This document discusses improving climate mainstreaming in the EU budget. It outlines the 20% climate target for EU spending from 2014-2020 and examines how climate objectives are mainstreamed horizontally through major projects and public procurement. It analyzes how climate priorities are considered in decisions on program priorities and implementation. Options to strengthen the EU's approach to mainstreaming climate objectives are proposed, such as determining budgetary contributions to climate targets and improving reporting requirements to encourage broader mainstreaming.
The EU uses blending facilities to leverage private sector investment for low carbon and climate resilient infrastructure projects. Between 2007-2014, the EU allocated €2.7 billion in grants through various blending facilities, mobilizing €23 billion from European financial institutions to support 272 projects with total budgets of €50 billion. Blending facilities provide grants, guarantees, and other financial instruments to develop climate change mitigation and adaptation projects worldwide. Over €1.25 billion in EU grants have been committed to green projects through climate change windows in regional blending facilities.
During the webinar, the speakers promoted a set of training materials that is freely available for those interested in learning more about the implementation of NDCs in the agriculture sector in Africa.
More info about the webinar: https://ccafs.cgiar.org/implementing-ndcs-agriculture-sector-across-africa-what-directions-capacity-building#.XxaxH_gzbfZ
The document outlines plans for the ENVIRONET 2017-18 biennium work program and key upcoming milestones. It notes that the current program has four themes under two pillars but is underfunded by about 26% or 600k euros. Upcoming tasks include further developing policy recommendations and guidance on topics like climate finance statistics, mainstreaming environment into development, and private sector engagement. Members' priorities for ENVIRONET include mainstreaming environment considerations, supporting partner countries on climate challenges, and mobilizing private finance.
This document discusses improving climate mainstreaming in the EU budget. It outlines the 20% climate target for EU spending from 2014-2020 and examines how climate objectives are mainstreamed horizontally through major projects and public procurement. It analyzes how climate priorities are considered in decisions on program priorities and implementation. Options to strengthen the EU's approach to mainstreaming climate objectives are proposed, such as determining budgetary contributions to climate targets and improving reporting requirements to encourage broader mainstreaming.
The EU uses blending facilities to leverage private sector investment for low carbon and climate resilient infrastructure projects. Between 2007-2014, the EU allocated €2.7 billion in grants through various blending facilities, mobilizing €23 billion from European financial institutions to support 272 projects with total budgets of €50 billion. Blending facilities provide grants, guarantees, and other financial instruments to develop climate change mitigation and adaptation projects worldwide. Over €1.25 billion in EU grants have been committed to green projects through climate change windows in regional blending facilities.
During the webinar, the speakers promoted a set of training materials that is freely available for those interested in learning more about the implementation of NDCs in the agriculture sector in Africa.
More info about the webinar: https://ccafs.cgiar.org/implementing-ndcs-agriculture-sector-across-africa-what-directions-capacity-building#.XxaxH_gzbfZ
The document outlines plans for the ENVIRONET 2017-18 biennium work program and key upcoming milestones. It notes that the current program has four themes under two pillars but is underfunded by about 26% or 600k euros. Upcoming tasks include further developing policy recommendations and guidance on topics like climate finance statistics, mainstreaming environment into development, and private sector engagement. Members' priorities for ENVIRONET include mainstreaming environment considerations, supporting partner countries on climate challenges, and mobilizing private finance.
This document discusses sources and types of climate financing mechanisms. It outlines key messages on climate finance including the need to address how much funding is required and where it will come from. It then provides an overview of existing global funding mechanisms like the Global Environmental Facility and Adaptation Fund. It also discusses sources of climate finance including private, public, and multilateral sources. The document outlines instruments used to disburse funds like loans, equity, and grants. It notes that most financing supports mitigation efforts while a smaller portion goes to adaptation. Innovative means to leverage more funds are also proposed.
This document provides an overview of Module 5 on climate change finance. The module has three sections that describe: 1) sources of climate finance including public, private, international and national streams, 2) elements of national climate finance planning including revenues, spending, leveraging private investment, and 3) the international architecture for climate finance including funds, carbon markets, and mechanisms for developing countries to access support. The module aims to help participants understand the landscape of climate change finance sources and how countries can mobilize finance for climate actions.
Strategic Priorities of Ethiopia's National Adaptation PlanNAP Global Network
The National Adaptation Plan of Ethiopia aims to reduce vulnerability to climate change impacts by building adaptive capacity and resilience. It identifies the agriculture, forestry, health, transport, power, industry, water and urban sectors as most vulnerable. Eighteen adaptation options have been identified for implementation across development sectors. Ethiopia's strategic priorities include mainstreaming adaptation into development policies and plans, building long-term institutional capacities, improving knowledge management, implementing sustainable funding mechanisms, and advancing adaptation research.
The document summarizes the third report of the CBD Panel of Experts on Resource Mobilization, which presents a strategic approach to resource mobilization in support of the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework. The approach includes three components: 1) Reduce or redirect resources causing harm to biodiversity, 2) Generate additional resources from all sources to achieve biodiversity objectives, and 3) Enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of resource use. Key recommendations involve mainstreaming biodiversity across government budgets, development finance, business models, and incentives; increasing biodiversity-related public and private finance; and improving governance, partnerships, and monitoring of resource mobilization efforts.
During the webinar, the speakers promoted a set of training materials that is freely available for those interested in learning more about the implementation of NDCs in the agriculture sector in Africa.
More info about the webinar: https://ccafs.cgiar.org/implementing-ndcs-agriculture-sector-across-africa-what-directions-capacity-building#.XxaxH_gzbfZ
Ghana Nat CC committee retreat - development & CC overview2 picsDr Seán Doolan, MBA
This document discusses strategies for developing an effective national climate change response in Ghana. It notes the need for a comprehensive approach that facilitates coordination across stakeholders from different levels and sectors of government as well as civil society. Developing climate strategies will require identifying champions, framing issues to attract political support, and mainstreaming climate considerations into development planning and budgeting processes. The document also emphasizes the importance of establishing clear governance structures and engaging multiple stakeholders, as well as developing capacity and accessing adequate financing through national and international mechanisms.
Can carbon bring development? 'Avoided deforestation' carbon markets and impl...Euforic Services
The document discusses Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD), an international mechanism to incentivize reducing deforestation rates in developing countries. REDD has the potential to provide large financial benefits but also risks. It may reward countries with historically poor forest management. Ensuring benefits reach small producers and rural poor communities presents governance challenges. While REDD could fund shifts to more sustainable forestry and agriculture, strict rules may disadvantage small producers. Careful program design is needed to balance environmental, economic and social objectives.
OECD-UNDP Conference on Biodiversity Finance - Session 1 Edward Perry, OECD OECD Environment
This document summarizes the global biodiversity finance landscape. It outlines the key sources, intermediaries, and implementers of biodiversity finance flows. It estimates total annual biodiversity finance is $78-91 billion from public, private, and international sources. However, governments spend around $500 billion annually on activities harmful to biodiversity. It recommends improving tracking and assessment of biodiversity finance flows to help close the biodiversity funding gap.
The document provides background on the UNFCCC and key climate agreements and processes related to agriculture and nationally determined contributions (NDCs). It discusses the establishment of the UNFCCC and IPCC in the 1980s-1990s, the Kyoto Protocol in 1997, and the Paris Agreement in 2015. It outlines requirements for NDCs and highlights that agriculture is reflected in many initial NDCs submitted, with priorities including adaptation and mitigation measures in the sector. The document emphasizes that agriculture is important for climate adaptation, mitigation and food security, and that support is needed for NDC implementation.
This document discusses climate change and development in Ghana. It notes that Ghana needs a comprehensive vision and cross-government approach to address opportunities and challenges from climate change. While technical capacity is limited, climate change could significantly impact Ghana's agriculture, energy, infrastructure, and coastal areas. The document calls for Ghana to develop climate compatible growth plans that integrate adaptation, mitigation, and development over both long and short term time horizons with support from both domestic and international partners.
Uganda has experienced mainstreaming biodiversity through its UNDP Biodiversity Finance Initiative (BIOFIN).
The presentation outlines Uganda's experience with BIOFIN, including taking stock of biodiversity facts, policies, expenditures and developing a National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan. It also discusses other biodiversity funding mechanisms and the process of mainstreaming biodiversity into national development plans and infrastructure projects.
Key challenges to mainstreaming include limited funding, population growth, lack of data, and prioritizing physical infrastructure over natural resources. However, opportunities exist in areas like value addition to biodiversity products, improved markets, employment, and developing payment for ecosystem services programs.
This document discusses Brazil's experience with public benefit funds (PBF) to fund energy efficiency (EE) and energy research and development (R&D) activities following the restructuring of its power sector in the 1990s. It finds that while PBF increased funding levels for EE and R&D, the funds were not sufficient and their administration faced challenges. Lessons include the need for better program design by utilities, improved evaluation of activities, and more coordination among involved actors to maximize impact.
This presentation gives a bilateral development partner perspective of mainstreaming biodiversity and environment in the Mekong region. It gives a brief introduction to development and environment trends in the Mekong region, mainstreaming challenges, Finland's development policy tools to mainstream environment and biodiversity, and lessons learnt.
1.6 LIFE: the EU programme for the Environment & Climate action (A.Burrill)Stevie Swenne
Presentation of Anne Burrill (EU Commission - DG ENV) on 'LIFE: the EU programme for the Environment & Climate action' during the conference 'Environmental challenges & Climate change opportunities' organised by Flanders Environment Agency (VMM)
Ethiopia’s Climate Change Adaptation Policies: OverviewNAP Global Network
Presentation by Kahsay Hagos Kahsay, senior expert on Climate Change Planning and Program Preparation, as part of Ethiopia's National Adaptation Plan (NAP) Assembly
This document discusses identifying and reforming subsidies that are harmful to biodiversity. It notes the need to scale up biodiversity finance but also reform subsidies that harm biodiversity. It discusses steps to reform such as understanding their effects and developing realistic reform plans. It provides data on agricultural and fisheries subsidies and their potential environmental impacts. It also discusses tracking fossil fuel subsidies and reform guidance being developed at the OECD. Key lessons on overcoming barriers to reform discussed include building an evidence base, stakeholder engagement, consolidating gains, and building alliances.
During the webinar, the speakers promoted a set of training materials that is freely available for those interested in learning more about the implementation of NDCs in the agriculture sector in Africa.
More info about the webinar: https://ccafs.cgiar.org/implementing-ndcs-agriculture-sector-across-africa-what-directions-capacity-building#.XxaxH_gzbfZ
This document discusses new data sources and technologies in the energy sector and the transition to more distributed and dynamic energy systems. It notes that reaching the 2 degree climate target will require lowering the carbon intensity of energy, which has remained stable for 50 years. While alternative and distributed energy is growing rapidly, the energy sector innovates slowly, particularly electricity distribution grids that are often over 40 years old. Future energy systems will generate and utilize significantly more data from sources like smart meters, batteries, electric vehicles, the internet of things and customer behavior. However, addressing gaps along the innovation chain through things like accelerating demonstration projects, standardization, and customer adoption of new technologies will be challenging.
Briner (oecd)durable2015 built to last (2) ccxg gf-march2014OECD Environment
The document outlines a discussion on designing a flexible and durable 2015 climate change agreement. It discusses that a durable agreement would remain ambitious and fair in response to future changes. It explores structuring the agreement with a core political document and annexes. The use of flexible metrics like emissions intensity by some parties is proposed to increase responsiveness to external factors and make contributions more durable over time. The document poses questions about interpreting durability and structuring the agreement to be durable.
This document discusses sources and types of climate financing mechanisms. It outlines key messages on climate finance including the need to address how much funding is required and where it will come from. It then provides an overview of existing global funding mechanisms like the Global Environmental Facility and Adaptation Fund. It also discusses sources of climate finance including private, public, and multilateral sources. The document outlines instruments used to disburse funds like loans, equity, and grants. It notes that most financing supports mitigation efforts while a smaller portion goes to adaptation. Innovative means to leverage more funds are also proposed.
This document provides an overview of Module 5 on climate change finance. The module has three sections that describe: 1) sources of climate finance including public, private, international and national streams, 2) elements of national climate finance planning including revenues, spending, leveraging private investment, and 3) the international architecture for climate finance including funds, carbon markets, and mechanisms for developing countries to access support. The module aims to help participants understand the landscape of climate change finance sources and how countries can mobilize finance for climate actions.
Strategic Priorities of Ethiopia's National Adaptation PlanNAP Global Network
The National Adaptation Plan of Ethiopia aims to reduce vulnerability to climate change impacts by building adaptive capacity and resilience. It identifies the agriculture, forestry, health, transport, power, industry, water and urban sectors as most vulnerable. Eighteen adaptation options have been identified for implementation across development sectors. Ethiopia's strategic priorities include mainstreaming adaptation into development policies and plans, building long-term institutional capacities, improving knowledge management, implementing sustainable funding mechanisms, and advancing adaptation research.
The document summarizes the third report of the CBD Panel of Experts on Resource Mobilization, which presents a strategic approach to resource mobilization in support of the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework. The approach includes three components: 1) Reduce or redirect resources causing harm to biodiversity, 2) Generate additional resources from all sources to achieve biodiversity objectives, and 3) Enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of resource use. Key recommendations involve mainstreaming biodiversity across government budgets, development finance, business models, and incentives; increasing biodiversity-related public and private finance; and improving governance, partnerships, and monitoring of resource mobilization efforts.
During the webinar, the speakers promoted a set of training materials that is freely available for those interested in learning more about the implementation of NDCs in the agriculture sector in Africa.
More info about the webinar: https://ccafs.cgiar.org/implementing-ndcs-agriculture-sector-across-africa-what-directions-capacity-building#.XxaxH_gzbfZ
Ghana Nat CC committee retreat - development & CC overview2 picsDr Seán Doolan, MBA
This document discusses strategies for developing an effective national climate change response in Ghana. It notes the need for a comprehensive approach that facilitates coordination across stakeholders from different levels and sectors of government as well as civil society. Developing climate strategies will require identifying champions, framing issues to attract political support, and mainstreaming climate considerations into development planning and budgeting processes. The document also emphasizes the importance of establishing clear governance structures and engaging multiple stakeholders, as well as developing capacity and accessing adequate financing through national and international mechanisms.
Can carbon bring development? 'Avoided deforestation' carbon markets and impl...Euforic Services
The document discusses Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD), an international mechanism to incentivize reducing deforestation rates in developing countries. REDD has the potential to provide large financial benefits but also risks. It may reward countries with historically poor forest management. Ensuring benefits reach small producers and rural poor communities presents governance challenges. While REDD could fund shifts to more sustainable forestry and agriculture, strict rules may disadvantage small producers. Careful program design is needed to balance environmental, economic and social objectives.
OECD-UNDP Conference on Biodiversity Finance - Session 1 Edward Perry, OECD OECD Environment
This document summarizes the global biodiversity finance landscape. It outlines the key sources, intermediaries, and implementers of biodiversity finance flows. It estimates total annual biodiversity finance is $78-91 billion from public, private, and international sources. However, governments spend around $500 billion annually on activities harmful to biodiversity. It recommends improving tracking and assessment of biodiversity finance flows to help close the biodiversity funding gap.
The document provides background on the UNFCCC and key climate agreements and processes related to agriculture and nationally determined contributions (NDCs). It discusses the establishment of the UNFCCC and IPCC in the 1980s-1990s, the Kyoto Protocol in 1997, and the Paris Agreement in 2015. It outlines requirements for NDCs and highlights that agriculture is reflected in many initial NDCs submitted, with priorities including adaptation and mitigation measures in the sector. The document emphasizes that agriculture is important for climate adaptation, mitigation and food security, and that support is needed for NDC implementation.
This document discusses climate change and development in Ghana. It notes that Ghana needs a comprehensive vision and cross-government approach to address opportunities and challenges from climate change. While technical capacity is limited, climate change could significantly impact Ghana's agriculture, energy, infrastructure, and coastal areas. The document calls for Ghana to develop climate compatible growth plans that integrate adaptation, mitigation, and development over both long and short term time horizons with support from both domestic and international partners.
Uganda has experienced mainstreaming biodiversity through its UNDP Biodiversity Finance Initiative (BIOFIN).
The presentation outlines Uganda's experience with BIOFIN, including taking stock of biodiversity facts, policies, expenditures and developing a National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan. It also discusses other biodiversity funding mechanisms and the process of mainstreaming biodiversity into national development plans and infrastructure projects.
Key challenges to mainstreaming include limited funding, population growth, lack of data, and prioritizing physical infrastructure over natural resources. However, opportunities exist in areas like value addition to biodiversity products, improved markets, employment, and developing payment for ecosystem services programs.
This document discusses Brazil's experience with public benefit funds (PBF) to fund energy efficiency (EE) and energy research and development (R&D) activities following the restructuring of its power sector in the 1990s. It finds that while PBF increased funding levels for EE and R&D, the funds were not sufficient and their administration faced challenges. Lessons include the need for better program design by utilities, improved evaluation of activities, and more coordination among involved actors to maximize impact.
This presentation gives a bilateral development partner perspective of mainstreaming biodiversity and environment in the Mekong region. It gives a brief introduction to development and environment trends in the Mekong region, mainstreaming challenges, Finland's development policy tools to mainstream environment and biodiversity, and lessons learnt.
1.6 LIFE: the EU programme for the Environment & Climate action (A.Burrill)Stevie Swenne
Presentation of Anne Burrill (EU Commission - DG ENV) on 'LIFE: the EU programme for the Environment & Climate action' during the conference 'Environmental challenges & Climate change opportunities' organised by Flanders Environment Agency (VMM)
Ethiopia’s Climate Change Adaptation Policies: OverviewNAP Global Network
Presentation by Kahsay Hagos Kahsay, senior expert on Climate Change Planning and Program Preparation, as part of Ethiopia's National Adaptation Plan (NAP) Assembly
This document discusses identifying and reforming subsidies that are harmful to biodiversity. It notes the need to scale up biodiversity finance but also reform subsidies that harm biodiversity. It discusses steps to reform such as understanding their effects and developing realistic reform plans. It provides data on agricultural and fisheries subsidies and their potential environmental impacts. It also discusses tracking fossil fuel subsidies and reform guidance being developed at the OECD. Key lessons on overcoming barriers to reform discussed include building an evidence base, stakeholder engagement, consolidating gains, and building alliances.
During the webinar, the speakers promoted a set of training materials that is freely available for those interested in learning more about the implementation of NDCs in the agriculture sector in Africa.
More info about the webinar: https://ccafs.cgiar.org/implementing-ndcs-agriculture-sector-across-africa-what-directions-capacity-building#.XxaxH_gzbfZ
This document discusses new data sources and technologies in the energy sector and the transition to more distributed and dynamic energy systems. It notes that reaching the 2 degree climate target will require lowering the carbon intensity of energy, which has remained stable for 50 years. While alternative and distributed energy is growing rapidly, the energy sector innovates slowly, particularly electricity distribution grids that are often over 40 years old. Future energy systems will generate and utilize significantly more data from sources like smart meters, batteries, electric vehicles, the internet of things and customer behavior. However, addressing gaps along the innovation chain through things like accelerating demonstration projects, standardization, and customer adoption of new technologies will be challenging.
Briner (oecd)durable2015 built to last (2) ccxg gf-march2014OECD Environment
The document outlines a discussion on designing a flexible and durable 2015 climate change agreement. It discusses that a durable agreement would remain ambitious and fair in response to future changes. It explores structuring the agreement with a core political document and annexes. The use of flexible metrics like emissions intensity by some parties is proposed to increase responsiveness to external factors and make contributions more durable over time. The document poses questions about interpreting durability and structuring the agreement to be durable.
Extended producer responsibility (EPR) is a key policy approach to promote more sustainable materials management. The document discusses a survey of EPR policies around the world. The survey found that EPR policies are most common in Europe and focus on waste from electronics, packaging, tires, and vehicles. Common policy instruments include take-back requirements, deposit-refund systems, and advance disposal fees. The objective of the forum is to update EPR guidance, share experiences implementing EPR, and gain consensus on effective policy measures, including involvement from emerging markets.
The document summarizes the CAWECOOP project which aims to promote dialogue around water and environmental issues in Central Asia through four main objectives: 1) Building national and regional networks on water issues; 2) Promoting tools for better regional water management; 3) Supporting experience sharing on water, land use and energy; 4) Providing capacity building for specialists. The 18 month, EUR 1.3 million project funded by the EU involves the 5 Central Asian states. It is expected to strengthen cooperation platforms on water issues and increase the availability of technologies, tools and skills for practitioners and policymakers while sharing best practices and improving stakeholder capacities.
SESSION 1: Rob Dellink, OECD_ Land Water Energy Nexus - CIRCLE workshop Oct....OECD Environment
The document discusses linking different economic and environmental models to analyze the land-water-energy nexus and its consequences for economic growth. It proposes:
1) Soft-linking models by using the output of one model as input for another and harmonizing scenario storylines.
2) A staged modelling approach using ENV-Growth for macroeconomics, ENV-Linkages for sectoral projections and emissions, and IMAGE for biophysical impacts.
3) Feedback loops, with ENV-Linkages incorporating impacts on economic activity from IMAGE's analysis of changes in crop productivity, prices, and trade patterns.
The document discusses emerging technologies and firm dynamics in relation to green growth. It covers three main topics: 1) discretionary public support for technologies, noting that support is needed but current portfolios may not be optimal, 2) the role of firm dynamics in driving green innovation as young firms are important, and 3) public policy considerations including pricing carbon, ramping up R&D, and evaluating support mechanisms. The document concludes that acting now through international cooperation, mission-driven initiatives, and designing policies that support new entrants will be important for promoting green growth.
Parallel Session C - Presentation by Lucas PorschOECD Environment
The document discusses measuring innovation for sustainability and the green economy. It describes the NETGREEN project, which analyzed existing indicators for measuring progress toward sustainable development and the green economy. It discusses challenges in measuring eco-innovation, as the effects of innovation on the environment are indirect. Eco-innovation indicators attempt to capture different stages of impact, from inputs like R&D to outputs like patents to outcomes like new technologies and environmental impacts. However, indicators are often misunderstood because their interrelations are complex. There is a need for better access to indicators and explanation of their appropriate uses and limitations.
2015 05-20 - oecd green investment financing forum session 9 institutional in...OECD Environment
PensionDanmark invests directly in alternative assets like infrastructure and real estate instead of through funds for better control over returns, time horizons, and exits. Direct investing requires significant internal expertise to properly assess risks and not invest in things not understood. PensionDanmark will invest 10% of its assets in energy infrastructure assets and now owns 2000MW of green power capacity. Examples of direct infrastructure investments include onshore wind farms in the US and Texas, an offshore wind farm in Denmark, a gas transmission network in the Netherlands, and biomass power plants in the UK through an 85/15 joint venture with Burmeister & Wain Scandinavian Contractor.
Financing climate actions using international and domestic sources OECD Environment
The document discusses climate change policy and financing in Moldova. It summarizes Moldova's targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions 64-67% unconditionally and up to 78% conditionally below 1990 levels by 2030 as outlined in its INDC. It also outlines Moldova's national climate adaptation strategy and LEDS currently being developed. Recent climate projects financed through international sources and national funds are mentioned. National funds supporting climate, energy efficiency and renewable energy include the Energy Efficiency Fund and National Ecological Fund. Discussions are also underway regarding support from the Green Climate Fund.
For growth or sale is private equity right for youKDLollar
This document provides an overview and agenda for a private equity seminar. The seminar aims to demystify private equity and covers topics such as what private equity is, common myths about private equity, the deal process, maximizing company value before a transaction, deal financing structures, tax implications, and next steps. The agenda includes sessions on private equity fundamentals, the deal process, obstacles to deals, maximizing value, financing deals, tax considerations, and a Q&A.
The European Commission has taken several actions to promote resource efficiency and a circular economy among SMEs in the EU. This includes establishing centers to build capacity for SMEs in resource efficiency, providing funding support through Horizon 2020, LIFE, and other programs, and developing standards and guidelines. The Commission's Circular Economy Package aims to close product lifecycles and bring environmental and economic benefits through greater recycling and reuse.
This document discusses IBM's focus on innovation to drive green growth. It notes that IBM files over 7,000 patents per year, spends $6 billion annually on R&D, and has acquired over 150 companies since 2000 focused on software and services. It then outlines how cognitive systems using machine learning, natural language processing, and other techniques can help leverage the growing amounts of unstructured data. Specific examples are given around using real-time and predictive data from IoT sensors to optimize waste management, freight delivery routes, and water utilities maintenance. The document advocates taking a cross-disciplinary approach and using emerging technologies to anticipate issues and deliver green solutions in partnership with other organizations.
This document discusses investment trends in the global energy sector and the changes needed to meet climate targets. It finds that while renewables investment has increased, fossil fuels still dominate. Transitioning to a 2 degree Celsius pathway would require tripling low-carbon power investment to $730 billion annually by 2035, mostly in renewables. It also notes that reducing the cost of capital for renewables could lower required subsidies by 40%. Overall investment needs are similar, but policies are needed to redirect capital flows towards low-carbon technologies and meet climate goals.
CCXG Global Forum 19 March 2015 Breakout Group 1 summaryOECD Environment
This document discusses strategic reviews of nations' climate change mitigation contributions and the use of carbon markets. It notes that a strategic review process could enhance countries' climate ambitions over time. There is debate over whether reviews should focus on current or future commitments and whether recommendations should be prescriptive. The document also stresses the importance of enabling carbon markets in nations' climate plans to engage the private sector and ensure environmental integrity, while details can be determined later.
This document summarizes a discussion on accounting for post-2020 mitigation contributions. It notes that diverse nationally determined contributions will increase complexity and uncertainty in accounting. There was discussion on whether non-greenhouse gas contributions should be translated to greenhouse gases. It was also noted that baseline-and-credit contributions and REDD+ framework convergence could impact land-use accounting. The group viewed that countries could opt into a set of market rules. Preventing double-counting of contributions was seen as important. The timing and sequencing of developing accounting rules in relation to the 2015 agreement was also discussed.
This document discusses the environmental and health impacts of excess nitrogen pollution. It notes that disturbance of the global nitrogen cycle from human activities is greater than our modification of the carbon cycle. Excess nitrogen causes biodiversity loss in natural ecosystems and inland waters, harming ecology through algal blooms and fish kills. Coastal nutrient pollution also harms coastal communities through events like algal blooms and shellfish closures. The scale of the nitrogen challenge in European waters exceeds targets for riverine and drinking water concentrations. Addressing nitrogen pollution requires integrated, cross-sectoral solutions that consider its effects across domains like climate, biodiversity, air and water.
1) Japan experienced rapid increases in municipal solid waste from 1955-1970 due to economic growth. Similar increases occurred in industrial waste.
2) To address the waste problems, Japan enacted numerous laws from the 1960s onward to promote proper waste treatment, recycling, and the establishment of a sound material-cycle society.
3) Current policies focus on reducing waste generation, increasing recycling rates, and reducing the amount of final waste disposal. The 3rd Fundamental Plan aims to further these goals by 2020.
This document provides an overview of climate finance by defining key terms, describing the flow of climate finance including sources and intermediaries, quantifying the size of climate finance, discussing ways to leverage private investment and de-risk climate projects, and giving examples of carbon pricing initiatives and instruments like green bonds. The summary highlights that climate finance comes from various public and private sources, flows through intermediaries like the GEF and GCF to support mitigation and adaptation in developing countries, and aims to scale up funding while engaging the private sector through de-risking and leveraging strategies.
Ontario’s 2017 Long-Term Energy Plan was issued on October 26, 2017. This presentation provides an update on the following:
1.Overview of the LTEP Process
2.Demand and Electricity GHG Emissions Outlook
3.Key LTEP Themes
4.LTEP Conservation Initiatives
LTEP implementation and amending directives
LTEP next steps
5.Other Initiatives of Interest to MTR AG
Net metering
The document discusses the Sustainable Energy for All initiative and its goals of achieving universal access to energy, doubling the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency, and doubling the share of renewable energy by 2030. It provides details on SE4All's targets, network, highlights from the past year including country commitments and partnerships. It then focuses on energy efficiency, describing the Global Energy Efficiency Accelerator Platform and its sector-based initiatives to promote efficiency in areas like vehicles, lighting, appliances, buildings, industry, and district energy systems. Next steps include developing additional efficiency accelerators and supporting countries in creating roadmaps and mobilizing investments towards the SE4All goals.
Towards cleaner energy - a collaborative world effortsSampe Purba
This document discusses Indonesia's commitment to transitioning to cleaner energy sources. It outlines Indonesia's large potential for renewable energy like solar, wind, hydro, and geothermal, but notes that currently only a small percentage of 2.5% of this potential is being utilized. The document emphasizes that the transition must be collaborative and consider each country's circumstances, and that developed countries who polluted more have more responsibility to reduce emissions. It concludes that the transition principles of no one being left behind and mutual benefit between countries are important to guide the process.
This document discusses the opportunity for Oman to create value and jobs from waste through sustainable development and clean technology approaches. It notes that clean technology can provide economic growth, environmental sustainability, and equitable job opportunities. The document summarizes a study on barriers to waste management in Oman and priority areas for further research to identify solutions. These include developing markets for recycled materials and raising awareness of the employment potential of resource recovery. The presentation recommends stimulating research and private sector investment to industrialize clean technology and overcome challenges to realizing the financial and employment benefits of recycling waste in Oman.
David Lecoque, Alliance for Rural ElectrificationWAME
This document summarizes an ARE workshop on innovative finance for access to energy. ARE is an international business association representing the decentralized energy sector working to integrate renewables into rural electrification markets. It enables improved energy access through business support for over 90 members. ARE partners with organizations, projects, media and other industry platforms. Rural electrification markets face challenges including a large funding gap to achieve universal access by 2030. Programs focus on technical assistance but also provide some financial assistance. OFID and ARE are partnering to identify 2-5 mini-grid projects in developing countries through a $1 million grant to de-risk business ventures. Partnerships are needed to allow local business development and reduce inequality through market-based solutions and
The document discusses the role of the Development Bank of Southern Africa (DBSA) in mobilizing financing for green economy projects through mechanisms like the National Green Fund. It describes the types of funding and financing instruments provided by the Green Fund, including grants, loans, and equity, to support initiatives that promote renewable energy, low carbon development, and environmental management. The Green Fund aims to facilitate South Africa's transition to a greener economy through strategic investments across key sectors.
Combating Climate Change & Energy Poverty in the PhilippinesWorldwatch Institute
The Philippines have an extremely high vulnerability to climate change and high levels of energy poverty (17% of 16 M people nationwide without electricity access). They also have a high dependence on fossil fuel imports, unsustainble use of fuelwood, and an economically, socially & environmentally unsustainable energy system. This presentation discusses current trends, future challenges, and insights into bringing sustainable energy to the Philippines.
This document outlines directions for the World Bank Group's energy sector to help client countries achieve universal access to affordable, reliable, and sustainable energy. Key points include:
1) The approach aims to achieve the three goals of the Sustainable Energy for All initiative - universal access, increased energy efficiency, and greater renewable energy - while recognizing each country's unique circumstances and opportunities.
2) A priority is supporting universal access, including electricity access in rural areas through off-grid solutions, and cleaner cooking and heating solutions. Financial solutions will be provided for the most feasible energy options for the poor.
3) Efforts will be scaled up to improve energy efficiency as one of the most cost-effective ways to expand supply
Renewable energies in the Middle East and North Africa: Policies to support p...OECDglobal
The document discusses policies to support private investment in renewable energy in the Middle East and North Africa region. It outlines the arguments in favor of investing in renewable energy, including rising energy demand and the region's strong potential for solar and wind power. However, renewable energy projects also face significant barriers like high costs, infrastructure and political risks. The document reviews the types of investment incentives used in MENA countries and recommends that governments establish a clear regulatory framework, set renewable energy targets, upgrade grids, and select incentive schemes that are predictable, efficient and tailored to project type. Financial incentives like feed-in tariffs are best for large plants, while net metering works well for industrial projects. Governments should also monitor and revise incentives as technologies
Presented by Lini Wollenberg, CCAFS Low Emissions Development, at the GIZ expert meeting on How to realize the potential of soil carbon benefits? Practical pathways for achieving impact on 28 April 2020.
Worldwatch's goal is to build an energy system that is socially, economically and environmentally sustainable. Through our Sustainable Energy Roadmaps, we provide
supporting research; help government define goals, design strategy; and advise on implementation.
This report identifies 65 economic opportunities for NSW that arise from decarbonization and climate change adaptation. It groups the opportunities into three phases: 1) Prepare the Market, 2) Deploy Technologies, and 3) Accelerate industries and exports. Key opportunities are in global sustainable finance, renewable energy, electrifying industry and transport, increasing energy productivity, and sustainable agriculture and land use. Critical technologies like solar, wind, batteries and hydrogen are already ready or nearing readiness, while others like synthetic fuels still require development.
The document provides an executive summary of a report on opportunities for prosperity in a decarbonized and resilient New South Wales (NSW). It identifies 65 economic opportunities within five sectors - services, electricity, industry, built environment, and land/agriculture. It groups the opportunities into three phases: prepare the market, deploy technologies, and accelerate. It also assesses the technical and commercial readiness of critical decarbonization technologies. The report aims to provide guidance to NSW stakeholders on major prosperity opportunities from decarbonization and climate adaptation.
Green economy a way to deal with climate changesauravkumar das
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We all know about the climate change issues, about how our world is in imminent peril. I intend this artifact to be a change driver targeted at policy makers and business leaders alike, as well as the common people to “grow but sustainably”.
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Similar to Climate finance hemraj (sth africa)key climate initiatives ccxg gf-march2014 (20)
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Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
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1. Overview and Insights from South Africa’s Key Climate
Initiatives
Scale-up and Replication of Climate Finance Interventions Session
OECD / IEA Climate Change Expert Group Global Forum
Paris, France, 19th March 2014
Sharlin Hemraj | National Treasury | South Africa
2. Outline of Presentation
• Introduction – Policy Context
• Economic Rationale for Government Intervention – Addressing
market failures
• Overview of policy instruments to support sustainable production and
consumption patterns
– Bridging the financing gap – unlocking climate investments
• Key Programmes:
– Renewable Energy Independent Power Producers Programme
– Green Fund
– Cities Support Programme
– Other – International Climate Finance and Private Sector Initiatives
• Concluding Remarks
2
3. Introduction – Policy Context
• South Africa has developed important policy frameworks and strategies
that seek to address climate change and ensure a coordinated,
consistent government policy response. These include:
– National Climate Change Response Policy:
• reduce emissions by 34 per cent by 2020 and 42 per cent by 2025 relative to a
business as usual emissions trajectory.
– National Strategy for Sustainable Development and Action Plan which
identifies 5 strategic priorities:
• Enhancing systems for integrated planning and implementation
• Sustaining our ecosystems and using natural resources efficiently
• Towards a green economy
• Building sustainable communities
• Responding effectively to climate change
3
4. • Financing National Climate Change Response Policy and long term
funding framework for climate change:
– Mainstream climate change response into the fiscal and budgetary
process and so integrate the climate change response programmes
at national, provincial and local government and at development
finance institutions and state-owned entities.
• Near Term Priority Flagship Programmes for:
– Climate Change Response Public Works
– Water Conservation and Demand Management
– Renewable Energy
– Energy Efficiency and Demand Side Management
– Transport
– Waste Management
– Carbon Capture and Storage
– Adaptation Research
4
National Climate Change Response White Paper:
Finance and Flagship Programmes
5. Economic Rationale for Government
Intervention
ENVIRONMENTALLY-RELATED MARKET FAILURES:
• Provision of public goods: Non rival and non-excludable in consumption.
• Negative externalities: Occurs when an individuals action has an impact on
others and the costs of these impacts are not reflected in the price of a good or
service. Can result in resource under-pricing and therefore overconsumption.
• Information asymmetry: Occurs when during a transaction, one party has better
information than the other or information is costly to obtain. In new, rapidly
changing markets, such as for green technologies, some participants will lag
behind current information.
• Research, development and technology innovation: may not be possible for
a firm to capture the full benefits of an innovation as the information can be
readily passed on at a minimal cost.
5
6. Rationale for Environmental / Climate Finance:
Technology-Related Market Failures (Source: World Bank)
• Inventions and discoveries have public good characteristics. Firms under-
invest in research and development because of the fear that their competitors will
benefit.
• Public promotion of new technologies, beyond support for research, can be
justified by consideration of dynamic increasing returns generated by learning-by-
doing, learning-by-using and network externalities. Successful innovation is a
long, arduous process.
– The average period for taking a new energy technology to market – to traverse the
“valley of death” as it is often called – is 20 to 30 years (Lee, Iliev and Preston,
2009). In such an environment, early-movers generate spill-over effects which are of
benefit to society but cannot be privately appropriated.
• In the case of renewable energy, policy risk is unavoidable.
– Technology-based policies can help reduce policy risk by providing support upfront
(e.g., through capital subsidies) rather than over time and/or by embedding support
that is provided over time into legally binding contracts (e.g. through feed-in tariffs).
• Capital market failures. A combination of large upfront costs and high risk profiles can
make renewable energy demonstration projects unsuitable for both venture capital and
commercial financing and therefore leave them with inadequate market financing.
6
7. Policy Instruments to Support Sustainable Development –
Sustainable production and consumption patterns
Regulatory
Instruments
Economic / Market
Based
Instruments
Research
and
education
instruments
Cooperation
instruments
Information
instruments
Norms and
standards
Environmental taxes Research and
development
Technology
transfer
Consumer advice
services
Environmental
liability
Fees and user
charges
Education and
training
Voluntary
agreements
Sustainability
reporting
Environmental
control and
enforcement
Removing
environmentally
harmful subsidies
(perverse incentives)
Environmental
quality targets and
environmental
monitoring
Environmental
financing
Eco labelling
Subsidies Information centres
Tradable certificates /
permits
7
8. Bridging the financing gap between carbon intensive and low
carbon, environmentally cleaner technologies
• Environmentally – related taxes / user charges that internalise externalities
and also provides a revenue source.
• Subsidies for the provision of public goods - critical infrastructure in the
energy, transport, water sectors (high upfront capital costs)
• Subsidies to encourage research and development of low carbon,
environmentally cleaner technologies and promoting cleaner production practices
• Tax incentives for R&D and low carbon capital investments
• Environmental financing policies to derisk projects – guarantees,
concessional loans
• Public private partnerships for pilot demonstration plants and facilities
• Accessing carbon market finance – CDM and new market mechanisms
• International funding – Green Climate Fund, other environmentally related
funding accessible through the Global Environment Facility, Strategic Climate
Change Fund, Bilateral and multilateral funding
Multiple Barriers, Multiple Stakeholders, Multiple Instruments!
8
9. Current Climate Change and Environmentally Related
Programmes
Sector Initiative
Energy • Renewable Energy Independent Power Producers Programme
• Integrated national electrification programme
• Energy Efficiency and Demand Side Management Programme - mainly solar
water geysers
• Designated National Authority – Clean Development Mechanism
• Manufacturing Competitiveness Enhancement Programme – grant for upgrading
projects to encourage energy efficiency and cleaner production practices
Transport • Public transport infrastructure and systems grant – Bus Rapid Transit Systems
Environment –
natural resource
management
• Working for Water – clearing alien invasive species
• Working for coasts – Promotes clean-up, rehabilitation and security of coastal
environments and ecosystems
• LandCare – community based programme focusing on conservation and rehabilitation
of soil, water and vegetation
• Working on Fire – focuses on integrated fire management of veld and wildfires
• Green Fund – grant funding to support green economy programmes
Biodiversity • Biodiversity conservation and management (South African National Parks, South
African National Biodiversity Institute and Isimangaliso Wetland Park Authority)
Disaster
management
• Municipal disaster grant
• Provincial disaster grant (Includes allocations from Depts of Transport, Human
Settlements, COGTA)
9
10. Renewable Energy Independent Power
Producers Programme
• Objective: contribute towards security of electricity supply, emissions
reduction and access to energy.
• In line with the Integrated Resource Plan of 2010, the original
procurement document provided for procurement of 3725MW generation
capacity in five different rounds. In 2013, the Minister of Energy
determined that a further 3200MW of renewables generation capacity
was to be procured.
• A feed in tariff incentive scheme was proposed. A competitive bidding
approach to the mechanism was implemented via three bidding windows.
• Financial support for the programme comprises:
– Cost recovery mechanism through the electricity tariff: IPP levy
– Government ‘policy’ guarantee to the extent that the buyer defaults
– Foreign investment – debt and equity
– Subsidised clean energy programme of the Department of Energy
10
11. Total Estimated Project Cost for All Windows
Technology
Number of Preferred
Bids
Net Capacity (MW)
Total Project Cost
(ZAR Millions)
Biomass 1.0 16.5 1 062
CSP 5.0 400.0 33 798
Landfill gas 1.0 18.0 288
Onshore wind 22.0 1 983.5 41 177
Solar
photovoltaic
33.0 1 483.7 43 308
Small hydro 2.0 14.3 631
Total 64.0 3 915.9 120 263
USD 12 bill
11
Source: Renewable Energy Independent Power producers team (March 2014)
12. Preferred Bidders – Foreign Investment (ZAR millions)
12
Source: Renewable Energy Independent Power producers team (March 2014)
USD 4.4bill USD 1.56bill
Total
Funding
Foreign
Portion % of Total
Debt R 26 791 R 6 718 25.1%
Equity R 17 621 R 8 884 50.4%
Total R 44 412 R 15 602
15. 15
Evaluation team:
• Independent reviewers
• Legal evaluation team
• Bowman Gilfillan
• Edward Nathan Sonnenbergs
• Ledwaba Mazwai
• Webber Wentzel
• Technical evaluation team
• Mott Macdonald
• Financial evaluation team
• EY
• PWC
Evaluation Streams:
• Legal Environment
• Environmental Authorization
• Legal Land
• Land rights
• Notarial lease registration
• Proof of land use application
• Legal Commercial
• Acceptance of the PPA
• Project structure
• Economic Development
• Contributor status level
• Compliance with thresholds
• Financial
• Financial proposals
• Technical
Project Evaluation Process
15
16. REIPPP – High Level Conclusions
• Successful Implementation of the Programme due to
– Sound enabling policy environment, legislative framework and
political will
– cost recovery mechanism via the electricity tariff (off-budget
mechanism), policy guarantee, foreign investment (debt and equity).
Crowded in private sector investment.
– long term 20 year power purchase agreements agreed
– a well run, credible procurement process – effective collaboration
between the National Treasury Public Private Partnership Unit and
the Department of Energy.
• Potential to expand the programme to support additional renewables
capacity and to develop a dedicated renewable energy fund for small
scale renewable electricity generation.
• Expansion of programme to include good quality cogeneration.
16
17. Green Fund
• The Green Fund is implemented as a strategic programme on the budget
of the Department of Environmental Affairs.
• The Fund seeks to:
– Promote innovative high impact green programmes and projects
– Strengthen institutional and technical capacity to mainstream green and
climate issues into the economy
– Reinforce climate change response through green interventions
– Build an evidence base for the expansion of the green economy
– Attract additional resources to support South Africa’s green economy
development
• Green fund allocated USD 80 m (USD 30m in 2012/13 and USD 50m in
2013/14), additional USD 25 mil allocated to the fund in Budget 2014
• The Development Bank of South Africa is the implementing agency
of the fund and operates and reports on the objectives of the fund to the
Management Committee.
17
18. Overview of the Fund (Source: DBSA 2014)
18
Green
Fund
Portfolio split
Project
development
(75%)
Capacity building
(20%)
Research and
policy
development
(5%)
Instruments
Financial support
Technical
assistance
Access to technical
experts
Sources of
funding
Fiscal budget
Public & Private
sources
Technical
assistance
Green Cities and
Towns
Low Carbon
Economy
Environmental &
Natural Resource
Management
Funding
windows
ACCESS : Spatial distribution and thematic (cross-sectoral) distributions
SAFEGUARDS & STANDARDS: Environmental, social, fiduciary, policy integration
MONITORING & EVALUATON FRAMEWORKS: 3 levels (fund, portfolio, project), incl. independent
reviews
STRATEGIC INSIGHTS: MANCOM, Government Advisory Panel, sector roundtables and other
RESOURCE MOBILISATION: Mobilise & leverage private & int’l green finance
Criticalframeworks
19. Green Fund: Request for Proposals Process (Source: DBSA 2014)
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Date RFP
Process
Area Submitted Approved
to date
Value
2012 1st RFP Project finance
(R&D)
616 22 R 591 m
2013 2nd RFP Research and
Policy
Development
155 16 R 36 m
20. Initial Market Response (DBSA: 2014)
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Positive Funding Demand:
Mostly testing & scale-up of start-up projects in the following
sectors:
Renewable Energy, Energy Efficiency, Waste Management,
Biodiversity Benefiting Businesses, Sustainable Agriculture
and Land Use Management Models.
Overall, RFPs amount to funding requests of
approximately USD1,2 billion
Picture of SA green economy landscape emerging?
21. Potential of the Fund and Next Steps
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• Green Fund
– offers leveraging and partnering opportunity for investment by the
private sector and other finance institutions.
– Provides essential learning opportunities to enable the fund to
interface with emerging global funds such as the Green Climate
Fund, as the DBSA is an entity of the National Treasury and meets
the necessary fiduciary standards.
• The fund is still at an early stage of implementation. Green fund
currently provides grant funding with an element of cofinancing. The
potential for the fund to provide loan financing and other financial
instruments needs to be explored further.
• A review of the fund is underway for the first phase to further inform
lessons learnt.
22. International and Private Climate Financing
Mechanisms
• Other climate finance initiatives can also be identified.
– National Implementing Entity for the Global Adaptation Fund:
South African National Biodiversity Institute
– Industrial Development Corporation Energy Efficiency Fund
– Climate Finance work of the National Business Initiative including
an energy efficiency facility
• Currently, the development of these instruments by both the private
and public sector is largely fragmented.
• Further work is envisaged to understand and review existing flows of
public finance (domestic and international) and private sector
finance to climate change initiatives.
• This could support proper coordination and complementarity of
efforts, evaluation of the effectiveness and impacts of these initiatives
and consideration of reforms to existing initiatives (upscaling)
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23. Institutional Strengthening and Capacity Building:
Cities Support Programme
• The role for local government in responding to climate change is
recognised however, the human resoucres and institutional frameworks
to enable this response is quite weak.
• The Cities Support Programme has been developed by the National
Treasury in collaboration with other government departments aimed at
providing strategic support to local government.
• 4 key components of the programme:
– Core city governance integrated strategic, participatory planning and
financing;
– Human settlements support (access to land and services);
– Public transport support (mobility and urban efficiency) and
– Climate resilience and sustainability support (resilient
infrastructure and systems)
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24. Cities Support Programme (2)
• For the Climate resilience component, the programme
seeks to
– Assist cities to scale up their climate adaptation and mitigation
interventions especially to leverage available global funds and to
access global experience and expertise in climate change
mitigation and adaptation interventions
– Will focus on mainstreaming climate resilience issues across
major infrastructure sectors managed at city level such as water
and sanitation, electricity distribution, solid waste management, storm
water drainage and public transport.
– Collaborative effort between the National Treasury and the
Department of Environment.
• A project preparation facility will also be introduced supported by the
DBSA to help cities design catalytic projects.
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25. Cities Support Programme (3)
• Integrated Cities Development Grant
– Provides financial incentive for metropolitan municipalities to integrate
and focus their use of all available infrastructure investment and
regulatory instruments to achieve more compact and efficient spatial
form.
– Cities required to submit built environment performance plans
to qualify for the grant
– All projects funded by sector specific infrastructure grants including
urban settlements development grant, public transport infrastructure,
neighbourhood development partnership grant, and the integrated
national electrification programme grant must form part of a
metropolitan municipality environment performance plan.
– Aims to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of local
government spending
– Additional R356 million funding allocated over the 2014 MTEF period.
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26. Concluding remarks
• Appropriate regulatory and economic incentive instruments complemented by
international and domestic financial support has an important role to play in
facilitating the transition to a low carbon society and unlocking essential low
carbon investments. This would help to crowd in private investment and finance.
• Multiple financing instruments may be needed for large scale climate initiatives
that face multiple barriers. A programmatic rather than project based approach
would help to catalyse these investments in developing countries and implement
interventions at scale with greater impact.
• Implementing programmes would require institutional strengthening and capacity
building. Greater collaboration between the Ministries of Finance, Environment
and sector departments is needed on the financing aspects.
• Given the cross cutting nature of climate change impacts across different sectors,
consideration should be given to building on existing dedicated financing
mechanisms and institutions, ensure that climate aspects are considered in
key programmes and explore the potential to leverage additional, innovative
financial resources to enhance the effectiveness of these instruments.
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28. Key design considerations for environmental financing
mechanisms
• Expenditures should be targeted to meet environmental priorities and
promote projects with large environmental benefits relative to their costs.
• Environmental Funds should :
– play a catalytic role in financing, offering no more support for projects than
is necessary and adapt to changing economic conditions.
– be used in conjunction with, and reinforce, other environmental policy
instruments, such as regulations or economic instruments.
– develop an overall financing strategy, follow clear and explicit operating
procedures for evaluating and selecting projects, and adopt effective
monitoring and evaluation practices.
– not compete with emerging financial markets but should leverage
financing from private sector enterprises and financial institutions for
environmental investments.
– ensure transparency and should be accountable to government,
parliaments and public for their actions.
Source: OECD, 1995a
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29. REGULATIONS MARKET BASED INSTRUMENTS INFORMATION
INSTRUMENTS
Targets Norms and standards Subsidies / Environmental
Finance
Environmentally Related Taxes and Tax
Incentives
Emissions reduction
target: 34 per cent by
2020 and 42 per cent
by 2025 relative to a
business as usual
emissions trajectory.
White Paper on
Renewable Energy
(2001): renewable
energy target of 10 000
GWh by 2013.
Energy efficiency
strategy: National
target to reduce energy
intensity by 12 per cent
by 2015 coupled with
specific targets.
Biofuels industrial
strategy: mandatory
blending target - 2 per
cent blend into national
road transport fuel pool.
Integrated Resource
Plan: 3 725 MW
electricity from
renewable sources
Air Quality Management Act:
Industrial Installations
responsible for more than 0.1
per cent of total emissions for
a sector will need to compile
mitigation plans for approval.
South African National
Building Regulations:
Introduced requirements for
energy usage in buildings in
2011 that is all buildings to
receive at least 50 per cent of
their water heating
requirements from renewable
sources. Also development of
the South African National
Standards 10400-XA Energy
usage in buildings.
Measurement and
Verification of Energy
Savings Standard: SATS
50010
SANS 20101: Measurement
of CO2 and Fuel
Consumption of Categories
M1 and N1 Vehicles.
Public Transport Programme: Public
Transport Infrastructure and Systems
Grant and rollout of Bus rapid transit
systems in municipalities
Clean Energy Programme:
Designated National Authority approval
of CDM projects.
Solar Water Heating Programme:
target of 1 000 000 solar water heater
installations by March 2015.
Climate Change and Air Quality
Programme: Climate Change
mitigation, adaptation, and monitoring
and evaluation
Manufacturing Competitiveness
Enhancement Programme: Clean
Technology Upgrading Grant
Energy Efficiency and Demand Side
Management: Energy Services
Company model, Standard offer and
Standard Product Programme of
Eskom
Renewable Energy Independent
Power Producers Programme (feed
in tariff mechanism)
Carbon Capture and Storage
Programme: Led by DoE in
partnership with the South African
National Energy Research Institute.
Green Fund: Low carbon economy
funding window.
Environmental Taxes:
Proposed carbon tax policy: R120/ton CO2e
Development of carbon market mechanisms:
Publication of the carbon market offsets paper.
Electricity generation levy of 3,5 c/kWh
General fuel levy on petrol and diesel.
CO2 based emissions tax on new passenger
motor vehicles
Incandescent globe tax of R3 per globe.
Tax incentives:
Energy efficiency savings tax incentive
Energy efficiency-related criteria in the
Industrial Production Policy incentive scheme.
Tax exemption for income derived from the
disposal of primary CERs generated from
projects under the Clean Development
Mechanism
Accelerated depreciation allowances for
renewable electricity generation and biofuels
production.
Research and Development Tax Incentives
Vehicle emissions
fuel economy and
CO2 emissions
Labelling scheme in
terms of the
Standards Act 1993.
Enforced by the
National Regulator
for Compulsory
Specifications.
Energy Efficiency
Standards and
Appliance Labelling
Programme: SANS
941 for Energy
Efficiency of
Electrical and
Electronic
Equipment.
Enforcement,
Monitoring and
Evaluation
Capacity:
Development of GHG
inventories for
energy, land-use and
waste related
emissions and
framework for
reporting by industry.
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