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Pultrusion and filament winding are manufacturing methods that use autoclave curing. Autoclave curing involves placing a molded part in a bag, removing air with a vacuum pump, and applying heat and inert gas pressure using an autoclave to cure and densify the material. Autoclave curing produces consistent, homogeneous materials but is relatively expensive, so it is used to manufacture high quality aerospace products.
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This document discusses evaporation, which is a process used to concentrate liquids by vaporizing volatile components. It has various industrial applications including drying materials and recovering salts from solutions. Factors that affect the evaporation rate include temperature, vapor pressure, surface area, and moisture content. Different types of evaporators are used depending on the application, including steam jacketed kettles, horizontal tube evaporators, vertical tube evaporators, climbing film evaporators, and falling film evaporators. Care must be taken to avoid decomposing heat-sensitive materials during evaporation.
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Polymer matrix composites consist of a polymer matrix reinforced with fibers. They offer advantages over unreinforced polymers like higher strength and stiffness. Common polymer matrices are thermosetting resins like epoxy and thermoplastics. Reinforcements include glass, carbon, and Kevlar fibers. Fiber orientation, concentration, and matrix properties determine the composite properties. Manufacturing methods for polymer composites include compression molding, injection molding, transfer molding, pultrusion, hand lay-up, spray-up, tape lay-up, and filament winding. Open molding is used for large parts while closed molding allows mass production.
Vacuum bag molding
Vacuum bag molding is an open mold technique used for thermoset composites involving hand layup and vacuum bagging. Vacuum bagging uses a vacuum bag to apply even pressure over composite materials to consolidate them. It involves placing release fabrics, breather materials, and vacuum bags over molds with resin-coated components. Applying vacuum pressure draws air out and uses atmospheric pressure to hold components in place until the resin cures.
Presentation
This document discusses sandwich metallic thermal protection panels with periodic cellular core structures. It describes how such panels consist of high-strength facings bonded to a low-density core. The core provides shear rigidity while keeping the facings supported. Various fabrication methods are also summarized, including how the cores can be made through slotting together constituent elements or using triply periodic minimal surfaces to create repeating open-cell structures. Applications mentioned include using such panels for thermal insulation to maintain a 220C temperature difference on either side.
Chemical vapour deposition
Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is a process used to produce high-purity solid materials through chemical reactions of vapor phase precursors on a substrate. Key steps include transport of reactants to the substrate surface, adsorption and decomposition reactions, and removal of byproducts. CVD processes are classified based on operating pressure and can be used to deposit a variety of materials through control of temperature, precursor gases, and other parameters.
Metal sandwich
This document discusses a case study on hybrid sandwich composite materials for mechanical and thermal protection systems. It describes a requirement for a hypersonic aircraft skin to withstand surface temperatures of 1100°C. The proposed system uses a nickel alloy honeycomb core sandwiched between nickel alloy and titanium alloy facing sheets. Ceramic wool provides additional thermal insulation. Applications mentioned include metal engine composites, all-composite aircraft like Pegasus, and stealth bombers.
Ug case studies
The document discusses the properties of ideal friction materials for vehicle brakes. It should have a moderate coefficient of friction between 0.35-0.45 that does not degrade much with factors like load, speed, temperature, or contaminants. It also needs moderately low wear, good conformability to the rotor, and resistance to vibrations and noise. The document then describes the categories and common ingredients of friction materials, including resins, fibers, fillers, and discusses considerations for designing experiments to test materials. It provides an example methodology for developing and testing brake pads to meet specifications.
Ug carbon carbon composite
Carbon-carbon composites are lightweight materials made of carbon fibers reinforced with a carbon matrix. They were first developed in 1958 but not extensively researched until the Space Shuttle Program. Carbon-carbon composites can withstand temperatures over 3000°C and are strong, rigid, and lightweight. They are produced by infiltrating carbon fibers with liquid or gas precursors and pyrolyzing them to leave behind a carbon matrix.
Hybrid and metallic foam
1. Metallic foam is a cellular metallic material with a porous structure and lower density than solid metal.
2. Metal foams are prepared using a liquid metallurgy route where a foaming agent is added to a metal melt, releasing gases during solidification to form pores. Common foaming agents include titanium hydride, zirconium hydride, calcium carbonate, and sodium carbonate.
3. An example process uses an aluminum alloy melt with 3.3% sodium carbonate as the foaming agent, producing a foam with 63% porosity and a density of 0.96 g/cc.
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Ug pmc 2 2-12
- 1. PULTRUSION
- 19. Autoclave Curing • Autoclave Curing is a method in which a part, molded by one of the open molding methods, is cured by a subsequent application of vacuum, heat and inert gas pressure. • The molded part is first placed into a plastic bag, from which air is exhausted by a vacuum pump. This operation removes air inclusions and volatile products from the molded part. • Then heat and inert gas pressure are applied in the autoclave causing curing and densification of the material. • Autoclave Curing enables fabrication of consistent homogeneous materials. The method is relatively expensive and is used for manufacturing high quality aerospace products.
- 23. Thermoforming