Blow Molding Process on Manufacturing Technology .
Tackles about the definition of Blow molding process, its various types , advantages and disadvantages and the application of it on a manufacturing set-up.
Blow Molding Process on Manufacturing Technology .
Tackles about the definition of Blow molding process, its various types , advantages and disadvantages and the application of it on a manufacturing set-up.
If you use hollow plastic parts (aka water bottles or any other type of bottles), then you're using products made from blow molding. Read this slideshare to learn more about blow molding!
Injection moulding is a manufacturing technique for making parts from both thermoplastic and thermosetting. Plastic material in production molten plastic is injected at high pressure into a mould.
If you use hollow plastic parts (aka water bottles or any other type of bottles), then you're using products made from blow molding. Read this slideshare to learn more about blow molding!
Injection moulding is a manufacturing technique for making parts from both thermoplastic and thermosetting. Plastic material in production molten plastic is injected at high pressure into a mould.
Presentation given at SPE section meeting held at Hennepin Technical College March 29, 2016. Covers why injection molding training is so important, best practices for injection molding training and case studies from Paulson injection molding customers and scientific molding training
Injection molding and blow molding are pivotal processes in mechanical engineering, particularly in the production of plastic components.
These methods enable the efficient mass production of complex plastic parts and products, serving various industries.
Injection molding involves injecting molten plastic into molds to create precise shapes, while blow molding uses air pressure to form hollow plastic objects.
Fabrication of Plastics in polymer technology for B.Tech students in India specially for JNTU K,H&A in Andhra Pradesh Telangana and also for other Indian Universities.
By
Gurram.Achyuth Kumar
A
industrial level polymer shape production is conventional when we use injection molding. it will help you understand, how injection molding works and what may cause problems in it.
this file is useful for industrial and manufacturing & also for mechanical engineers & usefull for the industrial point of view
This file is about injection molding for plastics
best of luck
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
3. Definition
Blow molding is a plastic processing technique where air is
blown in a heated plastic until it fills a mold and forms the
desired shape to produce hollow parts.
Raw materials:
Thermoplastics in the form of pellets or beads(Resin
beads)
Basic procedure of blow molding :
Melting the thermoplastic resin by extruder.
Forming molten resin into the parison (or preform).
The parison is placed inside a mold. The air is inflated
inside the plastic that push outward against the cavity wall.
The formed product is then cooled & ejected from the mold
3
5. Two important terms:
Parison and preform :
Parison is the part that is used in blow molding where
air is inflated to from the desired shape. It is closed on
one end. Here the preform is same as parison but there is
thread in the open end in preform. Preform is mostly used
in bottles .
Figure: Parison Figure :Preform
6. Types of Blow molding :
Blow molding is of three types
1) Extrusion Blow molding
2) Injection Blow molding
3) Stretch Blow molding
Extrusion blow molding :
Plastic is heated and extruded into a hollow parison .
Then parison is captured by cold metal mold
Air is blown into the parison ,inflated into the mold to
make desired shape .
7. Types of Extrusion blow molding:
Continuous Extrusion molding:
In extrusion molding, plastics is continuously extruded and the
individual parts are cut off by knife.
Intermittent extrusion molding:
In straight intermittent extrusion, extruder screw run ,stops and
pushes melt out. Here, accumulator is used to gather the mold.
Extrusion
blow molding
Continuous extrusion
molding
Intermittent extrusion
molding
9. Extrusion blow molding:
Advantage:
Low molding cost resulting from lower pressure used
Low tool cost due to simple structure
Fast production due to small processing cycle
Ability to mold complex part
Disadvantage:
Limited to hollow parts
Low strength of the product
10. Injection blow molding:
Injection blow molding is used for producing hollow objects in
large quantity .the main product of this process are jars ,PET
bottles etc.
The main steps of the injection blow molding are:
Injection:
Extruder barrel and screw assembly melts the polymer .
Then it is injected through heated cavity and core pin, where
preform forms .
Blowing :
Preform passes to the hollow chilled mold. Then compressed air
is blown through core rod into preform.
Ejection:
The final product is cooled and ejected from blow mold and
stripped off the core rod.
12. Injection blow molding:
Advantages:
Ability to produce threaded mold neck.
Minimizes weld line
Disadvantages:
Small capacity of the product
13. Injection stretch blow molding:
The plastic is first molded into a preform by injection molding.
Then the preform are heated and blown in high temperature
pressure ratio.
Here, the heated preform is always stretched with a core.
The basic advantage of stretch blow molding is fast production and
less pressure (as core pin is used to stretch the heated preform),
also the product’s excellent visual and dimensional quality.
Disadvantage of this process is that it is not suitable for every
product. It is usually used to manufacture champagne bottles.
14. Materials used in blow molding:
Most thermoplastics can be blow molded
Some typical applications are
HDPE : High Density Polyethylene (stiff bottle, toys, cases, drum)
LDPE : Low Density Polyethylene (flexible bottle)
PP : Polypropylene (higher temperature bottle)
PVC : Polyvinyl Chloride (clear bottle, oil resistant containers)
PET : Polyethylene terephthalate (soda pop bottle)
15. Factor effecting blow
molding:
Parison characteristics:
Size, shape, straightness, wall thickness, mechanical
strength.
Inflation pressure:
Pressure will be set according to the process.
Mold design :
Size of the mold, the material the mold is made with.
Blow ratio
Here, the blow ratio must be 1.5 to 3
Mold diameter
Parison diameter
16. Advantage of Blow molding:
Low tooling cost.
Fast production rate.
Ability to mold complex.
Little scrap generated.
Recycling.
Producing large hollow parts.
Disadvantage of blow molding:
Only for hollow parts.
Defect may be seen.
Thick parts can not be manufactured.
