This document provides an overview of program development and programming languages. It discusses different approaches to program design such as structured programming, object-oriented programming, aspect-oriented programming, and adaptive software development. It also describes the phases of the program development life cycle including problem analysis, program design, coding, debugging and testing. Common programming languages and tools that can facilitate the development process are also covered.
This chapter discusses program development and programming languages. It covers the program development life cycle which includes problem analysis, program design, coding, debugging, testing and implementation. It describes different approaches to program design such as procedural, object-oriented and aspect-oriented programming. It also discusses tools that can help facilitate program development like flowcharts, pseudocode and UML diagrams. Finally, it provides an overview of common programming languages like FORTRAN, COBOL, C, C++, Java, Python and Ruby.
The document discusses the six steps of programming: 1) program specification, 2) program design, 3) program coding, 4) program testing, 5) program documentation, and 6) program maintenance. It describes each step in detail, including techniques like top-down design, pseudocode, flowcharts, and testing methods. The document also covers topics like object-oriented programming, generations of programming languages, and common IT careers like computer programmers.
This chapter introduces computer systems and programming, covering hardware, software, programming languages, and the program development cycle. It describes using pseudocode and flowcharts to plan program logic before coding. Testing and debugging programs is discussed, as well as different programming environments and models that have evolved over time. The key steps in programming are understanding the problem, planning the logic, coding, testing, and maintaining programs.
This document discusses software development processes. It describes the differences between systems development and software development. Software development focuses solely on producing software to satisfy user requirements. The document then discusses the main challenges in software development like ensuring quality and productivity. It introduces several software development life cycle models like waterfall, prototyping, iterative development and the unified process. Each model has its own advantages and disadvantages. User involvement and CASE tools can also support the development process.
FDD is an agile method that focuses on design and development. It consists of 5 processes: develop an overall model, build a feature list, plan by feature, design by feature, and build by feature. Teams iteratively select and develop small sets of prioritized features. Key roles include the project manager, chief architect, development manager, chief programmers, class owners, and domain experts. The method emphasizes object modeling, feature development, class ownership, feature teams, inspections, regular builds, and configuration management.
The document summarizes the theory behind the traditional waterfall model of software development and suggests updates to it. It discusses five major problems with how the waterfall model was commonly practiced: 1) protracted integration and late design breakage, 2) late risk resolution, 3) requirements-driven functional decomposition, 4) adversarial stakeholder relationships, and 5) a focus on documents and review meetings over producing working software. It also reviews basic software economics principles from the 1980s that still generally hold true today.
The document discusses various aspects of managing IT projects, including:
1) It describes the typical phases of a systems development life cycle (SDLC) including planning, analysis, design, implementation, and support.
2) It explains how project scheduling tools like PERT charts and Gantt charts are used to plan and track tasks and dependencies.
3) It discusses how project teams are staffed with different roles at each phase, and the responsibilities of the project manager in leading the team.
FDD is an agile methodology that focuses on developing small, customer-valued features rapidly. It involves 5 key steps: 1) Developing an overall model of the system and business activities, 2) Building a features list, 3) Planning development by feature, 4) Designing each feature, and 5) Building each feature. Key practices include domain modeling, feature-based development teams, and class ownership. While not imposing rigid timeboxes, FDD aims to deliver features frequently to provide early value. Documentation is valued to support scalability.
This chapter discusses program development and programming languages. It covers the program development life cycle which includes problem analysis, program design, coding, debugging, testing and implementation. It describes different approaches to program design such as procedural, object-oriented and aspect-oriented programming. It also discusses tools that can help facilitate program development like flowcharts, pseudocode and UML diagrams. Finally, it provides an overview of common programming languages like FORTRAN, COBOL, C, C++, Java, Python and Ruby.
The document discusses the six steps of programming: 1) program specification, 2) program design, 3) program coding, 4) program testing, 5) program documentation, and 6) program maintenance. It describes each step in detail, including techniques like top-down design, pseudocode, flowcharts, and testing methods. The document also covers topics like object-oriented programming, generations of programming languages, and common IT careers like computer programmers.
This chapter introduces computer systems and programming, covering hardware, software, programming languages, and the program development cycle. It describes using pseudocode and flowcharts to plan program logic before coding. Testing and debugging programs is discussed, as well as different programming environments and models that have evolved over time. The key steps in programming are understanding the problem, planning the logic, coding, testing, and maintaining programs.
This document discusses software development processes. It describes the differences between systems development and software development. Software development focuses solely on producing software to satisfy user requirements. The document then discusses the main challenges in software development like ensuring quality and productivity. It introduces several software development life cycle models like waterfall, prototyping, iterative development and the unified process. Each model has its own advantages and disadvantages. User involvement and CASE tools can also support the development process.
FDD is an agile method that focuses on design and development. It consists of 5 processes: develop an overall model, build a feature list, plan by feature, design by feature, and build by feature. Teams iteratively select and develop small sets of prioritized features. Key roles include the project manager, chief architect, development manager, chief programmers, class owners, and domain experts. The method emphasizes object modeling, feature development, class ownership, feature teams, inspections, regular builds, and configuration management.
The document summarizes the theory behind the traditional waterfall model of software development and suggests updates to it. It discusses five major problems with how the waterfall model was commonly practiced: 1) protracted integration and late design breakage, 2) late risk resolution, 3) requirements-driven functional decomposition, 4) adversarial stakeholder relationships, and 5) a focus on documents and review meetings over producing working software. It also reviews basic software economics principles from the 1980s that still generally hold true today.
The document discusses various aspects of managing IT projects, including:
1) It describes the typical phases of a systems development life cycle (SDLC) including planning, analysis, design, implementation, and support.
2) It explains how project scheduling tools like PERT charts and Gantt charts are used to plan and track tasks and dependencies.
3) It discusses how project teams are staffed with different roles at each phase, and the responsibilities of the project manager in leading the team.
FDD is an agile methodology that focuses on developing small, customer-valued features rapidly. It involves 5 key steps: 1) Developing an overall model of the system and business activities, 2) Building a features list, 3) Planning development by feature, 4) Designing each feature, and 5) Building each feature. Key practices include domain modeling, feature-based development teams, and class ownership. While not imposing rigid timeboxes, FDD aims to deliver features frequently to provide early value. Documentation is valued to support scalability.
software project management Assumption about conventional modelREHMAT ULLAH
Software project management involves several key steps: 1) Designing the project, 2) Documenting the design, 3) Repeating the design process. It also involves 4) Planning, controlling, and testing the project as well as 5) Involving users. Fixing problems after delivery can cost 100 times more than fixing them during early design phases. While compressing schedules by 25% is possible, adding people requires more overhead and training. For every $1 spent on development, $2 will be spent on maintenance, and maintenance costs can be higher for successful long-lived software products. Software costs are primarily determined by lines of code, and variations in individual productivity account for the largest differences in project
Enabling Performance Modeling for the Masses: Initial Experiencesabgolla
Performance problems such as sluggish response time or low throughput are especially annoying, frustrating and noticeable to users. Fixing performance problems after they occur results in unplanned expenses and time. Our vision is an MDE-intensive software development paradigm for complex systems in which software designers can evaluate performance early in development, when the analysis can have the greatest impact. We seek to empower designers to do the analysis themselves by automating the creation of performance models out of standard design models. Such performance models can be automatically solved, providing results meaningful to them. In our vision, this automation can be enabled by using model-to-model transformations: First, designers create UML design models embellished with the Modeling and Analysis of Real Time and Embedded systems (MARTE) design specifications; and secondly, such models are transformed to automatically solvable performance models by using QVT. This work reports on our first experiences when implementing these two initial activities.
See full articla at: https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01042-3_7
The document provides an overview of various software engineering process models including waterfall, rapid prototyping, incremental, evolutionary, spiral, and agile models like XP. It discusses the main characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of each model. It also covers the Rational Unified Process (RUP) in detail including its iterative nature, use case driven approach, architecture centricity, and use of UML. Finally, it discusses process improvement frameworks like the Capability Maturity Model (CMM).
In this Business Analysis Training session you will learn, SDLC. Topics covered in this session are:
SDLC
• Waterfall-Sequential
• Prototyping
• Spiral-Evolutionary
• Rational Unified Process (RUP)-Iterative
To learn more about this course, visit this link: https://www.mindsmapped.com/courses/business-analysis/foundation-level-business-analyst-training/
This document summarizes a software project management report submitted by students at Galgotias University. It includes an introduction to software project management, the goals and importance of software project management. It describes key activities in project management systems including planning, monitoring, and controlling software projects. It also discusses the differences between software projects and other types of projects, noting that software projects have an invisibility of progress, complexity that is hard to measure upfront, and require flexibility and conformity to client requirements.
1. The document discusses various topics related to software project management including project organization structures, team structures, challenges project managers may face, and methods for selecting projects.
2. It provides an overview of different project organization structures like functional, projectized, and matrix structures and how they influence projects.
3. Project team structures like isomorphic, specialty, and egoless structures are described along with their benefits and drawbacks.
4. Challenges around transitioning team members and effective communication are highlighted.
The document provides an overview of IT project management. It discusses systems development, understanding business needs through business process modeling, the roles of various participants in system development including users and specialists. It also covers the systems analysis and design process, guidelines for systems development including developing accurate cost and benefit information, and maintaining flexibility. Project management tasks like defining, planning, scheduling, monitoring and controlling, and reporting are also summarized.
This document covers key topics in software project management including scheduling, work breakdown structures (WBS), estimation, and network diagrams. It discusses estimating techniques like bottom-up and top-down, as well as analogy and expert judgment. Critical path method (CPM) and program evaluation review technique (PERT) network diagrams are explained for determining project schedules. The importance of realistic estimates to avoid project failure is emphasized. Brooks' law about the ineffectiveness of adding people to late projects is also referenced.
This document discusses key concepts in systems development including the systems development lifecycle, strategic planning, architecture, methodologies, and project management. It provides an overview of traditional waterfall and alternative approaches like prototyping and rapid application development. It also covers risk assessment, end user development, and the tension between IT organizations and end users.
This document outlines the syllabus for a Software Project Management course. It includes details such as the instructor's contact information, class participation expectations, acknowledgements, and an outline of course topics that will be covered. The topics include software and project definitions, project management skills needed, challenges in software engineering, reasons for India's growth in software exports, the Capability Maturity Model, and common mistakes to avoid in project management.
The document discusses planning for software project management. It provides examples of potential topics that could be covered in project planning, such as challenges specific to software projects, quality measurements, and best practices in Pakistan. It also gives examples of time and resource allocation across different project phases. Potential project deliverables are outlined for each phase from concept exploration to deployment and maintenance. Finally, it discusses lifecycle planning and the importance of choosing an appropriate model based on project risks and requirements understanding.
The document discusses software project management. It defines what a project and project management are, and describes the key characteristics of a software project. It outlines several software development lifecycles and methodologies including waterfall, prototype, spiral, agile, Scrum, extreme programming (XP), and rapid application development (RAD). It also discusses software project roles, risk management, project monitoring, defining a lifecycle model, software team organization structures, communication and coordination practices, and factors to consider when selecting a lifecycle model.
This document discusses several unified process frameworks for software development, including the Unified Process (UP), Rational Unified Process (RUP), Agile Unified Process (AUP), and Open Unified Process (OpenUP). The AUP combines agile approaches with a simplified RUP. It is iterative and scalable from small to large projects. OpenUP is an open source and agile process developed by the Eclipse Foundation that employs incremental development through micro-increments, iterations, and phases like inception, elaboration, construction, and transition.
Primavera®P6 is project portfolio management software that includes project management, product management, collaboration, and control capabilities. It integrates with other enterprise software. The software is used to balance resource capacity, allocate resources and track progress, conduct what-if analysis of alternative plans, and monitor and visualize project performance versus plan. The training course covers topics like creating project structures, budgeting, activities, relationships, resources, assigning resources and leveling, baselines, scheduling, thresholds, issues, and risk. The training is intended for project managers, event organizers, project planners, consultants, and financial analysts. After training, candidates will be able to navigate the interface, implement and manage schedules, calculate risk, and
This document discusses planning for a software project management session. It covers phases in software development in detail, including lifecycle planning and project plans. It discusses primary planning steps and key planning documents like the Software Development Plan and Risk Management Plan. It also outlines key product documents produced during planning like the Statement of Work, Requirements Document, and Design Specification.
Este documento presenta una introducción a los sistemas. Explica conceptos clave como perspectiva, enfoque, punto de vista y cosmovisión. Incluye figuras para ilustrar estos conceptos y su aplicación a la ciencia y el estudio de sistemas.
O documento discute a importância do papel do professor no ensino à distância. Apresenta como o professor deve incluir feedback, construção de conhecimento, compartilhamento de informações e materiais, permanência e socialização para apoiar os alunos. Também discute como práticas pedagógicas centradas na comunidade e aprendizagem colaborativa podem ajudar os alunos a se tornarem sujeitos autônomos de sua própria educação.
The document summarizes scenes from multiple movies and identifies communication theories that can help explain elements of those scenes. It discusses scenes from the movies Blue Bustamante and Ganito Kami Noon, Paano Kayo Ngayon? and analyzes them through the lenses of theories like uncertainty reduction theory, expectancy violation theory, attribution theory, and social penetration theory. The document demonstrates how communication theories can be applied to understand interactions and relationships portrayed in movies.
The document outlines the rationale behind the global war on terrorism according to realist international relations theory. It argues that the end of bipolarity between the US and USSR led to instability around the world. The current international system is anarchic and states prioritize survival, which can lead them to act aggressively. The growth of fundamentalism is caused by factors like globalization and a clash between Western and Islamic cultures. The war on terror aims to protect Western powers and present an image of strength, but it is not a purely realist conflict and has limitations in addressing the root causes of terrorism.
Crystal Sign Media Pvt. Ltd. provides various signage, printing, and branding services under one roof including outdoor advertising, exhibitions, banners, and more. They have a large, skilled in-house team, advanced technology, and understand clients' needs. Their services include digital printing, signage fabrication, event branding, exhibitions, and pop displays.
software project management Assumption about conventional modelREHMAT ULLAH
Software project management involves several key steps: 1) Designing the project, 2) Documenting the design, 3) Repeating the design process. It also involves 4) Planning, controlling, and testing the project as well as 5) Involving users. Fixing problems after delivery can cost 100 times more than fixing them during early design phases. While compressing schedules by 25% is possible, adding people requires more overhead and training. For every $1 spent on development, $2 will be spent on maintenance, and maintenance costs can be higher for successful long-lived software products. Software costs are primarily determined by lines of code, and variations in individual productivity account for the largest differences in project
Enabling Performance Modeling for the Masses: Initial Experiencesabgolla
Performance problems such as sluggish response time or low throughput are especially annoying, frustrating and noticeable to users. Fixing performance problems after they occur results in unplanned expenses and time. Our vision is an MDE-intensive software development paradigm for complex systems in which software designers can evaluate performance early in development, when the analysis can have the greatest impact. We seek to empower designers to do the analysis themselves by automating the creation of performance models out of standard design models. Such performance models can be automatically solved, providing results meaningful to them. In our vision, this automation can be enabled by using model-to-model transformations: First, designers create UML design models embellished with the Modeling and Analysis of Real Time and Embedded systems (MARTE) design specifications; and secondly, such models are transformed to automatically solvable performance models by using QVT. This work reports on our first experiences when implementing these two initial activities.
See full articla at: https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01042-3_7
The document provides an overview of various software engineering process models including waterfall, rapid prototyping, incremental, evolutionary, spiral, and agile models like XP. It discusses the main characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of each model. It also covers the Rational Unified Process (RUP) in detail including its iterative nature, use case driven approach, architecture centricity, and use of UML. Finally, it discusses process improvement frameworks like the Capability Maturity Model (CMM).
In this Business Analysis Training session you will learn, SDLC. Topics covered in this session are:
SDLC
• Waterfall-Sequential
• Prototyping
• Spiral-Evolutionary
• Rational Unified Process (RUP)-Iterative
To learn more about this course, visit this link: https://www.mindsmapped.com/courses/business-analysis/foundation-level-business-analyst-training/
This document summarizes a software project management report submitted by students at Galgotias University. It includes an introduction to software project management, the goals and importance of software project management. It describes key activities in project management systems including planning, monitoring, and controlling software projects. It also discusses the differences between software projects and other types of projects, noting that software projects have an invisibility of progress, complexity that is hard to measure upfront, and require flexibility and conformity to client requirements.
1. The document discusses various topics related to software project management including project organization structures, team structures, challenges project managers may face, and methods for selecting projects.
2. It provides an overview of different project organization structures like functional, projectized, and matrix structures and how they influence projects.
3. Project team structures like isomorphic, specialty, and egoless structures are described along with their benefits and drawbacks.
4. Challenges around transitioning team members and effective communication are highlighted.
The document provides an overview of IT project management. It discusses systems development, understanding business needs through business process modeling, the roles of various participants in system development including users and specialists. It also covers the systems analysis and design process, guidelines for systems development including developing accurate cost and benefit information, and maintaining flexibility. Project management tasks like defining, planning, scheduling, monitoring and controlling, and reporting are also summarized.
This document covers key topics in software project management including scheduling, work breakdown structures (WBS), estimation, and network diagrams. It discusses estimating techniques like bottom-up and top-down, as well as analogy and expert judgment. Critical path method (CPM) and program evaluation review technique (PERT) network diagrams are explained for determining project schedules. The importance of realistic estimates to avoid project failure is emphasized. Brooks' law about the ineffectiveness of adding people to late projects is also referenced.
This document discusses key concepts in systems development including the systems development lifecycle, strategic planning, architecture, methodologies, and project management. It provides an overview of traditional waterfall and alternative approaches like prototyping and rapid application development. It also covers risk assessment, end user development, and the tension between IT organizations and end users.
This document outlines the syllabus for a Software Project Management course. It includes details such as the instructor's contact information, class participation expectations, acknowledgements, and an outline of course topics that will be covered. The topics include software and project definitions, project management skills needed, challenges in software engineering, reasons for India's growth in software exports, the Capability Maturity Model, and common mistakes to avoid in project management.
The document discusses planning for software project management. It provides examples of potential topics that could be covered in project planning, such as challenges specific to software projects, quality measurements, and best practices in Pakistan. It also gives examples of time and resource allocation across different project phases. Potential project deliverables are outlined for each phase from concept exploration to deployment and maintenance. Finally, it discusses lifecycle planning and the importance of choosing an appropriate model based on project risks and requirements understanding.
The document discusses software project management. It defines what a project and project management are, and describes the key characteristics of a software project. It outlines several software development lifecycles and methodologies including waterfall, prototype, spiral, agile, Scrum, extreme programming (XP), and rapid application development (RAD). It also discusses software project roles, risk management, project monitoring, defining a lifecycle model, software team organization structures, communication and coordination practices, and factors to consider when selecting a lifecycle model.
This document discusses several unified process frameworks for software development, including the Unified Process (UP), Rational Unified Process (RUP), Agile Unified Process (AUP), and Open Unified Process (OpenUP). The AUP combines agile approaches with a simplified RUP. It is iterative and scalable from small to large projects. OpenUP is an open source and agile process developed by the Eclipse Foundation that employs incremental development through micro-increments, iterations, and phases like inception, elaboration, construction, and transition.
Primavera®P6 is project portfolio management software that includes project management, product management, collaboration, and control capabilities. It integrates with other enterprise software. The software is used to balance resource capacity, allocate resources and track progress, conduct what-if analysis of alternative plans, and monitor and visualize project performance versus plan. The training course covers topics like creating project structures, budgeting, activities, relationships, resources, assigning resources and leveling, baselines, scheduling, thresholds, issues, and risk. The training is intended for project managers, event organizers, project planners, consultants, and financial analysts. After training, candidates will be able to navigate the interface, implement and manage schedules, calculate risk, and
This document discusses planning for a software project management session. It covers phases in software development in detail, including lifecycle planning and project plans. It discusses primary planning steps and key planning documents like the Software Development Plan and Risk Management Plan. It also outlines key product documents produced during planning like the Statement of Work, Requirements Document, and Design Specification.
Este documento presenta una introducción a los sistemas. Explica conceptos clave como perspectiva, enfoque, punto de vista y cosmovisión. Incluye figuras para ilustrar estos conceptos y su aplicación a la ciencia y el estudio de sistemas.
O documento discute a importância do papel do professor no ensino à distância. Apresenta como o professor deve incluir feedback, construção de conhecimento, compartilhamento de informações e materiais, permanência e socialização para apoiar os alunos. Também discute como práticas pedagógicas centradas na comunidade e aprendizagem colaborativa podem ajudar os alunos a se tornarem sujeitos autônomos de sua própria educação.
The document summarizes scenes from multiple movies and identifies communication theories that can help explain elements of those scenes. It discusses scenes from the movies Blue Bustamante and Ganito Kami Noon, Paano Kayo Ngayon? and analyzes them through the lenses of theories like uncertainty reduction theory, expectancy violation theory, attribution theory, and social penetration theory. The document demonstrates how communication theories can be applied to understand interactions and relationships portrayed in movies.
The document outlines the rationale behind the global war on terrorism according to realist international relations theory. It argues that the end of bipolarity between the US and USSR led to instability around the world. The current international system is anarchic and states prioritize survival, which can lead them to act aggressively. The growth of fundamentalism is caused by factors like globalization and a clash between Western and Islamic cultures. The war on terror aims to protect Western powers and present an image of strength, but it is not a purely realist conflict and has limitations in addressing the root causes of terrorism.
Crystal Sign Media Pvt. Ltd. provides various signage, printing, and branding services under one roof including outdoor advertising, exhibitions, banners, and more. They have a large, skilled in-house team, advanced technology, and understand clients' needs. Their services include digital printing, signage fabrication, event branding, exhibitions, and pop displays.
David Lindenmayer_Successful delivery of critical ecosystem research infrastr...TERN Australia
The document discusses the Long Term Ecological Research Network (LTERN) in Australia, which integrates established plot networks across the country to study the impacts of disturbance on ecosystems over decadal timescales. The LTERN provides long-term data collection from plots measuring flora, fauna, and processes. This infrastructure allows researchers to develop understanding of ecosystem functions and quantify relationships between vegetation and disturbance regimes like fire, grazing, and climate change. The value of LTERN is that it provides empirical data over long periods to test theories, support modeling, and inform evidence-based policy through collaborative research.
KSU Nursing Class of Summer 2014 Pinning Slideshowlindsbsutton
This document contains messages of gratitude from nursing school graduates in the Summer 2014 class. The graduates thank family members for their love and support throughout nursing school. They thank parents, spouses, children and siblings for encouraging them and helping them through challenging times. The graduates also thank their friends in the nursing program for making the experience more bearable and for becoming like a second family. They express pride in completing the program and graduating with their class.
To keep pace with the ever increasing demand for real-time customer service, shifting to mobility has become inevitable for the insurance industry. In today's scenario, where real-time servicing of customer requests 'on the fly' has become a norm, mobile technology seems ideally positioned to
enable insurers gain a competitive advantage.
Local Business Listing is a marketing strategy that allows you to build your reputation to listing websites. Several popular listing website would be Google Listing, Yahoo listing and Bing Listing.
The document discusses the development of corpora at the University of Nottingham, including both mono-modal corpora containing one type of data (text-based) and multi-modal corpora containing multiple data types (text, video, audio). It describes the Nottingham Multi-Modal Corpus and Nottingham Learner Corpora as examples. The Nottingham eLanguage Corpus aims to collect diverse digital language data types from individuals, including SMS, email, social media, web browsing history, and location data. One challenge is modeling how language varies based on dynamic contextual factors. As a case study, the document outlines the Thrill corpus containing synchronized audio, video and sensor data from fairground rides, to examine linguistic patterns across different phases
This chapter covers:
- The most common approaches to program design and development
- The phases of the program development life cycle (PDLC)
- Tools that can be used to design and develop a program
- Good program design techniques and types of program errors
- Common programming languages
The document discusses the software engineering process for developing applications. It explains that a design document acts as a blueprint, outlining requirements, diagrams, data structures, and more. The design process involves learning user needs, creating UML diagrams, a data dictionary, and prototypes. An effective team includes roles like project manager, developer, and tester. The goal is to follow a structured process to successfully deliver working software that meets user needs.
This document discusses various prescriptive software process models. It begins by describing a generic process framework that includes communication, planning, modeling, construction, and deployment. It then covers traditional models like the waterfall model and incremental model. Specialized models discussed include component-based development and formal methods. Finally, it describes the unified process model, which is iterative and incremental.
Software engineering is defined as the systematic, disciplined and quantifiable approach to software development. It focuses on applying engineering principles and techniques to software in a cost-effective manner. As software grew in size and complexity, an engineering approach became necessary to effectively manage projects. Early approaches included structured programming and design based on control flow and data structures. Modern approaches include object-oriented design and iterative development processes. The software development life cycle typically includes phases for requirements analysis, design, implementation, testing, deployment and maintenance.
software engineering , its characteristic ,changing nature of software,evolving nature of software,legacy software,generic view of software,process flow ,umbrella activity,CMMI,PROCESS ASSESSMENT ,team and personal software process
In this presentation, it will cover different software development methodologies. These include the common types of SDM, and the pros and cons.
A software development methodology involves several steps. These include planning, structuring, and performance tracking.
In some instances, it may also include extreme programming. The objective is to streamline the process when developing software or any product.
Almost all software development methodologies are non-technical. This means they do not deal with the technical aspects of software design and development. They focus more on the internal operations, and other processes involved in the project.
Take note that each has its specific features. Gauge your options, and choose the best one that suits your needs.
The document discusses software project planning and cost estimation. It covers the 4Ps model of project planning - product, process, people, and project. It then discusses various software size and cost estimation techniques, including lines of code, function points analysis, heuristic models like COCOMO, and empirical and analytical estimation approaches. COCOMO is described as one of the most commonly used software estimation models, predicting effort and schedule based on size.
This chapter discusses different types of business software including application software and system software. It describes the evolution of programming languages from machine language to today's visual programming languages. It also covers topics like object-oriented programming, compilers, interpreters, and popular applications for productivity, collaboration, and multimedia. Emerging technologies discussed include virtual reality, 3D modeling, and tools that allow real-time group work over the internet.
This chapter discusses elements of high-quality program design, including the advantages of modularization such as abstraction, allowing multiple programmers to work on a problem, and reusing code. It covers how to modularize a program using modules, main programs, and hierarchy charts. The chapter also discusses features that contribute to good program design, such as using comments, choosing clear identifiers, designing statements, and maintaining good programming habits.
The Software Engineering Discipline and Evolution of S/W Engineering Methodol...Santhia RK
This document discusses the evolution of software engineering methodologies from early computer programming to modern object-oriented design. It describes five stages of evolution: 1) Early programming used exploratory coding without formal design. 2) High-level languages improved abstraction but design was still ad hoc. 3) Structured programming introduced control flow design with flowcharts. 4) Data structure design became important for large programs. 5) Data flow design and object-oriented design improved abstraction through information hiding and reuse.
Software Development Life Cycle Models | What are Software Process Models ?
Here you are going to know What is Software Development Life Cycle Model or What are Software Process Models?
Software Process Models defines a distinct set of activities, actions, tasks, milestones, and work products that are required to engineer high-quality software...
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Software Process Models | Software Development Process Models | SDLC | Traditional Software Process Models | Waterfall Model Incremental Model | Prototyping Model | Evolutionary Process Model
itec513 fall20172018 COCOMO model estimation.pptinaamulh77
COCOMO, or Constructive Cost Model, is a software cost estimation model developed by Barry Boehm. It categorizes software projects into three modes: Organic, Semidetached, and Embedded. The model uses equations to estimate effort, duration, and personnel required based on project size. Factors such as product complexity, development environment, and team experience influence the final estimation. COCOMO provides a structured approach for assessing and managing software development costs, aiding in project planning and resource allocation.COCOMO, an acronym for Constructive Cost Model, is a widely used software cost estimation technique that aids in predicting the effort, time, and resources required for a software development project. Developed by Barry Boehm in the late 1970s, it classifies projects into three categories: Organic, suitable for small teams with experienced developers; Semidetached, for projects with mixed characteristics; and Embedded, for large, complex systems. The model utilizes mathematical formulas and factors like product attributes, development environment, and team capabilities to generate estimates. By providing a systematic framework, COCOMO assists project managers in making informed decisions during the planning phase, contributing to more accurate budgeting and resource allocation.
At the end of this lecture students should be able to;
Define fundamentals of data processing in computer.
Define fundamental terms in computer programming.
Define the phases of program development life cycle.
Define structured program theorem.
The document discusses the software development process, which includes analysis, design, implementation, testing, documentation, and maintenance. It describes key activities in the analysis stage like requirements specification and system specification. Design representations discussed include structure diagrams and pseudocode. Implementation involves choosing a programming environment and language. Testing activities are discussed like debugging, dry runs, and documentation of user and technical guides. Maintenance is an ongoing process that accounts for a large percentage of total development costs.
This document discusses the software development life cycle (SDLC) model. It defines the SDLC as a detailed plan for creating, developing, implementing, and eventually retiring software. The SDLC involves phases such as concept development, planning, requirements analysis, design, development, testing, implementation, and maintenance. Two common SDLC models are the waterfall model and iterative model. Following an SDLC is important for health IT systems to ensure software meets needs, integrates properly, and has appropriate documentation for maintenance.
This document provides an introduction to software engineering. It begins with the course outcomes, which are to apply the software engineering lifecycle, gain knowledge of software and UI design, and apply testing guidelines. It then covers topics like the definition of software engineering, its objectives like maintainability and portability, and the software development lifecycle which includes stages like requirements analysis, design, development, testing, and deployment. The importance of software engineering is discussed as helping to reduce complexity, minimize costs, decrease time, and handle large projects. References are provided at the end.
Esoft Metro Campus - Diploma in Information Technology - (Module VII) Software Engineering
(Template - Virtusa Corporate)
Contents:
What is software?
Software classification
Attributes of Software
What is Software Engineering?
Software Process Model
Waterfall Model
Prototype Model
Throw away prototype model
Evolutionary prototype model
Rapid application development
Programming styles
Unstructured programming
Structured programming
Object oriented programming
Flow charts
Questions
Pseudo codes
Object oriented programming
OOP Concepts
Inheritance
Polymorphism
Encapsulation
Generalization/specialization
Unified Modeling Language
Class Diagrams
Use case diagrams
Software testing
Black box testing
White box testing
Software documentation
COMPUTING AND PROGRAMMING FUNDAMENTAL.pptxSherinRappai1
The document discusses computing, programming, algorithms, and program development life cycle. It provides definitions and explanations of key concepts:
1. A program is a set of instructions that tells a computer how to perform tasks, written in a programming language. Programs range from simple scripts to complex applications.
2. Algorithms are step-by-step procedures for solving problems or performing tasks. They are incorporated into programs.
3. The program development life cycle includes phases like analysis, design, coding, testing, and maintenance to systematically create reliable programs. Diagramming tools like pseudocode, flowcharts, and UML diagrams are used.
COMPUTING AND PROGRAMMING FUNDAMENTAL.pptxSherinRappai
The document discusses computing, programming, algorithms, and program development life cycle. It provides definitions and explanations of key concepts:
1. A program is a set of instructions that tells a computer how to perform tasks, written in a programming language. Programs range from simple scripts to complex applications.
2. Algorithms are step-by-step procedures for solving problems or performing tasks. They are incorporated into programs.
3. The program development life cycle includes phases like analysis, design, coding, testing, and maintenance to systematically create reliable programs. Diagramming tools like pseudocode, flowcharts, and UML diagrams are used in the design process.
This document outlines the project plan for developing a Student Feedback System. It includes sections on project analysis, hardware and software requirements, planning and scheduling, project design using UML diagrams, database design using ER diagrams, testing strategies, and conclusions. The project aims to develop a web-based system allowing students to provide feedback to staff online and the principal to view feedback reports. It will save time compared to a manual process and help enhance staff performance.
The document discusses computer security and privacy. It covers risks from hardware loss, damage, and failure, and ways to safeguard hardware using locks, encryption, tracking software and backups. It also discusses software piracy, digital counterfeiting, and how they can be prevented. The document outlines privacy concerns regarding databases, profiling, spam and surveillance. It provides tips for protecting personal information and ways individuals can protect their privacy when using computers.
This chapter discusses databases and database management systems. It defines what a database is and the key components like tables, records, and fields. It discusses database concepts like data hierarchy, relationships, and data definition. It also covers database classifications, the most common database models including relational and object-oriented, and how relational databases are designed, created, used and maintained. Finally, it discusses how databases are commonly used on the web.
This chapter discusses information systems and the system development life cycle. It defines an information system as a system used to generate information to support organizational users. It describes common types of information systems such as transaction processing systems, decision support systems, and integrated enterprise systems. It also outlines the roles and responsibilities of information technology professionals involved in system development, including systems analysts. Finally, it details the key steps of the system development life cycle, from preliminary investigation and system analysis to system implementation and maintenance.
This chapter discusses e-commerce and how businesses can implement online sales. It covers the advantages and disadvantages of e-commerce for businesses and consumers. Various e-commerce business models are identified, including business-to-consumer, business-to-business, and consumer-to-consumer. Different types of e-commerce websites like manufacturer sites, brokerage sites, and subscription sites are also described. The chapter outlines the steps to implement an e-commerce website including selecting a business model, payment options, website design, sales and marketing strategies, and addressing security issues.
This chapter discusses multimedia and the web. It begins by defining web-based multimedia as the integration of various media types like text, images, video, and sound on web pages. It then discusses the basic multimedia elements of text, images, animation, audio, and video. The chapter also covers designing multimedia web sites, including determining objectives and audience, using flowcharts and layouts, and accessibility considerations. It concludes by outlining the process of developing a multimedia web site, which involves creating multimedia elements, using markup languages like HTML and XML to code pages, and testing and publishing the site.
This document discusses network and internet security. It covers 10 learning objectives on topics like unauthorized access, computer sabotage, identity theft, and protecting personal safety online. Some key points made include that security concerns are prevalent with computer networks and the internet. Examples are given of unauthorized access like hacking, war driving, and packet sniffing. The document also details ways to protect against unauthorized access, such as using access control systems, firewalls, encryption, and virtual private networks.
This document discusses the evolution of the Internet from its origins as ARPANET in 1969 to today's World Wide Web. It describes the various entities that make up the Internet community including users, internet service providers, content providers, infrastructure companies, and government organizations. It also outlines options for connecting to the Internet, such as dial-up, broadband, wireless and mobile connections. Key considerations for selecting a device, connection type, and internet service provider are reviewed.
This document provides an overview of key topics related to computer networks that will be covered in Chapter 7, including defining what a computer network is, common networking applications such as the internet and cellular networks, characteristics of networks such as wired vs wireless and different topologies, how data is transmitted over networks, examples of networking media like twisted pair cable and wireless frequencies, common communication protocols and standards, and networking hardware devices. The chapter will cover networking concepts, technical issues, protocols, and hardware in detail.
This document provides an overview of application software and discusses various types of application programs. It begins by defining application software and describing different types of software ownership rights. It then covers the basics of application software, including the differences between installed and web-based software. The document proceeds to discuss specific types of application software like word processing, spreadsheets, databases, and presentation graphics. It provides details on creating and working with documents in each of these software categories.
The document discusses system software, including operating systems and utility programs. It describes the functions of operating systems such as interfacing with users, booting computers, managing devices and resources, and providing security. Popular operating systems mentioned include Windows, Mac OS, Linux, Android, and iOS. Utility programs are also discussed, including file management programs, backup and restore utilities, disk management, and search tools.
This chapter discusses various input and output devices used with computers. It describes keyboards, pointing devices like mice and touchscreens, as well as scanners, readers and digital cameras that are used to input images, text and other data into computers. Output devices covered include display screens, printers and audio output systems. The chapter provides details on the types, functions and uses of different input/output hardware.
The document summarizes various types of storage systems used with personal computers. It describes the characteristics of hard drives and discusses magnetic hard drives and solid state drives. It covers optical discs like CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray discs as well as their read-only, recordable, and rewritable varieties. Flash memory storage devices such as USB flash drives and memory cards are also outlined. The document briefly mentions other storage systems including network storage, smart cards, holographic storage, and large computer storage systems.
The document discusses the components inside a computer system unit. It describes how data and programs are represented digitally and in binary. The central processing unit (CPU) and memory are located on the motherboard along with buses that connect components. The CPU contains arithmetic, logic, and control units and processes instructions in memory. Expansion slots add functionality. Strategies like multi-core CPUs and faster buses improve performance.
This chapter introduces computers and their role in modern society. It discusses how computers have become integrated into business and personal lives. The chapter defines what a computer is and its basic operations of input, processing, output, storage, and communication. It provides an overview of the history of computers and important milestones. It also defines software and describes the major types of computers including personal computers, servers, mainframes, and supercomputers. Finally, it introduces computer networks and the internet.
This chapter discusses intellectual property rights, ethics, health issues related to computer use, access to technology, and environmental impacts. It covers various types of intellectual property including copyrights, trademarks, patents, and digital rights management. Ethics topics include proper use of copyrighted material, information resources, and addressing issues like digital manipulation. Health sections explore physical risks from improper ergonomics as well as emotional stressors. Access barriers like the digital divide within and between countries are also examined.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
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Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
2. Learning Objectives
1. Understand the differences between structured
programming, object-oriented programming (OOP), aspectoriented programming (AOP), and adaptive software
development.
2. Identify and describe the activities involved in the program
development life cycle (PDLC).
3. Understand what constitutes good program design and list
several tools that can be used by computer professionals
when designing a program.
Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 14th Edition
2
2
3. Learning Objectives
4. Explain the three basic control structures and how they can
be used to control program flow during execution.
5. Discuss some of the activities involved with debugging a
program and otherwise ensuring it is designed and written
properly.
6. List some tools that can be used to speed up or otherwise
facilitate the program development process.
7. Describe several programming languages in use today and
explain their key features.
Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 14th Edition
3
4. Overview
• This chapter covers:
– The most common approaches to program design and
development
– The phases of the program development life cycle (PDLC)
– Tools that can be used to design and develop a program
– Good program design techniques and types of program
errors
– Common programming languages
Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 14th Edition
4
4
5. Approaches to Design and
Development
• Procedural Programming
– An approach to program design in which a program is
separated into small modules that are called by the main
program or another module when needed
• Procedure call—locating specific tasks in procedures
(modules or subprograms) that are called by the main
program when needed
• Allows each procedure to be performed as many times
as needed; multiple copies of code not needed
• Prior to procedural programming, programs were one
large set of instructions (used GOTO statements)
Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 14th Edition
5
6. Approaches to Design and
Development
• Structured Programming
– Goes even further, breaking the program into small
modules (Top-down design)
– Variables
• Named memory locations that are defined for a
program
• Used to store the current value of data items used in
the program
Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 14th Edition
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7. Approaches to Design and
Development
Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 14th Edition
7
8. Approaches to Design and
Development
• Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)
– Programs consist of a collection of objects that contain
data and methods to be used with that data
• Class
– Group of objects that share
some common properties
• Instance
– An individual object in a
class
• Attributes
– Data about the state of
an object
Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 14th Edition
8
9. Approaches to Design and
Development
• Methods
– Perform actions on an object
• Objects can perform nontraditional actions and be
easily used by more than one program
Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 14th Edition
9
10. Approaches to Design and
Development
• Aspect-Oriented Programming (AOP)
– Separates functions so program components can be
developed and modified individually from one another
– The components can be easily reused with separate
nonrelated objects
• Adaptive Software Development
– Designed to make program development faster and more
efficient and focuses on adapting the program as it is being
written
• Iterative and/or incremental
Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 14th Edition
10
11. Approaches to Design and
Development
• Agile software development
– Goal is to create software rapidly
– Focuses on building small functional program pieces
during the project
– Includes earlier adaptive software approaches such
as RAD (rapid application development) and
extreme programming (XP)
Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 14th Edition
11
12. The Program Development
Life Cycle (PDLC)
• Program Development
(application software
development)
– The process of
creating
application
programs
• Program Development
Life Cycle (PDLC)
– The five phases of
program
development
Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 14th Edition
12
13. The Program Development
Life Cycle (PDLC)
• Problem Analysis
– The problem is considered and the program specifications
are developed
• Specifications developed during the PDLC are reviewed
by the systems analyst and the programmer (the
person who will code the program)
• Goal is to understand the functions the software must
perform
– Documentation: Program Specifications
• Result of the first phase of the PDLC outlining what the
program must do
Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 14th Edition
13
14. The Program Development
Life Cycle (PDLC)
• Program Design
– The program specifications are expanded into a complete
design of the new program
• Algorithm for the program is developed
• Careful planning and design of a computer program are
extremely important
– Program Design Tools
• Planning tools that include diagrams, charts, tables, and
models
• Structure Charts (hierarchy charts)
– Depict the overall organization of a program
Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 14th Edition
14
15. The Program Development
Life Cycle (PDLC)
• Flowcharts
– Show graphically, step-by-step, how a computer
program will process data
– Use special symbols and relational operators
– Can be drawn by hand or with flowcharting
software
• Pseudocode
– Uses English-like statements to outline the logic of a
program rather than the flowchart’s graphical
symbols
Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 14th Edition
15
18. The Program Development
Life Cycle (PDLC)
• Unified Modeling
Language (UML)
Models
– Set of standard
notations for
creating business
models
– Widely used in
object-oriented
programs
– Includes class
diagrams and case
diagrams
Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 14th Edition
18
19. The Program Development
Life Cycle (PDLC)
– Control Structures
• A pattern for controlling
the flow of logic in a
computer program,
module, or method
• The Sequence Control
Structure
– Series of statements
that follow one
another
Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 14th Edition
19
20. The Program Development
Life Cycle (PDLC)
• The Selection Control Structure
– Multiple paths, direction depends on result of a
certain condition
» If-then-else
– Case control structure
» Allows for as many possible results of the
specified condition as needed
• Repetition Control Structure (iteration control structure)
– Repeat series of steps
» Do-while
» Do-until
Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 14th Edition
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22. The Program Development
Life Cycle (PDLC)
– Good Program Design
• Is essential
• Saves time
• Good Program Design Principles
– Be Specific
» All things the program must do or consider must
be specified
– Follow the One-Entry-Point/One-Exit-Point Rule
– No Infinite Loops or Logic Errors
» Infinite loop is a series of steps that repeat
forever
Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 14th Edition
22
24. The Program Development
Life Cycle (PDLC)
– Program Design Testing
• Design should be tested to ensure logic is correct
– Desk check
– Tracing tables
– Documentation: Design Specifications
• Illustrates the program needed to fulfill the program
requirements
• Expressed using structure
charts, flowcharts, pseudocode, and UML models
• Include any test data and results from desk checking
Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 14th Edition
24
27. The Program Development
Life Cycle (PDLC)
• Program Coding
– The program code is written using a programming
language
– Choosing a Programming Language
• Suitability to the application
• Integration with other programs
• Standards for the company
• Programmer availability
• Portability if being run on multiple platforms
• Development speed
Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 14th Edition
27
28. The Program Development
Life Cycle (PDLC)
– The Coding Process
• Coding Standards
– Rules designed to standardize programming
– Makes programs more readable and easier to
maintain
– Includes the proper use of comments to:
» Identify the programmer and last
modification date
» Explain variables used in the program
» Identify the main parts of the program
Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 14th Edition
28
30. The Program Development
Life Cycle (PDLC)
– Reusable code
• Pretested, error-free code segments that can be
used over and over again with minor modifications
• Can greatly reduce development time
– Documentation: Documented Source Code
• Program coding phase results in the program written in
the desired programming language
• Should include enough comments (internal
documentation) so that the source code is easy to
understand and update
Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 14th Edition
30
31. The Program Development
Life Cycle (PDLC)
• Program Debugging and Testing
– The process of ensuring a program is free of errors (bugs)
and works as it is supposed to
– Translating Coded Programs into Executable Code
• Coded programs need to be translated from source
code written by the programmer to object code the
computer can execute
• Converted using a language translator
– Program that converts source code to machine
language
Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 14th Edition
31
32. The Program Development
Life Cycle (PDLC)
– Compilers
» Language translator that converts an entire
program into machine language before
executing it
» Designed for specific programming languages
such as Java or Python
– Interpreters
» Translates one line of code at one time
– Assemblers
» Convert assembly language programs into
machine language
Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 14th Edition
32
35. The Program Development
Life Cycle (PDLC)
– Preliminary Debugging
• Compiler and Syntax Errors
– As programs are compiled or interpreted, errors
occur which prevent the program from running
properly
− Syntax errors occur when the programmer has not
followed the rules of the programming language
• Run Time and Logic Errors
– Run time errors occur when the program is running
Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 14th Edition
35
36. The Program Development
Life Cycle (PDLC)
– Logic errors are errors in the logic of the program
» Program will run but produces incorrect results
» Dummy print statements can help locate logic
errors and other run time errors
Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 14th Edition
36
38. The Program Development
Life Cycle (PDLC)
– Testing
• Occurs after the program appears to be correct to find
any additional errors
• Uses good test data—data that is very similar to the
actual data that will be used in the program
• Tests conditions that will occur when the program is
implemented
• Checks for coding omissions (i.e., product quantity
allowed to be < 0)
Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 14th Edition
38
39. The Program Development
Life Cycle (PDLC)
• Two stages
– Alpha test—internal on-site test
– Beta test—outside test
– Documentation: Completed Program Package
• Copy of the test data, test results, finished program
code, and other documentation generated during the
testing phase should be added to the program package
– Developer documentation
– User documentation
Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 14th Edition
39
40. The Program Development
Life Cycle (PDLC)
• Program Implementation and Maintenance
– Once the system containing the program is up and
running, the implementation process is complete
– Program maintenance
• Process of updating software so it continues to be
useful
• Very costly
– Documentation: Amended program package
• Program package should be updated to reflect new
problems or issues that occur and what changes to the
program were necessary
Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 14th Edition
40
41. Quick Quiz
1. Which approach to programming uses the concept of inheritance?
a. Procedural
b. Object-oriented
c. Aspect-oriented
2. True or False: An infinite loop is an example of a logic error.
3. A(n)______________________ is a program design tool that shows
graphically step-by-step the actions a computer program will take.
Answers:
1) b; 2) True; 3) flowchart
Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 14th Edition
41
42. Tools for Facilitating Program
Development
• Application Lifecycle Management (ALM) Tools
– Creating and managing an application during its entire
lifecycle, from design through retirement
– Tools include:
• Requirements management
– Keeping track of and managing the program
requirements as they are defined and then
modified
• Configuration management
– Keeping track of the progress of a program
development project
Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 14th Edition
42
43. Tools for Facilitating Program
Development
• Issue tracking
– Recording issues such as bugs or other problems
that arise during development or after the system is
in place
Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 14th Edition
43
44. Tools for Facilitating Program
Development
• Application Generators
– Software program that helps programmers develop
software
– Macros
• Record and play back a series of keystrokes
• Programmers write them in a macro programming
language such as Visual Basic for Applications
– Report and Form Generators
• Tools that enable individuals to prepare reports and
forms quickly
Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 14th Edition
44
45. Tools for Facilitating Program
Development
Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 14th Edition
45
46. Tools for Facilitating Program
Development
• Device Software Development Tools
– Assist with developing embedded software to be used on
devices, such as cars, ATM machines, and consumer
devices
• Software Development Kits (SDKs) and Application Program
Interfaces (APIs)
– Designed for a particular platform
– Enables programmers to develop applications more quickly
and easily
• Often released by hardware or software companies
– iOS SDK—allows third party developers to create
new applications for iPhone, iPad, iPod Touch
Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 14th Edition
46
47. Tools for Facilitating Program
Development
• Application Program Interfaces (APIs)
– Help applications interface with a particular
operating system
• Often used in conjunction with Web sites
• Rich Internet Application (RIA) Tools
– Web-based applications that work like installed software
programs
– Desktop RIA can access local files and used without an
Internet connection
– Web-based RIAs are common
– Tools to develop RIAs
• Adobe AIR
Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 14th Edition
47
48. Tools for Facilitating Program
Development
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49. Quick Quiz
1. Which of the following is not an Application Lifecycle Management
(ALM) tool?
a. Requirements definition software
b. Code generator
c. Application program interface (API)
2. True or False: A software development kit (SDK) is designed for a
particular platform and allows programmers to develop applications
quickly for that platform.
3. A(n) ______________________ is often used to create the forms or
input screens used to input data into a program or database.
Answers:
1) c; 2) True; 3) form generator
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50. Programming Languages
• What is a Programming Language?
– A set of rules, words, symbols, and codes used to write
computer programs
– To write a program, appropriate software for the
programming language being used is needed
• Categories of Programming Languages
– Types of programs they are designed to create
• Procedural languages or object-oriented languages
– How evolved the programming language is
• Levels or generations
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51. Programming Languages
– Low-Level Languages (earliest programming languages)
• Machine language
– Written at a very low level, just using 1s and 0s
– First generation of programming languages
• Assembly language
– Includes some names and other symbols to replace
some of the 1s and 0s in machine language
– Second generation of programming languages
– Machine dependent
» Written for one specific type of computer
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53. Programming Languages
– High-Level Languages
• Closer to natural languages
• Machine independent
• Includes 3GLs (FORTRAN, BASIC, COBOL,C, etc.) and
object-oriented languages (Visual
Basic, C#, Python, Java, etc.)
• Visual or graphical languages
– Use graphical interface to create programs
– Designed for educational purposes
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55. Programming Languages
– Fourth-Generation Languages (4GLs)
• Even closer to natural languages and easier to work
with than high-level
• Declarative rather than procedural
• Includes structured query language (SQL) used with
databases
• Common Programming Languages
– Languages not widely used today
• Logo (teach children how to program)
• PL/1 (business and scientific applications
• Prolog and LISP (artificial intelligence)
• SmallTalk (one of the first object-oriented languages)
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56. Programming Languages
– FORTRAN
• High-level programming language used for
mathematical, scientific, and engineering applications
• Efficient for math,
engineering and
scientific applications
• Still used today for
high-performance
computing tasks
(weather forecasting)
• Fortress may eventually
replace FORTRAN
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57. Programming Languages
– COBOL
• Designed for business transaction processing
• Makes extensive use of modules
• Strength lies in batch processing and its stability
• Programs are lengthy and take a long time to write
• Considered to be outdated by some
• New versions are evolving
– COBOL.NET
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59. Programming Languages
– Pascal
• Named after mathematician Blaise Pascal
• Created as a teaching tool to encourage structured
programming
• Contains a variety of control structures used to
manipulate modules systematically
– BASIC and Visual Basic
• Easy-to-learn, high-level programming language that
was developed to be used by beginning programmers
• Visual Basic
– Object-oriented version of BASIC; uses a visual
environment
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62. Programming Languages
– C, C++, and C#
•C
– Much closer to assembly language than other highlevel languages
– Designed for system programming
• C++
– Object-oriented versions of C
– Very popular for graphical applications
• C# (C sharp)
– Used to create Web applications and XML-based
Web services
• Objective-C:
– For iPhone and other Apple applications
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64. Programming Languages
– Java
• High-level, object-oriented programming language
frequently used for Web-based applications
• Java programs are compiled into bytecode
• Can run on any computer that includes Java Virtual
Machine (Java VM)
• Can be used to write Java applets
– Scroll text on Web page, games, calculators, etc
• Is one of the most popular programming languages
today
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66. Programming Languages
– Python
• Opensource, dynamic, objectoriented language that
can be used to develop a
variety of applications
• Gaming, scientific, databa
se, and Web applications
• Used by large
organizations such as
NASA, Google, Honeywell,
New York Stock
Exchange, and some
colleges such as MIT
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67. Programming Languages
– Ruby
• Open-source, object-oriented language that can be
used to create Web applications and general-purpose
programming for Linux, Mac OS X, and Microsoft
Windows computers
• Uses a syntax that is fairly easy to read and
write, allowing programmers to create database-driven
Web applications easily and quickly
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68. Quick Quiz
1. An example of a high-level programming language is
______________________.
a. Pascal
b. Assembly language
c. Machine language
2. True or False: Visual Basic is an object-oriented version of COBOL.
3. Java applets are small programs written in the
______________________ programming language.
Answers:
1) a; 2) False; 3) Java
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69. Summary
•
•
•
•
Approaches to Program Design and Development
The Program Development Life Cycle (PDLC)
Tools for Facilitating Program Development
Programming Languages
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