A Bioamplifier is an electrophysiological device, a variation of the instrumentation amplifier, used to gather and increase the signal integrity of physiologic electrical activity for output to various sources. It may be an independent unit, or integrated into the electrodes.
This slide has been prepared in detaied manner and will help you.
The topics covered are:-
1- introduction
2.circuit diagram and its explaination
3.working
4. features
5.advantages / disadvantages
6. the top vendors
A Bioamplifier is an electrophysiological device, a variation of the instrumentation amplifier, used to gather and increase the signal integrity of physiologic electrical activity for output to various sources. It may be an independent unit, or integrated into the electrodes.
This slide has been prepared in detaied manner and will help you.
The topics covered are:-
1- introduction
2.circuit diagram and its explaination
3.working
4. features
5.advantages / disadvantages
6. the top vendors
Graphic record heart sound - Phonogram.
Recording the sounds connected with the pumping action of heart.
Sound from heart – phonocardiogram
Instrument to measure this – phonocardiograph
Basic function – to pick up the different heart sound,filter the required and display.
Electroencephalography is the technique used to acquire electrical signals of brain through electrodes which are placed by certain montage. Different wave patterns can be observed which is useful in detecting any abnormal conditions or neurological brain disorders in human beings. There is broad future scope for medical research and creating EEG based equipments for real time applications.
You can learn about Function of Respiratoray System, Types of Respiration Rate Measurement Methods, Displacement Method, Thermistor Method, Impedance Pneumography, CO2 Method, Apnoea Detector, Block Diagram of Apnoea Detecto
MEASUREMENT OF BIO POTENTIAL USING TWO ELECTRODES AND RECORDING PROBLEMSBharathasreejaG
YOU CAN LEARN ABOUT MEASUREMENT USING TWO ELECTRODES & RECORDING PROBLEMS# NEED OF MEDICAL RECORDING # ELECTRODE TO SKIN INTERFACE # NERNST EQUATION # NOISE DURING RECORDING# MOTION ARTIFACT# ELECTRODE TO ELECTROLYTE NOISE # ELECTROLYTE TO SKIN NOISE# THERMAL NOISE# AMPLIFICATION NOISE# CABLE MOVEMENT# OTHER NOISES # CODING FOR GENERATING NOISE
The Action and resting potential of the body are discussed. The working of body cell, tissue and how the electrical activity of body cell done? are discussed.
Discussion of Bioelectrodes, types of electrodes, their materials, bio potentials and their electrodes used. Special electrodes and their designs are discussed.
Graphic record heart sound - Phonogram.
Recording the sounds connected with the pumping action of heart.
Sound from heart – phonocardiogram
Instrument to measure this – phonocardiograph
Basic function – to pick up the different heart sound,filter the required and display.
Electroencephalography is the technique used to acquire electrical signals of brain through electrodes which are placed by certain montage. Different wave patterns can be observed which is useful in detecting any abnormal conditions or neurological brain disorders in human beings. There is broad future scope for medical research and creating EEG based equipments for real time applications.
You can learn about Function of Respiratoray System, Types of Respiration Rate Measurement Methods, Displacement Method, Thermistor Method, Impedance Pneumography, CO2 Method, Apnoea Detector, Block Diagram of Apnoea Detecto
MEASUREMENT OF BIO POTENTIAL USING TWO ELECTRODES AND RECORDING PROBLEMSBharathasreejaG
YOU CAN LEARN ABOUT MEASUREMENT USING TWO ELECTRODES & RECORDING PROBLEMS# NEED OF MEDICAL RECORDING # ELECTRODE TO SKIN INTERFACE # NERNST EQUATION # NOISE DURING RECORDING# MOTION ARTIFACT# ELECTRODE TO ELECTROLYTE NOISE # ELECTROLYTE TO SKIN NOISE# THERMAL NOISE# AMPLIFICATION NOISE# CABLE MOVEMENT# OTHER NOISES # CODING FOR GENERATING NOISE
The Action and resting potential of the body are discussed. The working of body cell, tissue and how the electrical activity of body cell done? are discussed.
Discussion of Bioelectrodes, types of electrodes, their materials, bio potentials and their electrodes used. Special electrodes and their designs are discussed.
Nerve conduction studies (NCSs) have become a simple and reliable test of peripheral nerve function.
With adequate standardization, the method now provides a means of not only objectively identifying the lesion but also precisely localizing the site of maximal involvement.
Electrical stimulation of the nerve initiates an impulse that travels along motor or sensory nerve fibers.
The assessment of conduction characteristics depends on the analysis of compound evoked potentials recorded from the muscle in the study of motor fibers and from the nerve itself in the case of sensory fiber
ELECTRICAL STIMULation of the nerve CATHODE AND ANODE: Surface electrodes, usually made of silver plate, come in different sizes, commonly in the range of 0.5 to 1.0 cm in diameter.
Stimulating electrodes consist of a cathode, or negative pole, and an anode, or positive pole, so called because they attract cations and anions.
As the current flows between them, negative charges that accumulate under the cathode, by making inside the axon relatively more positive than outside, depolarize the nerve or cathodal depolarization.
Conversely, positive charges under the anode hyperpolarize the nerve
TYPES OF STIMULATOR
Most commercially available stimulators provide a probe that mounts the cathode and the anode at a fixed distance, usually 2 to 3 cm apart.
The intensity control located in the insulated handle, though bulky, simplifies the operation for a single examiner.
The ordinary banana plugs connected by shielded cable also serve well as stimulating electrodes.
The use of a large diameter electrode for stimulation lowers current density in the skin, causing less pain, although the exact site of nerve activation becomes uncertain.
A monopolar stimulation with a small cathode placed on the nerve trunk and a large anode over the opposite surface in the same limb.
The use of a subcutaneously inserted needle as the cathode reduces the current necessary to excite the nerve compared to surface stimulation.
A surface electrode located on the skin nearby or a second needle electrode inserted in the vicinity of the cathode serves as the anode.
The maximum current during such stimulation causes neither electric nor heat damage to the tissue.
RECORDING OF MUSCLE AND NERVE POTENTIAL
Surface and Needle Electrodes:
Surface electrodes with a larger recording radius serve better than needle electrodes in assessing a compound muscle action potential (CMAP).
Its onset latency indicates the conduction time of the fastest motor fibers, and amplitude, the number of available motor axons.
A needle electrode, despite its small recording radius has its place in identifying the activity from a small muscle when surface recording fails.
Its use also improves segregation of a target activity from neighboring discharges after proximal stimulation, which tends to excite unwanted neighboring nerves simultaneously
Amplifier system
The electrodes convert bioelectric signal resulting from muscle or
Electroencephalograms (EEGs) are recordings of the minute (generally less that 300
μ
V) electrical
potentials produced by the brain. Since 1924, when Hans Berger reported the recording of rhythmic
electrical activity from the human scalp, analysis of EEG activity has been conducted primarily in clinical
settings to detect gross pathologies and epilepsies and in research facilities to quantify the central effects
of new pharmacologic agents.In 1875, Richard Caton published the first account documenting the recording of spontaneous brain
electrical activity from the cerebral cortex of an experimental animal. The amplitude of these electrical
oscillations was so low (i.e., in the microvolt range) that Caton’s discovery is all the more amazing because
it was made 50 years before suitable electronic amplifiers became available. In 1924, Hans Berger, of the
University of Jena in Austria, carried out the first human EEG recordings using metal strips pasted to
the scalps of his subjects as electrodes and a sensitive galvanometer as the recording instrument. Berger
was able to measure the irregular, relatively small electrical potentials (i.e., 50 to 100
μ
V) coming from
the brain.
The three measured ECG signals, on Figure , are respectively from the Instrumentation Amp, opto-coupler, and filter. The circuits function very well so that the three signals are almost identical to each other.
Measuring different region of the heart will obtain different ECG signals.
Power Electronics - Phase Controlled Converters.pptxPoornima D
A detailed analysis of the Controlled Converters with SCR. it contains a single-phase Fully controlled- Half Wave and Full Wave Rectifier with R, RL and RLC loads., Three Phase Fully controlled- Half Wave and Full Wave Rectifier with R, RL and RLC loads. Dual Converters. It also explains the effect of source inductance on the performance of converters
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
2. Electromyography (EMG)
• Measures muscle response or electrical activity in response to a nerve's stimulation
of the muscle.
• The activity is similar to that observed in the cardiac muscle, but in the skeletal
muscle, repolarization takes place much more rapidly, the action potential lasting
only a few milliseconds.
• The test is used to help detect neuromuscular abnormalities.
• During the test, one or more small needles (also called electrodes) are inserted
through the skin into the muscle.
• The EMG pattern is a summation of the individual action potentials from the fibres
constituting the muscle or muscles being studied.
• The muscle potentials range from 50 mV to 5 mV and the duration from 2 to 15 ms.
• The values vary with the anatomic position of the muscle and the size and location
of the electrode.
• In a relaxed muscle, there are normally no action potentials
3. Electrodes For EMG
• Electrodes for electromyographic work are usually of the needle type
• Needle electrodes are used in clinical electromyography, neurography and other
electrophysiological investigations of the muscle tissues underneath the skin and
in the deeper tissues.
• The material of the needle electrode is generally stainless steel.
• Stainless steel electrode material creates a lot of noise.
• But preferred in EMG work due to its mechanical solidity and low price.
• Needle electrodes are designed to be fully autoclavable and in any case they
should be thoroughly sterilized before use.
4. • A concentric (coaxial) core needle electrode contains both the active
and reference electrode within the same structure.
• It consists of an insulated wire contained within a hypodermic needle.
• The inner wire is exposed at the tip and this forms one electrode.
• The concentric needle is very convenient to use and has very stable
electrical characteristics.
• Care should be taken to maintain the surface electrode in good
condition in order to avoid artefacts.
• Concentric needle electrodes are made by moulding a fine platinum
wire into a hypodermic needle having an outside diameter less than
0.6 mm.
• One end of the needle is bevelled to expose the end of the wire and to
provide easy penetration when the needle is inserted.
• The surface area of the exposed tip of the wire may be less than
0.0005 mm2
5. • The ground electrode for EMG studies usually consists of a conducting strip which is inserted into a salin
e soaked strap and wrapped around the patient’s limb.
• The ground electrode is usually positioned over bony structures rather than over large muscle masses
6. EMG Machine
• EMG measurements are important for the myoelectric control of prosthetic devices (artificial limbs)
• Involves picking up EMG signals from the muscles at the terminated nerve endings of the remaining limb and
using the signals to activate a mechanical arm.
• This is the most demanding requirement from an EMG
• EMG is recorded by using surface electrodes or more often by using needle electrodes
• Electrodes pick up the potentials produced by the contracting muscle fibres.
• The signal is amplified and displayed on the screen of a CRO.
• Also applied to an audio amplifier connected to a loudspeaker.
• A trained EMG interpreter can diagnose various muscular disorders by
listening to the sounds produced when the muscle potentials are fed to the
loudspeaker.
• Tape recorder is included to playback and study of the EMG sound waveforms at a later convenient time.
• Waveform can also be photographed from the CRT screen by using a synchronized camera.
7. • A typical EMG signal ranges from 0.1 to 0.5 mV
• They may contain frequency components extending up to 10 kHz.
• Such high frequency signals cannot be recorded on the conventional pen recorders
and therefore, they are usually displayed on the CRT screen.
• Modern EMG machines are PC based available both in console as well as laptop
models
• Provide full colour waveform display, automatic cursors for marking and making measurements
• Keyboard available to access important test controls.
• Has facilities for recording of the EMG and evoked potentials.
• The stimulators are software controlled.
• For report generation in the hard copy form, popular laser printers can be used
8. Electrooculography (EOG)
• Recording of the bio-potentials generated by the movement of the eye ball.
• Potentials are picked up by small surface electrodes placed on the skin near
the eye.
• One pair of electrodes is placed above and below the eye to pick up voltages
corresponding to vertical movements of the eye ball.
• Another pair of electrodes is positioned to the left and right of the eye to
measure horizontal movement.
• The recording pen is centred on the recording paper, corresponding to the
voltage changes accompanying it.
• EOG has applications mostly for research and is not widely used for
clinical purposes
9. Electroretinography (ERG)
• Electrical potential exists between the cornea and the back of the eye and it changes
when the eye is illuminated.
• The process of recording the change in potential when light falls on the eye is called
electroretinography.
• ERG potentials can be recorded with a pair of electrodes.
• One of the electrodes is mounted on a contact lens and is in direct contact with the
cornea.
• The other electrode is placed on the skin adjacent to the outer corner of the eye.
• A reference electrode may be placed on the forehead
• A general purpose direct writing recorder may be used for recording electroretinogra
ms.
• The magnitude of the ERG voltage depends upon the intensity and duration of the
light falling on the eye, it may be typically about 500 mV.
10. PhonoCardioGraph (PCG)
• The phonocardiograph is an instrument used for recording the sounds
connected with the pumping action of the heart.
• Phonocardiography is the recording of all the sounds made by the heart
during a cardiac cycle.
• Sounds produced by healthy hearts are remarkably identical
• These sounds provide an indication of
the heart rate and its rhythmicity.
gives useful information regarding effectiveness of blood pumping
and valve action.
Abnormal sounds can be corelated to specific physical abnormalities
• Instrument used for the clinical detection of heart sounds is acoustical
stethoscope which has been improved to electronic stethoscope due to it
s high fidelity.
• Electronic stethoscope consisting of a microphone, an amplifier and a
head set.
Can detect heart sounds which are too low in intensity or too high in
frequency to be heard in a purely acoustal instrument.
11. Origin of Heart Sounds
• The sounds are produced by the mechanical events that occur during the heart
cycle
• These sounds can be from the movement of the heart wall, closure of walls and
turbulence and leakage of blood flow.
• The first sound
corresponds to the R wave of the ECG
longer in duration, lower in frequency, and greater in intensity than the sec
ond sound.
the sound is produced by closure
of the mitral valves between the
upper and lower chambers of the
heart (it occurs at the termination
of the atrial contraction and at the
onset of the ventricular contraction)
12. The frequencies of these sounds are generally in the range of 30 to 100 Hz and the duration is between
50 to 100 ms.
The second sound is higher in pitch than the first, with frequencies above 100 Hz and the duration betw
een 25 to 50 ms.
This sound is produced by the slight back flow of blood into the heart before the valves close and then
by the closure of the valves in the arteries leading out of the ventricles.
This means that it occurs at the closure of aortic valves.
The heart also produces third and fourth sounds but they are much lower in intensity and are normally i
naudible.
The third sound is produced by the inflow of blood to the ventricles and the fourth sound is produced b
y the contraction of the atria.
These sounds are called diastolic sounds and are generally inaudible in the normal adult but are comm
only heard among children