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Managing Future Change in Upland Britain
- 1. relu Rural Economy and Land Use Programme relu Rural Economy and Land Use Programme
- 2. A thin wet sky, that yellows at the rim, And meets with sun-lost lip the marsh’s brim. Hushed lie the sedges, and the vapours creep, Thick, grey and humid, while the marshes sleep.
- 3. An Talamh Briste “The Broken Ground” (2006) By Anne Campbell Oil on canvas of a summer moorland walk with observations in pencil
- 4. relu Rural Economy and Land Use Programme
- 5. relu Rural Economy and Land Use Programme Plan% Part%1:%Managing%future%change% 1. The%project% 2. The%future%of%the%uplands% 3. Challenges%or%opportuni:es?% % Part%2:%Paying%for%peatlands% 1. Payments%for%Ecosystem%Services% 2. Peatland%Code%and%placeAbased%schemes% All#photos#and#video#have#copyright#permission#for#use#in#this#presenta6on# 24/10/14% 5%
- 6. relu Rural Economy and Land Use Programme Part 1
- 7. relu Rural Economy and Land Use Programme 1.1 Sustainable Uplands Project
- 8. Working#with#people#in#uplands#to# be;er#an6cipate#and#respond#to# future#change • Since%2005% • £1.1M%from%RELU%and%ESRC% • £1M%from%research%users% • 29%researchers:%Birmingham%City%University,%Universi:es%of% Leeds,%Aberdeen,%St%Andrews,%Durham,%Sheffield%&%others% with%Moors%for%the%Future%&%Heather%Trust%% relu Rural Economy and Land Use Programme
- 9. relu Rural Economy and Land Use Programme 1.2 The Future of the Uplands
- 10. “Where%do%we%come%from?% relu Rural Economy and Land Use Programme What%are%we?% Where%are%we%going?”%
- 11. relu Rural Economy and Land Use Programme ?% Fortune%Telling%
- 12. relu Rural Economy and Land Use Programme Dreaming%
- 13. relu Rural Economy and Land Use Programme Scenarios% “The%best%way%to%predict%the%future%is%to%invent%it”%Alan%Kay% The%future%belongs%to%those%who%prepare%for%it%today%Malcolm%X%
- 14. • “Thinking%out%of%the%box”%to%an:cipate%and% prepare%for%a%wider%range%of%futures%in%greater% depth% • Combines%knowledge%from%mul:ple% stakeholders%with%evidence%from%literature% and%computa:onal%modelling% • 7%steps…% relu Rural Economy and Land Use Programme A%new%approach%to%scenarios%
- 15. 1. Better understand stakeholders priorities and their relationships through stakeholder analysis and social network analysis, and select working group relu Rural Economy and Land Use Programme
- 16. 2. Understand current/future challenges/opportunities: interviews site visits with stakeholders/researchers relu Rural Economy and Land Use Programme
- 17. Ageing rural population relu Rural Economy and Land Use Programme Managed burns over Defra Burning Blanket Bog less area Code Review Burning Ban 10% left unburned Shorter Burning Season Less shooting days Future shooting ban Increased animal rights activism Lower economic returns from grouse Less moorland managed for grouse Smaller rural labour pool Demographic change Cultural change Conservation priorities More long heather More broadleaf forest More scrub More accidental fires Agricultural markets Climate Change to warmer/drier Less erosion Less water colour More erosion More water colour Less vegetation cover Afforestation schemes Conifer replacement schemes Burning technology advances CAP reform Single farm payment Environmental Stewardship Scheme Hill sheep less profitable Less game keepering Rural-urban migration Less interest in rural livelihoods Less intensive grazing Diversification? Ecological restoration Recreational priorities More control of burning Less bare ground Less 'flashy' hydrology Badly timed burns, possibly under burning Reduction in sheep numbers Increased recreational use - walking, climbing, tourism Reluctance to close moors under fire risk 3. Conceptual system model from interviews, site visits literature; trace drivers to create scenarios
- 18. 4. Refine and prioritise scenarios for investigation relu Rural Economy and Land Use Programme
- 19. 5. Model possible futures: details, feedbacks, scenarios interactions, ES trade-offs for future planning relu Rural Economy and Land Use Programme
- 20. 6.%Communicate%model%outputs%through%stories,%films% and%visualisa:ons%that%depict%different%likely%futures% relu Rural Economy and Land Use Programme
- 21. www.see.leeds.ac.uk/sustainableuplands 7.%Find%innova:ve%ways%that%people%can%respond%and%discuss% ideas%from%literature%(How%would%you%respond%if%this% happened?)% • Model%innova:ve%ideas:%how%likely%to%work?%% • Use%results%to%revise/refine%ideas%to%ensure%they%work% relu Rural Economy and Land Use Programme
- 22. • Extensifica:on%of%land%use% %management%in%uplands% • Intensifica:on% %(in#reality,#probably#a#patchwork#of#both)# relu Rural Economy and Land Use Programme The%scenarios%
- 23. 1.3 Challenges or opportunities? relu Rural Economy and Land Use Programme
- 24. relu Rural Economy and Land Use Programme Opportuni:es?% • Carbon management via peatland restoration (as opposed to renewable energy developments) under the extensification scenario may bring a number of co-benefits: • Less brown water • Reduced fire risk • Protection of moorland/bog species important for conservation • Limit scrub/forest encroachment • Supplement incomes in remote areas via carbon markets?
- 25. relu Rural Economy and Land Use Programme Challenges% • Extensive management will benefit biodiversity in over-grazed moorlands and carbon, but compromise provisioning services such as game and sheep production, and in drier locations where scrub/forest encroaches, lead to a loss of moorland species and current recreational benefits • Intensification prioritises provisioning services at the expense of most other ecosystem services • Both scenarios are likely to compromise upland biodiversity in in many locations • Already a source of conflict... Golden Plover
- 26. Upland communities tend to be well connected – this is the Moors relu Rural Economy and Land Use Programme for the Future partnership, in the Peak District
- 27. relu Rural Economy and Land Use Programme This is a sub-sample of 22 individuals we interviewed, showing those who communicated most with other (no matter how infrequently) in the network as larger dots Hill Farming Conservation Sporting Interests Water Companies Recreation
- 28. relu Rural Economy and Land Use Programme Those who communicate on a monthly or more frequent basis Hill Farming Sporting Conservation Interests Water Companies Recreation
- 29. relu Rural Economy and Land Use Programme Hill Farming Sporting Conservation Interests Water Companies Recreation “At the moment there is a conflict between us [Natural England] and the people who manage fires, that we need to sort out. It’s a big thing - its probably the most important thing.” “I think perhaps the moors are over-burnt and not respected from the point that they are driven too hard and pushed too hard for the purpose of the grouse…they are looking for more and more and more…But it becomes like any mono-culture then – if youre driven so single-mindedly by one thing, that tends to knacker nature – thats the problem.
- 30. relu Rural Economy and Land Use Programme Hill Farming Sporting Interests Water Companies Recreation Conservation The heather moorlands… are there because of grouse shooting. Full-stop… Whether we like it or not, grouse shooting is the raison dêtre. “[They] want to paint by numbers. The problem is [they] can’t tell you what the numbers are. [They] can’t tell you what is going to happen.” “I’ve spent thirty years managing land and I’ve s een all these things come and go. So when you tell me as a very sincere young man with a great deal of credentials, that your prescription is right, you just listen to me: the guy who gave me 100% grant aid…to plough heather moorland also believed he was right because moorland was “waste”.”
- 31. relu Rural Economy and Land Use Programme The majority of individuals perceive considerable overlap between their views on upland management and the views of those they know from other groups Hill Farming Sporting Conservation Interests Water Companies Recreation “I hear people say “Of course ours is the best way to manage...”. It’s the best way of managing moorland for grouse production. Absolutely A1. The best for anything else? That’s open to question and that’s probably why a mix with people doing different things is our best hope of creating some semblance of balance.” Agent
- 32. Reproduced%with%permission%from%Michal%Šúr% relu Rural Economy and Land Use Programme
- 33. relu Rural Economy and Land Use Programme
- 34. relu Rural Economy and Land Use Programme
- 35. relu Rural Economy and Land Use Programme
- 36. relu Rural Economy and Land Use Programme
- 37. relu Rural Economy and Land Use Programme
- 38. relu Rural Economy and Land Use Programme So what can we do?
- 39. 1.%Link%agricultural%payments%more%effec:vely%to% relu Rural Economy and Land Use Programme provision%of%ecosystem%services%
- 40. 2.%Facilitate%peatland%carbon%markets% relu Rural Economy and Land Use Programme
- 41. 3.%Understand%how%upland%researchers,%policy%makers%and% prac::oners%can%coAproduce%%share%knowledge%for%a%more% relu Rural Economy and Land Use Programme sustainable%future% %
- 42. relu Rural Economy and Land Use Programme 1.4 Discussion
- 43. relu Rural Economy and Land Use Programme Part 2
- 44. 2.1 Paying for Ecosystem Services relu Rural Economy and Land Use Programme
- 46. The problem
- 47. What are our options? ! Nationalisation of land ! Information provision and capacity building ! Regulation ! Financial mechanisms ! Creation of new markets
- 48. Payments for Ecosystem Services ! A voluntary transaction where ! A well-defined ecosystem service (or land use likely to secure that service) ! Is being bought by a (minimum one) ecosystem service buyer ! From a (minimum one) ecosystem service provider ! If and only if the ecosystem service provider secures provision (conditionality)
- 49. Payments for Ecosystem Services Best Practice Guide 10. Identify opportunities for multiple-benefit PES 9. Monitoring, evaluation review 8. Formalise the PES scheme relu Rural Economy and Land Use Programme Implement and review PES agreements Identify ES prospects, potential buyers and sellers Resolve institutional, legal technical issues Negotiate agreements 1. Identify PES opportunity 2. Identify potential PES actors 3. Assess the prospects for trade 4. Establish appropriate institutional set up 5. Address legal issues 6. Address technical issues 7. Develop ‘win-win’ markets
- 50. Who should pay?
- 51. Putting a price-tag on nature
- 53. Summary ! The voluntary standard for peatland restoration projects in the UK that want to be sponsored on the basis of their climate and other benefits Guidance for restoration projects Assurance for sponsors In pilot phase (2013-2015) Not an offsetting scheme
- 54. Development ! IUCN Peatland conference, Stirling 2011 ! Report for EMTF: ranked their top opportunity ! Highlighted in Defra’s PES Action Plan ! National Action Plan Committee on Climate Change: “key priority” ! Joint ministerial statement, 2013 ! Code developed via Valuing Nature Network project and Defra PES Pilot
- 55. Governance ! Owned by IUCN UK Peatland Programme ! Steering group chaired by Paul Vaight: Government departments and agencies for UK and devolved administrations Environmental NGOs Landowners Business Research ! Defra-funded RD project to support pilot phase managed by selected steering group members
- 56. Why is business interested? ! Reduce costs (some sectors) ! Demonstrate responsibility towards environment ! In future, meet environmental obligations ! Promote brands product lines linked to peat Restoration on Exmoor funded by South West Water
- 57. How will it work for landowners? ! Minimum 30 year contracts during pilot phase Possibility of shorter contexts via Glastir ! Negotiate price with sponsor Bi-laterally or via brokers Cover costs of work plus maintenance payments – no set rate, to be agreed between buyer and seller Submit Expression of Interest to Steering Group Project Design Document Contracts and project implementation Payments and work start
- 58. Brokers ! Commercial brokers are beginning to emerge ! Peatland Alliance national prospectus and pitch: Peatland-owning NGOs with selected landowners Trusted brands and choice of sites ! Government e.g. via Glastir?
- 59. Case study As a business that depends on peatlands for drinking water, we believe that restoring and maintaining peatlands in good condition can save the company and our customers money, whilst protecting the climate and wildlife. Our Upstream Thinking programme is already improving drinking water quality and reducing water treatment costs by improving land management on the moors. The Peatland Code offers us an opportunity for this work to be recognised nationally, and work with others to realise the benefits of healthy moorlands for the climate and wildlife.” Lewis Jones, Future Quality Obligations and RD Manager, South West Water
- 60. Case study
- 62. relu Rural Economy and Land Use Programme Place-Based Approaches
- 63. Helping walkers and cyclists learn about nature – and pay for it
- 65. Developed in conjunction with Pennine Prospects
- 66. Developed in conjunction with Nurture Lakeland, Project Maya Community Interest Company, URS consulting, Visit England, Campaign for National Parks and the English National Park Authorities Association.
- 67. Key findings ! Benefits of linking donations to the provision of ecosystem services included: Ability to link payments to specific, tangible and measurable benefits, which evidence from the literature suggests may increase donations Raising awareness about conservation and the wider societal benefits of the projects they support Avoiding perceptions that visitor giving is a “bed tax”, and so encouraging wider participation in schemes ! Apps may reduce cost of administering schemes and elicit payments linked to visitor destinations
- 68. Conclusions
- 69. sustainableuplands.org% % Follow%on:%% % @reluuplands% @SustainLearning% @lecmsr%(Mark)% % %