunities for upland management, with opportunities including carbon management through peatland restoration but challenges around balancing ecosystem services.
3) Paying for ecosystem services through schemes like payments for peatland restoration under the Peatland Code and place-based donation programs to help fund conservation.
Participatory development: a Kalahari case studyBSBEtalk
This document discusses participatory development and land degradation in southern Africa. It summarizes stakeholder participation as a process where those affected take an active role in decision making. It also defines stakeholders and describes land degradation and desertification issues affecting the region. The document outlines challenges in assessing multi-dimensional land degradation and engaging communities. It proposes developing indicators that empower non-specialists to monitor changes and potential solutions.
Presentation by Prof Mark Reed and Dr Jasper Kenter to Nexus Network in 2014. Shared values are:
1. The values that bind us together as communities, societies and cultures (‘communal’, ‘societal’ and ‘cultural’ values)
2. Our moral principles and overarching life goals (‘transcendental’ values)
3. Other-regarding values and values in relation to society
4. The values that arise from deliberation and group-based decisions (‘deliberated’ and ‘group’ values)
This document summarizes research into factors influencing farmers' decisions to participate in agri-environment schemes in Wales. It examines interviews with 60 farmers about scheme decisions, criticisms of the Glastir program, and attitudes towards payments for ecosystem services. Key findings include that farmers are open to schemes for business reasons but have concerns about restrictions and viability. Improving communication and a coherent sustainable farming strategy are recommended to better incentivize participation.
Effects of Acute Alcohol Intoxication During EncodingHeather Flowe
The document summarizes a study that examined how alcohol intoxication during memory encoding affects witness metacognition, including willingness to volunteer information, confidence-accuracy calibration, and grain size regulation. The study found that participants who were mildly intoxicated were able to monitor and control their answers similarly to sober participants, with no effects of alcohol on quantity or accuracy of information volunteered, response confidence, or grain size.
This document summarizes an agenda for a breakfast seminar on survival analysis. The seminar will include an introduction to survival analysis, its origins and possible applications. It will demonstrate how to perform survival analysis using IBM SPSS Modeler and discuss closing remarks and a question and answer session. Speakers include experts from European Renal Best Practice, 4C Consulting, and IBM SPSS who will discuss topics like survival curves, the Cox proportional hazards model, and how to apply survival analysis to problems like customer churn.
This document provides an overview of survival analysis. It defines key terms like survival, censoring, and hazard functions. It describes the Kaplan-Meier method for estimating survival functions from censored data and comparing survival curves between groups using the log-rank test. Censoring occurs when subjects are lost to follow-up before the event of interest. The Kaplan-Meier method accounts for censoring to calculate the probability of surviving up to different time points.
Este documento es una carta de recomendación para un joven que trabajó en una empresa por 7 meses como técnico de mantenimiento de computadoras. La carta indica que el joven demostró honestidad, responsabilidad, habilidad y deseos de superación durante su empleo. Por lo tanto, el autor de la carta no duda en recomendar al joven para cualquier trabajo futuro al que aspire.
CRC Network | Implications of the CRC for the Public SectorAcre
CRC Network | Implications of the CRC for the Public Sector.
Guest Speakers' presentations from CRC Network event 07/10/09
The CRC Network connects professionals who will be involved in the Government’s Carbon Reduction Commitment Scheme. It is an independent network, providing a forum for solutions sharing, idea generation, and mutual understanding.
By joining the CRC Network, you will gain access to our Discussion Forum where you can connect with other professionals who are preparing for the CRC. View comments, questions and advice posted by others, or create your own posts.
You can join at www.crcnetwork.co.uk
CRC Network | Financial Implications of the CRC on the Private SectorAcre
The document discusses the implications of the UK's Carbon Reduction Commitment (CRC) for private sector organizations. It provides case studies from Lloyds Banking Group, BT, and Greenstone Carbon Management on their CRC strategies and the financial costs and implementation efforts of different compliance approaches, from doing nothing to proactive management. Greenstone Carbon Management then outlines CRC-related services it can provide to help organizations reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions.
Counting for Large Property Portfolios | Sean Lockie icarb
The document summarizes presentations given at the Westminster Carbon counting conference in 2008. It discusses the need for standards in carbon accounting, presents three case studies of carbon accounting projects, and describes Atkins' development of a carbon manual to standardize their carbon services.
This document summarizes key aspects of carbon offsets and the carbon offset market. It discusses the role of offsetting, what constitutes a carbon credit, ideal criteria for offsets, understanding additionality, types of carbon projects, certification standards, and transaction volumes in offsets.
1) GHG emissions need to be reduced in key sectors like energy (80%) and agriculture (23-40%) which will require collaboration. Renewable energy should focus on solar and electric vehicles.
2) A plan proposes reducing GHG emissions by 1/4 and resource usage by 30Mt through focusing on 4 key sectors and circulating 3% of GDP.
3) Balancing energy security and carbon neutrality will require investing in green technologies like electric vehicles and phasing down coal plants through strategies like increasing renewables and promoting EVs.
New Renewable Energy Strategy UK - Adam Brownuktila
The document discusses renewable energy strategy and opportunities in the UK. It outlines the UK's long term vision and supportive policies to increase renewable energy generation. Key points include the renewable obligation certificate scheme, rapid growth of onshore wind and offshore wind targets, and plans to meet the EU renewable energy target of 15% by 2020 through various policy measures and a focus on technologies like offshore wind, biomass, and wave/tidal.
This document provides an introduction to climate change, including:
1. The basics of climate change caused by greenhouse gas emissions from human activity.
2. Why companies should care about climate change due to risks like carbon taxes and changing regulations or opportunities like new markets.
3. How to measure emissions using established standards and protocols in order to set reduction targets.
4. Carbon pricing mechanisms like emissions trading schemes and carbon taxes used in many jurisdictions, as well as carbon capture and storage solutions.
The document summarizes a presentation on commercial reasons for Cornish businesses to reduce their carbon footprint and become more environmentally sustainable. It discusses the Green Cornwall program which aims to make Cornwall a leader in low carbon initiatives. Examples are given of local businesses that have improved their bottom line through reducing energy use, waste, and transportation emissions. Attendees are encouraged to use tools to measure their carbon footprint and ideas for how superfast broadband could help decrease emissions.
Best practice indicators at the sectoral level and where countries standNewClimate Institute
This document discusses best practice indicators for decarbonization at the sectoral level. It presents an overview of a comprehensive list of 35 indicators across 5 sectors plus sub-sectors. The document then provides examples of defining best practice for electricity emission intensity and transport road emission intensity. Countries are identified that best represent current best practice for these indicators. The document concludes that sectoral indicators allow identification of decarbonization trends not apparent at the macro level and help understand drivers of emissions pathways.
The document discusses green finance and renewable energy projects. It provides an overview of green finance, describing it as financing that supports low-carbon and environmentally sustainable projects and activities. It then discusses renewable energy project financing structures and mechanisms for supporting renewable energy in Ireland, such as REFIT. It concludes by discussing opportunities for Ireland to become a hub for green finance and stimulate economic growth through renewable technologies and financial enablers.
Australian National Greenhouse-and-energy Reporting Streamlining ProtocolYianni Mentis
This document introduces the National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting Streamlining Protocol, which was developed by the Council of Australian Governments to standardize greenhouse gas and energy reporting across different government programs. It aims to minimize the reporting burden on business by providing consistent terminology, accounting methods, and an online reporting tool. The proliferation of separate reporting requirements from different programs had previously imposed significant costs on companies. The protocol establishes common principles and definitions to streamline data collection and use while still meeting the objectives of individual initiatives.
Horizon 2020 Green Deal: Information and Consortia Building Event Series, 29 ...KTN
Over 400 people attended this exciting webinar which provided background information on various call topics and on support available for both UK and European organisations in how to apply for funding and search for partners. KTN hosted this event on behalf of Innovate UK and was delivered by Louise Mothersole, UK Horizon 2020 UK National Contact Point Transport, Stafford Lloyd, UK Horizon 2020 National Contact Point ICT and FET, Jane Watkins, European Programmes Knowledge Transfer Manager, KTN, and Helen Sweeney, Horizon 2020 UK National Contact Point for Sustainable Agriculture and the Bioeconomy.
A big thank you to the Speakers, Organisers and everyone who attended the event!
Darren Holman, Energy Services Product & Compliance Manager at TotalGlobal Business Events
1) The presentation discusses strategies to improve energy efficiency and outlines key drivers, challenges, and an strategic approach.
2) Major drivers include EU and UK political targets for emissions reductions and energy efficiency, as well as rising energy costs. Challenges include the landlord-tenant divide and inadequate metering/management systems.
3) The presentation recommends developing an overarching strategic approach including setting targets, implementing an energy management system, and taking a systematic approach to identifying and implementing projects.
Public policy transformation & Ireland’s electricity sector SustainableEnergyAut
Eamonn Confrey from the Department of Communications, Climate Action and Environment presents on the public policy transformation of Ireland's energy sector. (Presentation delivered at the inaugural National Energy Research and Policy Conference in Dublin, Nov 2019)
New Guidance & Standards for Climate Change Adaptation (Maria Pooley)EMEX
Climate change increasingly calls us to understand the impacts of the changing climate on our businesses, projects and operations. UK experts are leading the global effort to standardise approaches for organisations and projects to adapt to these changing conditions and to increase their own climate resilience.
The RE:FIT programme aims to help public bodies in London retrofit buildings to reduce energy costs and carbon emissions. It establishes an energy performance contracting model and framework of approved Energy Service Companies. Projects can range from quick fixes to major infrastructure upgrades. The programme is funded by the Greater London Authority and provides technical support and funding options to participating organizations. It has already helped retrofit over 400 buildings, saving over 30,000 tonnes of carbon annually and over £5 million in energy costs.
European market outlook by Ecosystem MarketplaceEtifor srl
The ECOSTAR Hub is pleased to present three original new reports benchmarking for the first time the size, scope, and scale of ecosystem market mechanisms in Europe for voluntary carbon, watershed investments, and biodiversity offsets and compensation. The reports have been developed by Ecosystem Marketplace and Etifor. Find out more!
This document provides an overview of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) under the Kyoto Protocol. It discusses the problem of climate change and the UNFCCC/Kyoto Protocol framework. It then describes the CDM process, including eligible project types, environmental benefits, project cycle, and financing options. It concludes with requirements for the Philippines to participate in CDM, including ratification of the Kyoto Protocol and establishing a Designated National Authority.
Concrete Industry Sustainable Construction StrategyVikki Jacobs
The concrete industry in the UK has committed to a strategy for sustainable construction. The strategy has four objectives: 1) agree on a common framework, 2) improve environmental profiles, 3) enable clients to achieve sustainability, and 4) communicate progress. Key 2012 targets include increasing certified environmental management systems to 85%, reducing waste to landfill by 15%, and reducing CO2 emissions by 17% from 1990 levels. The strategy aims to make the UK concrete industry a leader in sustainable construction by 2012.
Place-based Payments for Ecosystem ServicesBSBEtalk
This document summarizes research on developing a place-based approach to payments for ecosystem services (PES) for peatland restoration in the UK. The research included piloting PES schemes, social valuation of ecosystem services, and developing methods to bundle and value multiple ecosystem services. Key findings include the benefits of coordinating delivery of services across ecosystems, engaging stakeholders in governance through social valuation, and establishing fair prices through deliberation. Challenges include barriers to collaboration across property boundaries and integrating schemes for different habitats. Future research areas are developing cost-effective monitoring and understanding barriers to place-based PES partnerships.
Dicing with collective urban living visions epsrc finalBSBEtalk
This document describes the RUFkit project, which aims to facilitate public engagement on issues related to urban living through an unconventional board game approach. The RUFkit project involves partnerships between government, academic, and non-profit organizations from the UK, Europe, and Australia. The board game is designed to build dialogue across different groups, engage participants on an equal playing field, and help shape visions and plans on topics like sustainability strategies and rural/urban development issues. By taking an unconventional approach that removes preconceptions, the game aims to generate thoughtful discussion and consideration of issues from various perspectives.
This document discusses maximizing evidence to support biodiversity planning. It notes challenges like uncertainty, conflicting values and species decline. Less than a third of development plans have a strategic biodiversity approach. The Natural Environment White Paper and National Planning Policy Framework take different approaches. The divide between natural and built environment perspectives is exposed. Opportunities are discussed to better integrate ecosystem science into spatial planning through tools like ecosystem services valuation, ecological networks and green infrastructure. Case studies showcase how joined-up planning can recognize nature's value and better achieve biodiversity goals.
Dicing with participation for urban living BSBEtalk
This document describes RUFkit, a board game tool that can help codesign and cocrerate visions for urban living. RUFkit was created based on a previous game called Rufopoloy and has been used in various partnership projects around the world. It is designed to facilitate discussion on key urban issues and engage diverse groups in participatory planning. The game involves designing a custom board and questions, playing roles to discuss issues, and evaluating the process. The goal is to take participation out of conventional formats and build understanding across groups through an unconventional discussion tool.
Does the range of policy and funding mechanisms currently in place result in ...BSBEtalk
1) The current policy and funding mechanisms in the UK broadly result in effective delivery of ecosystem services from peatlands, but there is room for improvement.
2) Moving towards more place-based payments for ecosystem services schemes could better coordinate delivery of multiple ecosystem services at relevant scales. This involves combining public and private funding schemes.
3) Key barriers include limited markets and demand for private payment schemes, uncertainty around metrics and verification, and obstacles to collaboration across different land ownerships. Overcoming these barriers could help optimize ecosystem service delivery from peatlands in the UK.
Reading place, presentation for English Heritage, Nottingham, 2014 by Peter L...BSBEtalk
The document discusses the importance of understanding context when analyzing places and their characteristics. It emphasizes that context is made up of many interrelated factors at different scales, including history, architecture, street and plot patterns, vegetation, and more. It also stresses that places are varied and change over time and space. The ability to recognize detail and identify patterns is key to understanding context. The document questions how context should inform design and gives examples of how new developments have both respected and ignored their surrounding context.
The national ecosystem approach toolkit7janBSBEtalk
This document provides guidance on using an ecosystem approach to decision making. It outlines 12 principles for an ecosystem approach, including considering adjacent effects, managing systems for multiple benefits, and involving all relevant sectors of society. It then discusses how to apply these principles through tools like ecosystem service valuation, regulatory mechanisms, incentives, partnerships, and case studies. The key messages are to work across natural and built environments, develop effective partnerships, frame decisions around multiple benefits, collectively apply ecosystem approach principles, and learn through experience.
National Ecosystem Assessment Follow on special edition BSBEtalk
Built and natural Environment edition looking at applications of research in practice using ecosystem services but guided by the principles of the ecosystem approach.
National planning policy framework school reportBSBEtalk
The report finds that the National Planning Policy Framework could do much better in several key areas:
1) Only 41% of local authorities have an adopted local plan in place, allowing developers to propose ad-hoc developments without consistent local planning.
2) The duty to cooperate between local authorities has been flawed, focusing only on housing rather than broader strategic issues like climate change and infrastructure.
3) Permitted development changes are eroding good planning by allowing conversions without regard for local plans or localism.
4) Overall the NPPF needs to improve cooperation across all strategic issues, not just housing, and reduce uncertainty through frequent changes.
This document discusses the key characteristics of academic writing, including that it is complex, formal, objective, explicit, hedged, and precise. It provides examples of how academic writing uses complex language through higher lexical density. Formality is achieved by avoiding colloquial language and being objective by removing first-person pronouns. Explicitness involves clearly signposting ideas and relationships between parts of the text. Hedging uses cautious language to acknowledge uncertainty, and precision involves using specific details like dates, figures or definitions.
The use of risk in environmental management and decision making rescon2013BSBEtalk
This document summarizes the journey of the Birmingham Project from a risk-based model to a more proactive and adaptive management approach. It began with using risk assessments to establish an evidence base and identify high risk areas. This risk framework was then used politically to inform policy and guide investment decisions. However, the project has evolved to a vision of an "Ecosystem City" with cross-sector collaboration and bottom-up actions. The document reflects critically on risks of relying solely on a risk-based model and the need to consider uncertainties, values, and local contexts through adaptive management.
Going beyond boundaries: Doing interdisciplinary research in the rural urban ...BSBEtalk
This is a presentation made to a PhD Winterschool. It shows the power of working at edges and interfaces in order to make progress in theory and practice.
LWEC presentation on the Ecosystem Approach and the National Ecosystem Assess...BSBEtalk
This document proposes a framework for improving policy and decision-making through the use of tools that consider ecosystem services and natural capital. It acknowledges uncertainties in policy-making and limitations of current tools. The conceptual framework presents an "EATME tree" that guides the policy cycle with principles for an ecosystem approach. It maps examples of ecosystem services tools and groups them by type. The goal is to help practitioners select the right tools for a given stage and context through a "toolkit within a typology".
National Ecosystem Assessment Follow on: Making a tool of yourself BSBEtalk
This document discusses mainstreaming the principles of the ecosystem approach into policy and decision-making processes. It aims to adapt existing public policy and decision support tools within an ecosystem services framework to improve outcomes. The project will classify and adapt existing tools rather than create new ones. It will develop a conceptual framework and online resource featuring a typology of tools mapped to stages in the policy cycle, along with guidance. Case studies will demonstrate how bundles of tools can take an ecosystem services-based approach to challenges like strategic planning. The project seeks to break down silos and find common ground between academics, practitioners and policymakers to apply ecosystem thinking.
This document discusses research design and methods. It outlines different research philosophies like positivism and post-modernism and how they influence knowledge generation. Qualitative and quantitative approaches are compared, with qualitative focused on understanding perspectives and meanings, while quantitative prioritizes measurable and statistical data. Examples of research designs, data collection methods, and analyses are provided for both qualitative and quantitative work. The document stresses using primary data for dissertations and supplementing with secondary data.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Top 8 Strategies for Effective Sustainable Waste Management.pdfJhon Wick
Discover top strategies for effective sustainable waste management, including product removal and product destruction. Learn how to reduce, reuse, recycle, compost, implement waste segregation, and explore innovative technologies for a greener future.
different Modes of Insect Plant InteractionArchita Das
different modes of interaction between insects and plants including mutualism, commensalism, antagonism, Pairwise and diffuse coevolution, Plant defenses, how coevolution started
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
1. Prof Mark Reed
Research Manager, IUCN UK Peatland Programme
Birmingham City University
2. Summary
The voluntary standard for peatland restoration
projects in the UK that want to be sponsored on
the basis of their climate and other benefits
Guidance for restoration projects
Assurance for sponsors
In pilot phase (2013-2015)
Not an offsetting scheme
3. Development
IUCN Peatland conference, Stirling 2011
Report for EMTF: ranked their top opportunity
Highlighted in Defra’s PES Action Plan
National Action Plan & Committee
on Climate Change: “key priority”
Joint ministerial statement, 2013
Code developed via Valuing
Nature Network project and
Defra PES Pilot
4. Governance
Owned by IUCN UK Peatland Programme
Steering group chaired by Paul Vaight:
Government departments and agencies for UK and
devolved administrations
Environmental NGOs
Landowners
Business
Research
Defra-funded R&D project to support pilot phase
managed by selected steering group members
5. Here today
Scottish Gov./SNH
Neil Ritchie
Andrew Coupar
Defra
Colin Smith
Catherine Duggan
Emma Barley
Welsh Government
James Skates
Land owning
interests
Simon Thorp
NGOs
Clifton Bain
Research
Mark Reed
Business
Paul Vaight
6. Pilot sites
Exmoor
Pumlumon
Lake District
Peatland Code
Parnters across UK
providing data and
trialing methods
(including Peatland
Action)
7. Why is business interested?
Reduce costs (some sectors)
Demonstrate responsibility towards environment
In future, meet environmental obligations
Promote brands &
product lines linked
to peat
Restoration on Exmoor funded by South West Water
8. How will it work for landowners?
On top of agricultural payments via CAP
Minimum 30 year contracts during pilot phase
Possibility of shorter contexts via Glastir
Negotiate price with sponsor
Bi-laterally or via broker
Cover costs of work plus maintenance payments – no
set rate, to be agreed between buyer and seller
Submit Expression
of Interest to
Steering Group
Project Design
Document
Contracts and
project
implementation
Payments and work
start
9. Brokers
Commercial brokers are beginning to emerge
Peatland Alliance national prospectus and pitch:
Peatland-owning NGOs with selected landowners
Trusted brands and choice of sites
Government e.g. via Glastir?
10.
11. Next steps
Pure CSR (no offsets): Peatland Alliance –
pitching this Autumn
Mandatory carbon reporting: Peatland Code in
GHG Accounting Guidelines
Voluntary Carbon Markets after 2015 (e.g. via
Verified Carbon Standard)