Unit operation
•
0 likes•52 views
This document outlines various unit operations used in industrial processes and lists common equipment used for each operation. It describes drying as the removal of liquid from solids through heating. Filtration separates solids from liquids using a septum or filter medium. Size reduction decreases the size of raw materials using methods like crushing, grinding and cutting. Size separation isolates particles of a desired size from other fractions. Mixing completely combines two or more dissimilar materials for uniformity. Evaporation removes liquid below the boiling point through vaporization. Common equipment for each operation is also provided.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Download to read offline
![IMPORTANT NOTES
DRYING : Removal of liquid from a solid by thermal mean ( by Heating )
Equipment : 1 } try dryer 2} tunnel tray dryer 3} turbo dryer 4} spray dryer 5}
freeze drying 6} drum/roller dryer
FILTRATION : it is an process in which solid is separated from a fluid with use of
septum (septum - medium of filtration )
Equipment : 1} filter press 2} Nutsh filters 3} edge filters 4} leaf filters 5]
membrane filters 6} Micro filtrate 7} electrostatic precipitators 8 } wet
scrubber
SIZE REDUCTION : Reduce in size of raw materials by methods include Crushing,
Grinding, Pulversing, Shredding, Cutting.
Equipment : 1} hammer mill 2} tumbing mill 3} fluid energy mill 4} roller mill 5}
edge and end runner mill 6} cutter mill
SIZE SEPRATION : Particle of desired size separated from other fractions
Equipment : 1} sedimentation tank 2} elutritor /zigzag sifter 3} mechanical
classifier 4} cyclone separators
MIXING : complete intermingling of two or more dissimilar portion of material
so that final product obtain desired level of uni formality
Equipment : a ) Batch mixing equipment 1} mechanically agitated vessel 2} jet
mixers
B) High shear mixing equipment 1} homogenize 2} colloid mill c) Pipe
mixers
Mixing of solid with liquid -
1} z-blade mixer 2} planetary mixer 3} screw mill 4} high
speed mixers
EVAPIRATION : process of removal of liquid by vaporization below boiling point
of the system
Equipment : 1} pan evaporator
2}tubular > a) horizontal E. b) vertical E. * short tube E. * multiple
effect E. * long tune E. climbing,falling,forced circular E. 3} wiped film E. 4}
centrifugal rotary E.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/unitoperation-190726115943/85/Unit-operation-1-320.jpg)
Recommended
ROTARY DRYER
The rotary dryer is a type of industrial dryer that reduces the moisture content of materials by bringing them into direct contact with heated gas. It consists of a cylindrical shell that rotates, allowing material to be fed in at one end and discharged at the lower end as it dries. As the dryer rotates, internal fins lift the material through a hot gas stream to evaporate moisture before it falls back to the bottom. Rotary dryers can dry a wide range of materials effectively and are commonly used in mineral processing to dry products like sands, limestone, ores, and coal.
drying process and recent invention
pharmaceutical drying its advantages disadvantages
a recent invention in the pharmaceutical drying process.
Drying
Drying
Objectives, applications & mechanism of drying process, measurements & applications of Equilibrium Moisture content, rate of drying curve.
principles, construction, working, uses, merits and demerits of –
Tray dryer,
Drum dryer
spray dryer,
Fluidized bed dryer,
Vacuum dryer,
Freeze dryer.
Dehydration
Dehydration is a process that removes water from foods through evaporation or sublimation under controlled conditions. This preserves foods by reducing water activity and microbial growth while also lowering storage and transportation costs. There are various methods of dehydration like sun drying, hot air drying, and freeze drying. Proper design of dehydration systems requires understanding moisture content calculations, sorption isotherms, heat and mass transfer principles, and predicting drying times and rates.
Drying of wet solids
This document discusses drying of wet solids. It begins by defining drying as the removal of liquid, generally water, from a wet solid to produce a relatively dry product. Examples of industrial drying processes are provided. The various mechanisms of moisture transport within solids during drying are described, including capillary forces, liquid diffusion, and vapor diffusion. The stages of drying and how the drying rate changes over time are explained. Factors that influence the critical moisture content and equilibrium moisture content are discussed. Different types of industrial dryers used for drying solids, including tray dryers, rotary dryers, flash dryers, and drum dryers are described. Heat and mass transfer principles governing batch and continuous drying are outlined.
Extrusion technology
The document discusses extrusion technology, which is a process used to embed drugs in polymeric carriers or convert raw materials into products of uniform shape and density by forcing them through a die. Extrusion has several advantages, including enhancing bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs and allowing for sustained, modified, and targeted drug release. The process involves using active ingredients, polymers, plasticizers and other processing aids which are fed into an extruder containing a screw-barrel assembly, die assembly, and vacuum assembly. The extrudates are then evaluated using techniques like DSC, TGA, XRD, and microscopy to characterize properties like thermal behavior and crystallinity. Finally, extrusion has applications in masking bitter drug tastes, increasing drug solub
Rate of drying for food products
This document discusses the principles and processes of drying food products. It explains that drying involves reducing the moisture content of food to inhibit microbial growth and chemical reactions. The drying process is governed by heat and mass transfer principles. There are three main types of drying: contact/convective drying where food directly contacts drying air, vacuum drying using indirect heat, and freeze drying using sublimation. The drying rate depends on moisture content and occurs in three periods: constant rate period where the surface moisture evaporates at the same rate as interior moisture migrates outward, and two falling rate periods where the drying rate decreases as moisture diffusion slows. Selection of the appropriate dryer depends on factors like the food properties, scale of production, and
Industrial Dryers
Kerone.com - Manufacturer, Supplier and exporter of Industrial Dryers like as IR Dryers, Microwave Dryers, Infrared Dryers, Radio Frequency Dryers, Rotary Dryer, Spray Dryer, Fluidised Bed Dryers, Pneumatic/ Flash Dryer and many more offered by Kerone, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
Recommended
ROTARY DRYER
The rotary dryer is a type of industrial dryer that reduces the moisture content of materials by bringing them into direct contact with heated gas. It consists of a cylindrical shell that rotates, allowing material to be fed in at one end and discharged at the lower end as it dries. As the dryer rotates, internal fins lift the material through a hot gas stream to evaporate moisture before it falls back to the bottom. Rotary dryers can dry a wide range of materials effectively and are commonly used in mineral processing to dry products like sands, limestone, ores, and coal.
drying process and recent invention
pharmaceutical drying its advantages disadvantages
a recent invention in the pharmaceutical drying process.
Drying
Drying
Objectives, applications & mechanism of drying process, measurements & applications of Equilibrium Moisture content, rate of drying curve.
principles, construction, working, uses, merits and demerits of –
Tray dryer,
Drum dryer
spray dryer,
Fluidized bed dryer,
Vacuum dryer,
Freeze dryer.
Dehydration
Dehydration is a process that removes water from foods through evaporation or sublimation under controlled conditions. This preserves foods by reducing water activity and microbial growth while also lowering storage and transportation costs. There are various methods of dehydration like sun drying, hot air drying, and freeze drying. Proper design of dehydration systems requires understanding moisture content calculations, sorption isotherms, heat and mass transfer principles, and predicting drying times and rates.
Drying of wet solids
This document discusses drying of wet solids. It begins by defining drying as the removal of liquid, generally water, from a wet solid to produce a relatively dry product. Examples of industrial drying processes are provided. The various mechanisms of moisture transport within solids during drying are described, including capillary forces, liquid diffusion, and vapor diffusion. The stages of drying and how the drying rate changes over time are explained. Factors that influence the critical moisture content and equilibrium moisture content are discussed. Different types of industrial dryers used for drying solids, including tray dryers, rotary dryers, flash dryers, and drum dryers are described. Heat and mass transfer principles governing batch and continuous drying are outlined.
Extrusion technology
The document discusses extrusion technology, which is a process used to embed drugs in polymeric carriers or convert raw materials into products of uniform shape and density by forcing them through a die. Extrusion has several advantages, including enhancing bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs and allowing for sustained, modified, and targeted drug release. The process involves using active ingredients, polymers, plasticizers and other processing aids which are fed into an extruder containing a screw-barrel assembly, die assembly, and vacuum assembly. The extrudates are then evaluated using techniques like DSC, TGA, XRD, and microscopy to characterize properties like thermal behavior and crystallinity. Finally, extrusion has applications in masking bitter drug tastes, increasing drug solub
Rate of drying for food products
This document discusses the principles and processes of drying food products. It explains that drying involves reducing the moisture content of food to inhibit microbial growth and chemical reactions. The drying process is governed by heat and mass transfer principles. There are three main types of drying: contact/convective drying where food directly contacts drying air, vacuum drying using indirect heat, and freeze drying using sublimation. The drying rate depends on moisture content and occurs in three periods: constant rate period where the surface moisture evaporates at the same rate as interior moisture migrates outward, and two falling rate periods where the drying rate decreases as moisture diffusion slows. Selection of the appropriate dryer depends on factors like the food properties, scale of production, and
Industrial Dryers
Kerone.com - Manufacturer, Supplier and exporter of Industrial Dryers like as IR Dryers, Microwave Dryers, Infrared Dryers, Radio Frequency Dryers, Rotary Dryer, Spray Dryer, Fluidised Bed Dryers, Pneumatic/ Flash Dryer and many more offered by Kerone, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
MCOS Coalescent Filter
MCOS is a filtration system designed to separate oil
and smoke particles from the air in harsh work conditions,
using the principle of coalescence.
Ug pmc 2 2-12
Pultrusion and filament winding are manufacturing methods that use autoclave curing. Autoclave curing involves placing a molded part in a bag, removing air with a vacuum pump, and applying heat and inert gas pressure using an autoclave to cure and densify the material. Autoclave curing produces consistent, homogeneous materials but is relatively expensive, so it is used to manufacture high quality aerospace products.
Drying freeze-drying
Freeze drying pharmaceuticals uses a process called lyophilization to lower the temperature of the product to below freezing, and then a high-pressure vacuum is applied to extract the water in the form of vapour. The vapour collects on a condenser, turns back to ice and is removed.
Granulation and Microencapsulation by Spray Drying
Spray drying is a process that converts liquid feed materials into dry powder form. It involves three main steps: atomization of the feed into droplets, contact and drying of the droplets in a hot gas stream, and separation of the dried particles from the gas stream. Some key advantages of spray drying include its ability to produce dry powders with uniform properties, its suitability for heat-sensitive materials due to the short drying time, and its ability to control particle properties through modulation of process parameters.
Drying process for grain
The PPT includes importance of grain drying, moisture content determination methods, equilibrium moisture content, different mode of heat transfer, types of different drying methods, different dryers etc. The presentation is best suitable for graduation level students.
Evs ppt
Wet scrubbers are effective air pollution control devices that remove particles and gases from industrial exhaust streams using a scrubbing liquid, typically water. They operate by introducing the dirty gas stream into a chamber where it contacts the scrubbing liquid. Particulates and gases are then collected in the liquid. Wet scrubbers can be designed to collect particulate matter, gaseous pollutants, or both. They have advantages like small space requirements and handling high temperature gas streams, but also disadvantages like corrosion problems and high power requirements.
Drying rate
1) Drying curves plot drying rate versus remaining water content and can describe the drying process in steps with changing drying rates.
2) There is an initial constant rate period where unbound surface water is removed, followed by a falling rate period where the drying rate decreases as water moves internally through the material.
3) Drying rates determined experimentally can be used to calculate drying times to design drying equipment and operations. Simplified calculations can provide useful estimates by assuming constant temperature and humidity.
Homework 3
This document provides instructions for a homework assignment on methods of separating mixtures. Students are asked to read about mixtures and separation methods, then research and cite examples of separation processes used in recycling, water purification, and separating solids. The document describes several common separation methods: filtration separates solids from liquids using a porous barrier; decantation separates immiscible liquids or insoluble solids; distillation separates substances by boiling point; paper chromatography uses a mobile and stationary phase; and centrifugation uses centrifugal force to sediment compounds. The assignment is due on Wednesday, August 24th, 2011.
Control of particulate contaminants
The document discusses several methods for controlling particulate contaminants, including their working principles:
1) Gravity separators and centrifugal separators remove larger particles (>50 μm) from gas streams using gravitational settling or centrifugal forces.
2) Electrostatic precipitators ionize particles and collect them on oppositely charged plates, achieving high removal efficiencies of over 90% for particles over 1 μm.
3) Fabric filters and wet scrubbers like particulate scrubbers can remove over 90% of particles less than 10 μm using filtration through fabric or liquid contact. Selection depends on factors like contaminant properties, space, and costs.
Equipment to control particulates part 2
equipment to control particulate matter
air pollution and control
control of air pollution
control of particulate matter
Clarification
its a presentation slide on Clarification which is used in pharmaceutical industry in the beginning for preparation of pharmaceutical products
Unit 3 control of particulate contaminants
The attached powerpoint presentation contains information about the Control of Particulate Contaminants. It is very useful for students studiying Air Pollution and Control Engineering either as an Open elective or Professional elective.
Drying and mixing
1) Drying is an important process for producing stable and consistent pharmaceutical materials. It involves the transfer of energy, phase transformation of water or solvent from liquid to vapor, and removal of vapor.
2) Dryers can be classified based on heat transfer methods and processing type. Common dryers include tray dryers, rotary dryers, fluidized bed dryers, spray dryers, freeze dryers, and microwave/RF dryers.
3) Fluidized bed dryers suspend materials in an upward-moving stream of heated air or gas, allowing for uniform and rapid drying. They are useful for heat-sensitive materials and granule production.
cyclone seperator
This document describes a cyclone separator, which uses centrifugal force to separate solid or liquid particles from a carrier gas without any moving parts. It discusses the definition, working principle, design procedure, types, advantages, disadvantages and common industrial uses of cyclone separators. The working principle is that the gas and particle mixture enters tangentially and spirals downward along the inner wall before the particles exit through the underflow pipe while the gas reverses direction and exits through the vortex finder. Common uses include spray dryers, food processing, and combustion and vacuum cleaning applications.
Drying (dryers)
Pharmaceutical Dryers. Dryers are used in a variety of industries, such as the food processing, pharmaceutical, paper, pollution control and agricultural sectors. ... Direct dryers convectively heat a product through direct contact with heated air, gas or a combusted gas product.
Bag filter operation pradeep kumar
This document provides information on dedusting filters and their operation. It discusses the key components of a dedusting system including equipment to be dedusted, pipes, filters, fans, and insulation. It explains that the filter cake, not the bag itself, does most of the filtering. Guidelines are provided for filtration velocity, dust concentration, insulation needs, and other design factors. Filter bag selection criteria include the cleaning mechanism, dust properties, temperature, and allowed dust levels in cleaned gas.
Unit bag filter.pdf
The document discusses the basics of dedusting filters used in cement plants. It covers key principles such as the formation of dust cake on filter bags, design guidelines for filtration velocity and air-to-cloth ratios, selection criteria for filter bags, and components of a dust collection system including equipment to be dedusted, dedusting pipes, filters, fans and insulation. Guidelines are provided for hooding, air velocities, dust concentrations and other parameters to ensure trouble-free operation of dedusting plants.
Chemical plant operations
The document provides an overview of chemical plant operations including common unit processes and unit operations. It discusses key equipment used in chemical plants such as boilers, pumps, heat exchangers, valves, pipes, storage tanks and reactors. It also describes common unit operations like filtration, sedimentation, crystallization, drying, extraction, distillation, screening, and mixing.
Clarification & Filtration
This document summarizes clarification, which is the separation of solids from fluids or fluids from other fluids. It discusses various clarification processes like filtration and centrifugation. Filtration methods are classified as solid/fluid, solid/gas, or fluid/fluid. Applications in pharmaceutical processing include improving product appearance and removing contaminants. Factors affecting the rate of filtration are also summarized.
Necessity for dryers
Industrial dryers are used to efficiently reduce the moisture levels of bulk materials as part of manufacturing processes. Drying is commonly the last stage and is done through heating or desiccant methods to improve properties or allow for easier transportation and handling. There are different dryer types for various materials and quantities, including heatless desiccant dryers which use regenerating towers to continuously supply dry air, and refrigerant dryers which use cooling to condense moisture for removal. Selection of dryers depends on factors like flow capacity and drying needs.
Part II CH401 Pharmaceutical Technology.pptx
Granulation is done to improve the flow and compression properties of powder mixes. It prevents segregation and reduces dust production. Common granulation techniques include high shear mixers, fluidized beds, and roller compactors. Spray drying is a continuous process that converts liquids to dry powders. It has advantages like heat sensitivity and automation. The stages are atomization, drying, and powder separation. Selection of the atomizer depends on factors like feed properties and desired particle size. Wet and dry granulation are commonly used to agglomerate powders. Binders like starches and gums are added to improve granule strength and tablet properties.
Chernet DryingFi.pdf
Drying involves the removal of solvents like water or other liquids from a formulation using heat. It is done to stabilize moisture sensitive materials, aid preservation, and prepare granules for tablets and capsules. Common drying methods include hot air oven dryers, vacuum oven dryers, fluidized bed dryers, freeze dryers, drum dryers, and spray dryers. Hot air oven dryers operate by circulating hot air over solid materials spread on trays while vacuum oven dryers dry materials that are heat sensitive under low pressure. Spray dryers dry dilute solutions by spraying the liquid into a hot air stream where each droplet dries quickly.
More Related Content
What's hot
MCOS Coalescent Filter
MCOS is a filtration system designed to separate oil
and smoke particles from the air in harsh work conditions,
using the principle of coalescence.
Ug pmc 2 2-12
Pultrusion and filament winding are manufacturing methods that use autoclave curing. Autoclave curing involves placing a molded part in a bag, removing air with a vacuum pump, and applying heat and inert gas pressure using an autoclave to cure and densify the material. Autoclave curing produces consistent, homogeneous materials but is relatively expensive, so it is used to manufacture high quality aerospace products.
Drying freeze-drying
Freeze drying pharmaceuticals uses a process called lyophilization to lower the temperature of the product to below freezing, and then a high-pressure vacuum is applied to extract the water in the form of vapour. The vapour collects on a condenser, turns back to ice and is removed.
Granulation and Microencapsulation by Spray Drying
Spray drying is a process that converts liquid feed materials into dry powder form. It involves three main steps: atomization of the feed into droplets, contact and drying of the droplets in a hot gas stream, and separation of the dried particles from the gas stream. Some key advantages of spray drying include its ability to produce dry powders with uniform properties, its suitability for heat-sensitive materials due to the short drying time, and its ability to control particle properties through modulation of process parameters.
Drying process for grain
The PPT includes importance of grain drying, moisture content determination methods, equilibrium moisture content, different mode of heat transfer, types of different drying methods, different dryers etc. The presentation is best suitable for graduation level students.
Evs ppt
Wet scrubbers are effective air pollution control devices that remove particles and gases from industrial exhaust streams using a scrubbing liquid, typically water. They operate by introducing the dirty gas stream into a chamber where it contacts the scrubbing liquid. Particulates and gases are then collected in the liquid. Wet scrubbers can be designed to collect particulate matter, gaseous pollutants, or both. They have advantages like small space requirements and handling high temperature gas streams, but also disadvantages like corrosion problems and high power requirements.
Drying rate
1) Drying curves plot drying rate versus remaining water content and can describe the drying process in steps with changing drying rates.
2) There is an initial constant rate period where unbound surface water is removed, followed by a falling rate period where the drying rate decreases as water moves internally through the material.
3) Drying rates determined experimentally can be used to calculate drying times to design drying equipment and operations. Simplified calculations can provide useful estimates by assuming constant temperature and humidity.
Homework 3
This document provides instructions for a homework assignment on methods of separating mixtures. Students are asked to read about mixtures and separation methods, then research and cite examples of separation processes used in recycling, water purification, and separating solids. The document describes several common separation methods: filtration separates solids from liquids using a porous barrier; decantation separates immiscible liquids or insoluble solids; distillation separates substances by boiling point; paper chromatography uses a mobile and stationary phase; and centrifugation uses centrifugal force to sediment compounds. The assignment is due on Wednesday, August 24th, 2011.
What's hot (8)
Granulation and Microencapsulation by Spray Drying
Granulation and Microencapsulation by Spray Drying
Similar to Unit operation
Control of particulate contaminants
The document discusses several methods for controlling particulate contaminants, including their working principles:
1) Gravity separators and centrifugal separators remove larger particles (>50 μm) from gas streams using gravitational settling or centrifugal forces.
2) Electrostatic precipitators ionize particles and collect them on oppositely charged plates, achieving high removal efficiencies of over 90% for particles over 1 μm.
3) Fabric filters and wet scrubbers like particulate scrubbers can remove over 90% of particles less than 10 μm using filtration through fabric or liquid contact. Selection depends on factors like contaminant properties, space, and costs.
Equipment to control particulates part 2
equipment to control particulate matter
air pollution and control
control of air pollution
control of particulate matter
Clarification
its a presentation slide on Clarification which is used in pharmaceutical industry in the beginning for preparation of pharmaceutical products
Unit 3 control of particulate contaminants
The attached powerpoint presentation contains information about the Control of Particulate Contaminants. It is very useful for students studiying Air Pollution and Control Engineering either as an Open elective or Professional elective.
Drying and mixing
1) Drying is an important process for producing stable and consistent pharmaceutical materials. It involves the transfer of energy, phase transformation of water or solvent from liquid to vapor, and removal of vapor.
2) Dryers can be classified based on heat transfer methods and processing type. Common dryers include tray dryers, rotary dryers, fluidized bed dryers, spray dryers, freeze dryers, and microwave/RF dryers.
3) Fluidized bed dryers suspend materials in an upward-moving stream of heated air or gas, allowing for uniform and rapid drying. They are useful for heat-sensitive materials and granule production.
cyclone seperator
This document describes a cyclone separator, which uses centrifugal force to separate solid or liquid particles from a carrier gas without any moving parts. It discusses the definition, working principle, design procedure, types, advantages, disadvantages and common industrial uses of cyclone separators. The working principle is that the gas and particle mixture enters tangentially and spirals downward along the inner wall before the particles exit through the underflow pipe while the gas reverses direction and exits through the vortex finder. Common uses include spray dryers, food processing, and combustion and vacuum cleaning applications.
Drying (dryers)
Pharmaceutical Dryers. Dryers are used in a variety of industries, such as the food processing, pharmaceutical, paper, pollution control and agricultural sectors. ... Direct dryers convectively heat a product through direct contact with heated air, gas or a combusted gas product.
Bag filter operation pradeep kumar
This document provides information on dedusting filters and their operation. It discusses the key components of a dedusting system including equipment to be dedusted, pipes, filters, fans, and insulation. It explains that the filter cake, not the bag itself, does most of the filtering. Guidelines are provided for filtration velocity, dust concentration, insulation needs, and other design factors. Filter bag selection criteria include the cleaning mechanism, dust properties, temperature, and allowed dust levels in cleaned gas.
Unit bag filter.pdf
The document discusses the basics of dedusting filters used in cement plants. It covers key principles such as the formation of dust cake on filter bags, design guidelines for filtration velocity and air-to-cloth ratios, selection criteria for filter bags, and components of a dust collection system including equipment to be dedusted, dedusting pipes, filters, fans and insulation. Guidelines are provided for hooding, air velocities, dust concentrations and other parameters to ensure trouble-free operation of dedusting plants.
Chemical plant operations
The document provides an overview of chemical plant operations including common unit processes and unit operations. It discusses key equipment used in chemical plants such as boilers, pumps, heat exchangers, valves, pipes, storage tanks and reactors. It also describes common unit operations like filtration, sedimentation, crystallization, drying, extraction, distillation, screening, and mixing.
Clarification & Filtration
This document summarizes clarification, which is the separation of solids from fluids or fluids from other fluids. It discusses various clarification processes like filtration and centrifugation. Filtration methods are classified as solid/fluid, solid/gas, or fluid/fluid. Applications in pharmaceutical processing include improving product appearance and removing contaminants. Factors affecting the rate of filtration are also summarized.
Necessity for dryers
Industrial dryers are used to efficiently reduce the moisture levels of bulk materials as part of manufacturing processes. Drying is commonly the last stage and is done through heating or desiccant methods to improve properties or allow for easier transportation and handling. There are different dryer types for various materials and quantities, including heatless desiccant dryers which use regenerating towers to continuously supply dry air, and refrigerant dryers which use cooling to condense moisture for removal. Selection of dryers depends on factors like flow capacity and drying needs.
Part II CH401 Pharmaceutical Technology.pptx
Granulation is done to improve the flow and compression properties of powder mixes. It prevents segregation and reduces dust production. Common granulation techniques include high shear mixers, fluidized beds, and roller compactors. Spray drying is a continuous process that converts liquids to dry powders. It has advantages like heat sensitivity and automation. The stages are atomization, drying, and powder separation. Selection of the atomizer depends on factors like feed properties and desired particle size. Wet and dry granulation are commonly used to agglomerate powders. Binders like starches and gums are added to improve granule strength and tablet properties.
Chernet DryingFi.pdf
Drying involves the removal of solvents like water or other liquids from a formulation using heat. It is done to stabilize moisture sensitive materials, aid preservation, and prepare granules for tablets and capsules. Common drying methods include hot air oven dryers, vacuum oven dryers, fluidized bed dryers, freeze dryers, drum dryers, and spray dryers. Hot air oven dryers operate by circulating hot air over solid materials spread on trays while vacuum oven dryers dry materials that are heat sensitive under low pressure. Spray dryers dry dilute solutions by spraying the liquid into a hot air stream where each droplet dries quickly.
Industrial Pharmacy
Pharmacy is the science and technique of preparing and dispensing drugs. It is a health profession that links health sciences with chemical sciences and aims to ensure the safe and effective use of pharmaceutical drugs
Industrial Pharmacy is a discipline which includes manufacturing, development, marketing and distribution of drug products including quality assurance of these activities.
Bag filter operation pradeep kumar
1) The filter cake that forms on the surface of the filter bags is what does the filtering, not the bags themselves. The cake protects the bags from dust.
2) When designing a dedusting system, the key components to consider are the equipment to be dedusted, dedusting pipes/valves, filter, fan/motor, and insulation. Design guidelines include airflow volumes, pipe sizes, filtration velocities below 1.3 m/s, and dust concentrations of 20-50 g/cubic meter.
3) Important factors for selecting filter bags include the type of filter and cleaning mechanism, moisture/temperature, dust properties, and providing high permeability, strength, and stability. The bag material
Factory Machinery & Equipment
The document discusses various types of machinery used in tea production, including withering troughs, rolling machines, CTC machines, CTC rollers, and dryers. It provides details on the principles and design of withering troughs, which are used to control the withering of fresh tea leaves by managing temperature, humidity, and air flow. Tea rolling machines and CTC machines apply different processes to further prepare the leaves for drying. The document also examines freeze dryers and spray dryers as two common types of industrial dryers used in tea processing.
Filtration 140913005653-phpapp02
This document provides information on filtration equipment and processes. It defines filtration and clarification, and describes the key components of filtration including the slurry, filter medium, filter cake, and filtrate. It explains the basic process of filtration using pressure differences and discusses various filtration applications. Different filtration mechanisms, types including surface and depth filtration, and factors influencing filtration are outlined. Finally, the document focuses on plate and frame filter presses, describing their construction, working principles for both filtration and washing operations, and some special provisions and uses.
Air handling system
This document discusses heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems and air filtration systems. It describes the basic components of an HVAC system including air handling units, air distribution systems, and air filters. It then focuses on air filtration, discussing the goals of filtration in pharmaceutical facilities. It explains mechanisms of filtration and common types of air filters used, including HEPA and ULPA filters. It also covers dust collection systems and their components and mechanisms.
Fluidized Bed Dryer
The document discusses fluidized bed dryers. It explains that fluidized bed dryers use hot air or gas to fluidize solid particles, allowing for rapid and uniform drying. There are two main types - batch and continuous. Batch dryers allow control of residence time for uniform drying, while continuous dryers can dry materials with high moisture content and achieve piston-like flow. Fluidized bed drying is advantageous as it is faster than other dryers and avoids issues like heat damage and soluble material migration.
Human: Thank you for the summary. You captured the key points about fluidized bed dryers and their operation concisely in 3 sentences as requested.
Similar to Unit operation (20)
Recently uploaded
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero Water
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero WaterTexas Alliance of Groundwater Districts
Presented at June 6-7 Texas Alliance of Groundwater Districts Business Meeting原版制作(carleton毕业证书)卡尔顿大学毕业证硕士文凭原版一模一样
原版纸张【微信：741003700 】【(carleton毕业证书)卡尔顿大学毕业证】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/如何办理(uvic毕业证书)维多利亚大学毕业证本科学位证书原版一模一样
原版纸张【微信：741003700 】【(uvic毕业证书)维多利亚大学毕业证】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Shallowest Oil Discovery of Turkiye.pptx
The Petroleum System of the Çukurova Field - the Shallowest Oil Discovery of Türkiye, Adana
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvement
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
Evaporation step counter work. I have done a physical experiment.
(Work in progress.)
Cytokines and their role in immune regulation.pptx
This presentation covers the content and information on "Cytokines " and their role in immune regulation .
Bob Reedy - Nitrate in Texas Groundwater.pdf
Presented at June 6-7 Texas Alliance of Groundwater Districts Business Meeting
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Classification
Metal ion ion indicators
Masking and demasking reagents
Estimation of Magnisium sulphate
Calcium gluconate
Complexometric Titration/ chelatometry titration/chelating titration, introduction, Types-
1.Direct Titration
2.Back Titration
3.Replacement Titration
4.Indirect Titration
Masking agent, Demasking agents
formation of complex
comparition between masking and demasking agents,
Indicators/Metal ion indicators/ Metallochromic indicators/pM indicators,
Visual Technique,PM indicators (metallochromic), Indicators of pH, Redox Indicators
Instrumental Techniques-Photometry
Potentiometry
Miscellaneous methods.
Complex titration with EDTA.
bordetella pertussis.................................ppt
Bordettela is a gram negative cocobacilli spread by air born drop let
Thornton ESPP slides UK WW Network 4_6_24.pdf
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Randomised Optimisation Algorithms in DAPHNE .
Austrian-Slovenian HPC Meeting 2024 – ASHPC24, Seeblickhotel Grundlsee in Austria, 10–13 June 2024
https://ashpc.eu/
SAR of Medicinal Chemistry 1st by dk.pdf
In this presentation include the prototype drug SAR on thus or with their examples .
Syllabus of Second Year B. Pharmacy
2019 PATTERN.
Recently uploaded (20)
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero Water
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero Water
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
Cytokines and their role in immune regulation.pptx
Cytokines and their role in immune regulation.pptx
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
bordetella pertussis.................................ppt
bordetella pertussis.................................ppt
Unit operation
- 1. IMPORTANT NOTES DRYING : Removal of liquid from a solid by thermal mean ( by Heating ) Equipment : 1 } try dryer 2} tunnel tray dryer 3} turbo dryer 4} spray dryer 5} freeze drying 6} drum/roller dryer FILTRATION : it is an process in which solid is separated from a fluid with use of septum (septum - medium of filtration ) Equipment : 1} filter press 2} Nutsh filters 3} edge filters 4} leaf filters 5] membrane filters 6} Micro filtrate 7} electrostatic precipitators 8 } wet scrubber SIZE REDUCTION : Reduce in size of raw materials by methods include Crushing, Grinding, Pulversing, Shredding, Cutting. Equipment : 1} hammer mill 2} tumbing mill 3} fluid energy mill 4} roller mill 5} edge and end runner mill 6} cutter mill SIZE SEPRATION : Particle of desired size separated from other fractions Equipment : 1} sedimentation tank 2} elutritor /zigzag sifter 3} mechanical classifier 4} cyclone separators MIXING : complete intermingling of two or more dissimilar portion of material so that final product obtain desired level of uni formality Equipment : a ) Batch mixing equipment 1} mechanically agitated vessel 2} jet mixers B) High shear mixing equipment 1} homogenize 2} colloid mill c) Pipe mixers Mixing of solid with liquid - 1} z-blade mixer 2} planetary mixer 3} screw mill 4} high speed mixers EVAPIRATION : process of removal of liquid by vaporization below boiling point of the system Equipment : 1} pan evaporator 2}tubular > a) horizontal E. b) vertical E. * short tube E. * multiple effect E. * long tune E. climbing,falling,forced circular E. 3} wiped film E. 4} centrifugal rotary E.