This document discusses the software development life cycle (SDLC) model. It defines the SDLC as a detailed plan for creating, developing, implementing, and eventually retiring software. The SDLC involves phases such as concept development, planning, requirements analysis, design, development, testing, implementation, and maintenance. Two common SDLC models are the waterfall model and iterative model. Following an SDLC is important for health IT systems to ensure software meets needs, integrates properly, and has appropriate documentation for maintenance.
The document discusses the system development life cycle (SDLC), which includes preliminary investigation, requirements analysis, system design, software development, system testing, and implementation and maintenance. It describes the purpose and history of SDLC as emerging in the 1960s to address the "software crisis". It also outlines the main steps and activities in each phase of the SDLC process.
The document discusses several software life-cycle models:
1) Code-and-fix model - writing code without design or requirements, fixing as needed, which leads to maintenance issues.
2) Waterfall model - phases are completed sequentially with documentation and approval between phases.
3) Rapid prototyping - an initial prototype gets feedback before completing development.
4) Open-source model - an informal process where individuals voluntarily maintain software over time through corrective, perfective and adaptive changes based on user reports.
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models: Waterfall, V-shaped, structured evolutionary prototyping, rapid application development (RAD), incremental, and spiral. For each model, it describes the key steps, strengths, weaknesses, and scenarios where the model is best applied. The Waterfall model involves sequential phases from requirements to maintenance, while the V-shaped model adds verification and validation phases. Structured evolutionary prototyping uses iterative prototyping for requirements gathering. RAD emphasizes rapid delivery through time-boxing and productivity tools. Incremental development prioritizes requirements delivery in groups. The spiral model incorporates risk analysis, prototyping, and iterative cycles.
The document discusses the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC), which is a process that consists of detailed planning for developing, maintaining, replacing, and enhancing software within an organization. The SDLC defines a methodology with phases including planning, analysis, design, implementation, and testing/maintenance. The planning phase involves feasibility studies and creating a project plan. The analysis phase breaks down requirements and gathers stakeholder needs. The design phase determines if development is internal or outsourced. The implementation phase builds, tests, and trains users on the new software. Testing and maintenance identifies and fixes bugs while accommodating new requirements.
System development life cycle - SystemDLC is the systematic approach that analyst take to analysis and design of information system
SoftwareDLC is a process followed for a software project within a software organization
The life cycle defines a methodology for improving the quality of system and the overall development process
This document discusses and compares various software development methodologies. It describes the Waterfall model, Prototyping model, Incremental model, Iterative model, Spiral model, RUP, XP, Agile, Scrum, Lean, DSDM, RAD and FDD methodologies. It explains that a methodology provides a formalized or systematic process for creating software. Methodologies can be sequential like Waterfall or iterative like Agile approaches. The document also gives overviews of specific methodologies like Scrum, Lean, XP and DSDM.
This presentation explains what is software development methodology. It also explores various methodologies such as Waterfall Model, Prototype Model, Incremental Model, Spiral Model, RAD Model, and V-Model.
http://www.ifour-consultancy.com/
http://www.ifourtechnolab.com
This document provides an overview of various software development life cycle (SDLC) models, including Waterfall, V-Shaped, Prototyping, Rapid Application Development (RAD), Incremental, Spiral, and Agile models. For each model, the key steps and processes are described, along with strengths, weaknesses, and scenarios where the model is best applied. Quality assurance practices like defect tracking, unit testing, and technical reviews are also discussed. The document serves as a comprehensive reference guide to the essential information about different SDLC approaches.
The document discusses the system development life cycle (SDLC), which includes preliminary investigation, requirements analysis, system design, software development, system testing, and implementation and maintenance. It describes the purpose and history of SDLC as emerging in the 1960s to address the "software crisis". It also outlines the main steps and activities in each phase of the SDLC process.
The document discusses several software life-cycle models:
1) Code-and-fix model - writing code without design or requirements, fixing as needed, which leads to maintenance issues.
2) Waterfall model - phases are completed sequentially with documentation and approval between phases.
3) Rapid prototyping - an initial prototype gets feedback before completing development.
4) Open-source model - an informal process where individuals voluntarily maintain software over time through corrective, perfective and adaptive changes based on user reports.
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models: Waterfall, V-shaped, structured evolutionary prototyping, rapid application development (RAD), incremental, and spiral. For each model, it describes the key steps, strengths, weaknesses, and scenarios where the model is best applied. The Waterfall model involves sequential phases from requirements to maintenance, while the V-shaped model adds verification and validation phases. Structured evolutionary prototyping uses iterative prototyping for requirements gathering. RAD emphasizes rapid delivery through time-boxing and productivity tools. Incremental development prioritizes requirements delivery in groups. The spiral model incorporates risk analysis, prototyping, and iterative cycles.
The document discusses the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC), which is a process that consists of detailed planning for developing, maintaining, replacing, and enhancing software within an organization. The SDLC defines a methodology with phases including planning, analysis, design, implementation, and testing/maintenance. The planning phase involves feasibility studies and creating a project plan. The analysis phase breaks down requirements and gathers stakeholder needs. The design phase determines if development is internal or outsourced. The implementation phase builds, tests, and trains users on the new software. Testing and maintenance identifies and fixes bugs while accommodating new requirements.
System development life cycle - SystemDLC is the systematic approach that analyst take to analysis and design of information system
SoftwareDLC is a process followed for a software project within a software organization
The life cycle defines a methodology for improving the quality of system and the overall development process
This document discusses and compares various software development methodologies. It describes the Waterfall model, Prototyping model, Incremental model, Iterative model, Spiral model, RUP, XP, Agile, Scrum, Lean, DSDM, RAD and FDD methodologies. It explains that a methodology provides a formalized or systematic process for creating software. Methodologies can be sequential like Waterfall or iterative like Agile approaches. The document also gives overviews of specific methodologies like Scrum, Lean, XP and DSDM.
This presentation explains what is software development methodology. It also explores various methodologies such as Waterfall Model, Prototype Model, Incremental Model, Spiral Model, RAD Model, and V-Model.
http://www.ifour-consultancy.com/
http://www.ifourtechnolab.com
This document provides an overview of various software development life cycle (SDLC) models, including Waterfall, V-Shaped, Prototyping, Rapid Application Development (RAD), Incremental, Spiral, and Agile models. For each model, the key steps and processes are described, along with strengths, weaknesses, and scenarios where the model is best applied. Quality assurance practices like defect tracking, unit testing, and technical reviews are also discussed. The document serves as a comprehensive reference guide to the essential information about different SDLC approaches.
The document discusses different software development life cycle (SDLC) models. It defines SDLC as a process used by the software industry to design, implement, and test high-quality software. The main stages of SDLC are planning, analysis, design, coding/development, testing, and deployment. It then describes six common SDLC methodologies - waterfall, V-shaped, iterative, spiral, big bang, and agile - and explains when each is generally most appropriate to use.
The document discusses software engineering and the Unified Software Development Process (USDP). It describes the USDP which includes phases of inception, elaboration, construction, and transition. Each phase involves iterations where requirements, analysis, design, implementation, and testing are done. The goal of each iteration is to produce an executable increment that is tested and evaluated.
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models including Waterfall, V-Shaped, Prototyping, Rapid Application Development (RAD), Incremental, and Spiral models. For each model, it describes the key steps, strengths, weaknesses, and when each model is best applied. The models range from traditional sequential models like Waterfall to more iterative models like Prototyping and RAD.
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models, including waterfall, iterative, spiral, V-model, big bang, RAD, and agile. It provides details on the waterfall, iterative, spiral, and V-model approaches, including their applications, advantages, and disadvantages. The waterfall model is described as the classic sequential approach. The iterative model allows for incremental improvements through repeated cycles. The spiral model combines iterative and waterfall elements. The V-model associates testing with each development stage.
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models:
- The waterfall model is a linear model consisting of requirements, design, implementation, testing, installation, and maintenance phases. It works well for stable requirements but lacks flexibility.
- The spiral model adds risk analysis and prototyping to the waterfall model. Each cycle consists of planning, risk evaluation, development, and planning for the next phase. It allows for early risk assessment and feedback.
- The incremental model prioritizes requirements and implements them in groups, delivering an operational product in each release. It lowers costs but requires good planning.
- The rapid application development (RAD) model emphasizes user involvement and productivity tools. It delivers functionality
The second part of SDLC talks about various types of life cycles - Waterfall, Prototype, Spiral, V Model and Incremental. Special focus provided for Agile. Good number of case studies are provided to understand which life cycle to choose during what type of project. The slide deck concludes with detailed description of Requirement Engineering and Sytem modelling.
The document discusses software development life cycles and the classical waterfall model. It describes the phases of the classical waterfall model as feasibility study, requirements analysis and specification, design, coding and unit testing, integration and system testing, and maintenance. It explains that the classical waterfall model divides the life cycle into distinct phases where each phase must be completed before the next one begins. The document provides details about the goals and activities of each phase.
The document discusses the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC), which is a process used for software projects within organizations. It describes the typical 7 phases of the SDLC: requirements collection and analysis, feasibility study, design, coding, testing, installation/deployment, and maintenance. Each phase is explained in 1-2 sentences. The document also briefly discusses the waterfall model design process and common problems in software development projects before introducing agile methodologies like SCRUM.
During the Spring semester, I teach a 3 credit survey course in software development, at UW-Madison (IS 371), which is the first in the series of courses in the Information Systems major track. As part of this course, I devote an entire lecture to discussing different types of software development (Agile, Waterfall, Extreme, Spiral, etc.) I hope it helps the students better understand the different types of software development styles, as well as the benefits and drawbacks of each. In my opinion, they need to learn early on that there is more than one way to go about a software development challenge, and they need to figure out which style works best for them.
This lecture note discusses software development process models. It begins by defining the software development process and outlining its key activities: specification, development, validation, and evolution. It then examines six common software development life cycle models - waterfall, evolutionary, V-shaped, spiral, agile, and rational unified process. For each model, it provides an overview and diagram of the process, discusses strengths and weaknesses, and compares it with other models. The note aims to educate students on established frameworks for developing software.
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models including waterfall, V-shaped, prototyping, rapid application development (RAD), incremental, spiral, and agile models. It provides details on the key steps, strengths, weaknesses, and scenarios for using each model. Quality assurance is important for any SDLC and includes elements like defect tracking, unit testing, code reviews, and integration/system testing.
The Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) describes the stages involved in developing and maintaining information systems. It began in the 1960s-1970s as the first documented approach. The SDLC involves planning, analysis, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance stages. There are different terminology used to describe the phases, but the same core activities are performed. Methodologies like prototyping, rapid application development, and agile methods have evolved to allow for more iterative development approaches compared to traditional waterfall models.
SDLC - Software Development Life Cycle
and Waterfall Model :
The SDLC aims to produce a high quality software that meets or exceeds customer expectations, reaches completion within times and cost estimates.
The document presents information on the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC), including:
1) It describes the seven main phases of the SDLC - planning, analysis, design, development, testing, implementation, and maintenance.
2) It discusses several SDLC models like waterfall, iterative, prototyping, spiral and V-model and compares their strengths and weaknesses.
3) It emphasizes the important role of testing in the SDLC and describes different testing types done during the phases.
The SDLC (system development life cycle) is a framework consisting of various tasks to develop a computer-based system or subsystem. It involves 7 main steps: recognizing a need, conducting a feasibility study, analyzing requirements, designing the system, implementing and testing it, maintaining the system, and reviewing and evaluating it. The analysis phase involves studying the operations and relationships within and outside the system to develop functional specifications that meet user requirements and define the new system's scope and limitations.
The document describes the six phases of the systems development life cycle: 1) preliminary investigation, 2) systems analysis, 3) systems design, 4) systems development, 5) systems implementation, and 6) systems maintenance. Each phase involves specific activities like gathering requirements, designing system components, developing and acquiring software/hardware, testing, training users, and ongoing maintenance. Traceability matrices are used to map requirements to designs and validate that the life cycle process is followed.
This document provides an overview of software engineering. It discusses what software engineering is, common software development process models like waterfall, spiral, agile development, and the Unified Software Development Process (USDP). The USDP follows an iterative approach with phases for inception, elaboration, construction, and transition. Each phase has milestones and the process involves iterations where requirements, design, coding, and testing are done to create executable increments.
System development life cycle-Naveen vijayNaveen Vijay
The document discusses the system development life cycle (SDLC) which includes 5 phases - planning, analysis, design, implementation, and support. The analysis phase involves conducting a preliminary investigation to determine requirements, then performing detailed analysis activities like studying current systems and determining user needs to recommend a solution. Key aspects of the analysis phase include fact finding, feasibility analysis, and creating system flow charts and diagrams.
The document describes the six main phases of the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC): 1) Planning and Requirement Analysis, 2) Defining Requirements, 3) Designing the product architecture, 4) Building or Developing the Product, 5) Testing the Product, and 6) Deployment in the Market and Maintenance. Each phase is explained in 1-2 sentences with an emphasis on gathering requirements, designing the architecture, coding, testing, and deploying the final product.
Software engineering is defined as the systematic, disciplined and quantifiable approach to software development. It focuses on applying engineering principles and techniques to software in a cost-effective manner. As software grew in size and complexity, an engineering approach became necessary to effectively manage projects. Early approaches included structured programming and design based on control flow and data structures. Modern approaches include object-oriented design and iterative development processes. The software development life cycle typically includes phases for requirements analysis, design, implementation, testing, deployment and maintenance.
The document discusses various software development life cycle (SDLC) models including waterfall, iterative waterfall, V-shaped, prototyping, evolutionary, spiral, RAD, iterative enhancement, and agile models. It provides details on the phases and activities involved in classical waterfall model such as feasibility study, requirements analysis, design, coding, testing, integration, and maintenance. The advantages of waterfall model include being linear, systematic and having proper documentation, while the disadvantages are the inability to accommodate changes and detect errors late in the process. Iterative models allow for feedback loops to catch errors earlier.
The document discusses different software development life cycle (SDLC) models. It defines SDLC as a process used by the software industry to design, implement, and test high-quality software. The main stages of SDLC are planning, analysis, design, coding/development, testing, and deployment. It then describes six common SDLC methodologies - waterfall, V-shaped, iterative, spiral, big bang, and agile - and explains when each is generally most appropriate to use.
The document discusses software engineering and the Unified Software Development Process (USDP). It describes the USDP which includes phases of inception, elaboration, construction, and transition. Each phase involves iterations where requirements, analysis, design, implementation, and testing are done. The goal of each iteration is to produce an executable increment that is tested and evaluated.
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models including Waterfall, V-Shaped, Prototyping, Rapid Application Development (RAD), Incremental, and Spiral models. For each model, it describes the key steps, strengths, weaknesses, and when each model is best applied. The models range from traditional sequential models like Waterfall to more iterative models like Prototyping and RAD.
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models, including waterfall, iterative, spiral, V-model, big bang, RAD, and agile. It provides details on the waterfall, iterative, spiral, and V-model approaches, including their applications, advantages, and disadvantages. The waterfall model is described as the classic sequential approach. The iterative model allows for incremental improvements through repeated cycles. The spiral model combines iterative and waterfall elements. The V-model associates testing with each development stage.
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models:
- The waterfall model is a linear model consisting of requirements, design, implementation, testing, installation, and maintenance phases. It works well for stable requirements but lacks flexibility.
- The spiral model adds risk analysis and prototyping to the waterfall model. Each cycle consists of planning, risk evaluation, development, and planning for the next phase. It allows for early risk assessment and feedback.
- The incremental model prioritizes requirements and implements them in groups, delivering an operational product in each release. It lowers costs but requires good planning.
- The rapid application development (RAD) model emphasizes user involvement and productivity tools. It delivers functionality
The second part of SDLC talks about various types of life cycles - Waterfall, Prototype, Spiral, V Model and Incremental. Special focus provided for Agile. Good number of case studies are provided to understand which life cycle to choose during what type of project. The slide deck concludes with detailed description of Requirement Engineering and Sytem modelling.
The document discusses software development life cycles and the classical waterfall model. It describes the phases of the classical waterfall model as feasibility study, requirements analysis and specification, design, coding and unit testing, integration and system testing, and maintenance. It explains that the classical waterfall model divides the life cycle into distinct phases where each phase must be completed before the next one begins. The document provides details about the goals and activities of each phase.
The document discusses the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC), which is a process used for software projects within organizations. It describes the typical 7 phases of the SDLC: requirements collection and analysis, feasibility study, design, coding, testing, installation/deployment, and maintenance. Each phase is explained in 1-2 sentences. The document also briefly discusses the waterfall model design process and common problems in software development projects before introducing agile methodologies like SCRUM.
During the Spring semester, I teach a 3 credit survey course in software development, at UW-Madison (IS 371), which is the first in the series of courses in the Information Systems major track. As part of this course, I devote an entire lecture to discussing different types of software development (Agile, Waterfall, Extreme, Spiral, etc.) I hope it helps the students better understand the different types of software development styles, as well as the benefits and drawbacks of each. In my opinion, they need to learn early on that there is more than one way to go about a software development challenge, and they need to figure out which style works best for them.
This lecture note discusses software development process models. It begins by defining the software development process and outlining its key activities: specification, development, validation, and evolution. It then examines six common software development life cycle models - waterfall, evolutionary, V-shaped, spiral, agile, and rational unified process. For each model, it provides an overview and diagram of the process, discusses strengths and weaknesses, and compares it with other models. The note aims to educate students on established frameworks for developing software.
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models including waterfall, V-shaped, prototyping, rapid application development (RAD), incremental, spiral, and agile models. It provides details on the key steps, strengths, weaknesses, and scenarios for using each model. Quality assurance is important for any SDLC and includes elements like defect tracking, unit testing, code reviews, and integration/system testing.
The Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) describes the stages involved in developing and maintaining information systems. It began in the 1960s-1970s as the first documented approach. The SDLC involves planning, analysis, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance stages. There are different terminology used to describe the phases, but the same core activities are performed. Methodologies like prototyping, rapid application development, and agile methods have evolved to allow for more iterative development approaches compared to traditional waterfall models.
SDLC - Software Development Life Cycle
and Waterfall Model :
The SDLC aims to produce a high quality software that meets or exceeds customer expectations, reaches completion within times and cost estimates.
The document presents information on the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC), including:
1) It describes the seven main phases of the SDLC - planning, analysis, design, development, testing, implementation, and maintenance.
2) It discusses several SDLC models like waterfall, iterative, prototyping, spiral and V-model and compares their strengths and weaknesses.
3) It emphasizes the important role of testing in the SDLC and describes different testing types done during the phases.
The SDLC (system development life cycle) is a framework consisting of various tasks to develop a computer-based system or subsystem. It involves 7 main steps: recognizing a need, conducting a feasibility study, analyzing requirements, designing the system, implementing and testing it, maintaining the system, and reviewing and evaluating it. The analysis phase involves studying the operations and relationships within and outside the system to develop functional specifications that meet user requirements and define the new system's scope and limitations.
The document describes the six phases of the systems development life cycle: 1) preliminary investigation, 2) systems analysis, 3) systems design, 4) systems development, 5) systems implementation, and 6) systems maintenance. Each phase involves specific activities like gathering requirements, designing system components, developing and acquiring software/hardware, testing, training users, and ongoing maintenance. Traceability matrices are used to map requirements to designs and validate that the life cycle process is followed.
This document provides an overview of software engineering. It discusses what software engineering is, common software development process models like waterfall, spiral, agile development, and the Unified Software Development Process (USDP). The USDP follows an iterative approach with phases for inception, elaboration, construction, and transition. Each phase has milestones and the process involves iterations where requirements, design, coding, and testing are done to create executable increments.
System development life cycle-Naveen vijayNaveen Vijay
The document discusses the system development life cycle (SDLC) which includes 5 phases - planning, analysis, design, implementation, and support. The analysis phase involves conducting a preliminary investigation to determine requirements, then performing detailed analysis activities like studying current systems and determining user needs to recommend a solution. Key aspects of the analysis phase include fact finding, feasibility analysis, and creating system flow charts and diagrams.
The document describes the six main phases of the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC): 1) Planning and Requirement Analysis, 2) Defining Requirements, 3) Designing the product architecture, 4) Building or Developing the Product, 5) Testing the Product, and 6) Deployment in the Market and Maintenance. Each phase is explained in 1-2 sentences with an emphasis on gathering requirements, designing the architecture, coding, testing, and deploying the final product.
Software engineering is defined as the systematic, disciplined and quantifiable approach to software development. It focuses on applying engineering principles and techniques to software in a cost-effective manner. As software grew in size and complexity, an engineering approach became necessary to effectively manage projects. Early approaches included structured programming and design based on control flow and data structures. Modern approaches include object-oriented design and iterative development processes. The software development life cycle typically includes phases for requirements analysis, design, implementation, testing, deployment and maintenance.
The document discusses various software development life cycle (SDLC) models including waterfall, iterative waterfall, V-shaped, prototyping, evolutionary, spiral, RAD, iterative enhancement, and agile models. It provides details on the phases and activities involved in classical waterfall model such as feasibility study, requirements analysis, design, coding, testing, integration, and maintenance. The advantages of waterfall model include being linear, systematic and having proper documentation, while the disadvantages are the inability to accommodate changes and detect errors late in the process. Iterative models allow for feedback loops to catch errors earlier.
software engineering , its characteristic ,changing nature of software,evolving nature of software,legacy software,generic view of software,process flow ,umbrella activity,CMMI,PROCESS ASSESSMENT ,team and personal software process
Software Engineering- Crisis and Process ModelsNishu Rastogi
The document discusses various software engineering process models including the waterfall model, iterative waterfall model, prototyping model, evolutionary model, rapid application development model, and spiral model. It provides details on the key activities and stages in each model's software development life cycle. The document also compares the different models and discusses when each may be best applied based on factors like the problem's understandability, decomposability into modules, and tolerance for incremental delivery.
The document discusses software life cycle models and their importance in software development. It describes key phases in the software development life cycle like requirements analysis, design, coding, testing and maintenance. It also explains traditional models like waterfall model and their phases. The waterfall model divides the life cycle into sequential phases of feasibility study, requirements, design, coding, testing and maintenance. Adhering to a standardized life cycle model helps ensure a systematic and disciplined approach to software development.
The document discusses several software development life cycle (SDLC) models:
1. The waterfall model involves sequential phases from requirements to maintenance.
2. The spiral model adds risk analysis and prototyping to the waterfall model in iterative cycles.
3. Evolutionary prototyping builds prototypes to refine requirements through user feedback before full development.
4. The incremental model prioritizes requirements and delivers them in groups to provide early functionality.
Lect-4: Software Development Life Cycle Model - SPMMubashir Ali
This document provides an overview of several software development life cycle (SDLC) models, including Waterfall, V-Shaped, Prototyping, Incremental, Spiral, and Agile models. It describes the key phases and characteristics of each model, and provides guidance on when each model is best applied based on factors like requirements stability, technology maturity, and risk level. The document aims to help readers understand the different SDLC options and choose the model that is most suitable for their specific project needs and context.
This document discusses software engineering and the software development life cycle. It defines software engineering as applying engineering principles to software development using systematic techniques, methodologies and guidelines based on past experiences. It also discusses factors that previously contributed to software crises like products failing to meet requirements. The document contrasts older ad hoc development approaches with modern practices emphasizing error prevention over correction through techniques like reviews and testing. Finally, it defines software life cycle models as descriptive models that identify phases and precedence of activities to systematically develop software.
SDLC and Software Process Models Introduction pptSushDeshmukh
This document discusses the software development life cycle (SDLC) and different software process models. It describes the SDLC as a sequence of steps from planning to maintenance that helps create high quality software on time. The main phases of the SDLC are planning, requirements analysis, design, implementation, testing, and deployment/maintenance. It then explains the purpose of the SDLC and different software process models, including linear sequential, prototyping, and evolutionary models. For each model it provides an overview of the typical process and when each model is best applied.
The document discusses various approaches to creating information systems, including custom development, off-the-shelf software selection, and end user development. It describes the system development life cycle (SDLC) methodology, including definition, build, and implementation phases. Alternative approaches like prototyping are also covered. The benefits and risks of different creation methods are outlined.
https://www.learntek.org/blog/sdlc-phases/
https://www.learntek.org/
Learntek is global online training provider on Big Data Analytics, Hadoop, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, IOT, AI, Cloud Technology, DEVOPS, Digital Marketing and other IT and Management courses.
https://www.learntek.org/blog/sdlc-phases/
https://www.learntek.org/
Learntek is global online training provider on Big Data Analytics, Hadoop, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, IOT, AI, Cloud Technology, DEVOPS, Digital Marketing and other IT and Management courses.
The document discusses software engineering and provides definitions and explanations of key concepts. It defines software, engineering, and software engineering. It explains that software engineering uses scientific principles and methods to develop reliable and efficient software products. The document also summarizes different software life cycle models including waterfall, incremental, prototyping, spiral and agile models. It explains the various phases in the software development life cycle such as requirements gathering, design, coding, testing etc.
This document discusses key concepts in systems development including the systems development lifecycle, strategic planning, architecture, methodologies, and project management. It provides an overview of traditional waterfall and alternative approaches like prototyping and rapid application development. It also covers risk assessment, end user development, and the tension between IT organizations and end users.
This document summarizes the key issues with the traditional waterfall software development model based on analyses from the mid-1990s. It discusses that while the theory behind waterfall is sound, in practice it often led to: 1) protracted integration and late design breakages due to unforeseen issues emerging late in the process, 2) late risk resolution focusing too much on early paper artifacts, 3) requirements-driven decomposition ignoring emerging needs, 4) adversarial stakeholder relationships focusing on documents not collaboration, and 5) over-focus on documents and reviews not iterative development. Overall, less than 20% of projects succeeded under this model.
The document discusses SDLC (Systems Development Life Cycle) and e-business. It begins by defining key terms like system, information system, and problem identification. It then explains various phases of SDLC like planning, analysis, design, implementation, testing and maintenance. It also discusses different SDLC models like waterfall, iterative and agile. The document also covers topics like requirements analysis, feasibility study, design and testing. Finally, it provides definitions of business, commerce and e-business and discusses how ICT technologies help in integrating business processes and enabling e-business.
Culture of healthcare_ week 1_ lecture_slidesCMDLMS
This lecture provides an overview of the culture of health care. It defines key terms like health, disease, illness, and health care. It explains that culture refers to integrated patterns of human behavior within groups, and defines the culture of health care. The lecture outlines several themes in the literature on the culture of health care, including patient and workforce diversity and various professional cultures. It emphasizes that health care involves a complex mix of cultures that are not always apparent from within.
Unhappy customers can significantly impact a company's bottom line through negative word-of-mouth advertising and lost sales. Studies show that 68% of unhappy customers felt disinterested or indifferent, and one dissatisfied luxury car owner can cost a dealership $100 million in annual revenue from lost sales. As social media has made it easier for customers to share negative opinions, companies place high value on resolving issues with challenging customers to maintain satisfaction and minimize financial losses.
This document discusses key principles for effective communication between support agents and customers. It emphasizes that listening is an active skill that takes effort. Both parties must be actively involved in the interaction to ensure understanding and progress towards resolution. Trust in the relationship allows for open communication, while mutual alignment of goals establishes shared expectations for resolving issues.
The document lists several challenges that were addressed and initiatives that were implemented including stopping upselling, establishing a quality control team, enforcing support tickets, creating organizational structures, identifying talent, delegating responsibilities, developing KPIs, creating autonomous customer service units, implementing various tools like WalkMe and Izenda, conducting HIPAA awareness sessions, creating a client retention unit, using Power BI for reporting, conducting in-house marketing, and creating CRs for CureX. It also shows the results of a survey on recognition, feedback, suggestions, happiness, satisfaction, wellness, ambassadorship, relationships with managers, relationships with colleagues, and company alignment for the Operations team at CureMD.
This lecture discusses how health information technology can help facilitate error reporting and analysis to improve patient safety. It presents three key HIT mechanisms: automated surveillance systems, online event reporting systems, and predictive analytics/data modeling. The lecture also emphasizes the importance of a culture of safety that encourages open discussion and learning from mistakes without blame. Error reports are analyzed using a risk assessment model to distinguish near misses from events that cause patient harm.
This document discusses quality improvement tools for analyzing health information technology (HIT) errors, including root cause analysis (RCA), failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA), and hazard analysis. RCA is a structured problem-solving process that considers all potential causal factors of an incident. FMEA prospectively predicts error modes by assessing the likelihood and impact of process failures. The document provides examples of using RCA and FMEA to analyze HIT-related errors and identifies key areas of focus for HIT safety measures.
This lecture discusses learning from mistakes and errors in health information technology (HIT). It covers types of errors like slips, mistakes, active failures and latent conditions. It also examines unintended consequences of HIT like new or more work, workflow issues, overdependence on technology, and copy-paste errors. The objectives are to assess HIT for negative consequences and examine common HIT design deficiencies. References from AHRQ and other sources on error reporting and analysis in HIT are also provided.
This document discusses electronic clinical quality measures (eCQMs) which are designed to leverage health information technology (HIT) to improve quality measurement. eCQMs use standardized data elements and terminology to measure care quality based on information in electronic health records. Effective eCQM reporting requires structured, coded data and use of standards for measure specification, calculation, and reporting. Widespread use of eCQMs could revolutionize quality measurement by facilitating automated reporting and improving data quality.
This lecture discusses key attributes of data quality including consistency, currency, timeliness, granularity, precision, and relevancy. It provides examples of each attribute and recommendations for maintaining data integrity such as establishing data governance and defining standards for data collection. The lecture also notes that data quality is important for research and quality improvement efforts and that poor data quality can lead to errors.
This lecture discusses assessing data quality and identifies 10 key attributes of data quality: definition, accuracy, accessibility, comprehensiveness, consistency, currency, timeliness, granularity, precision, and relevancy. Poor data quality can threaten patient safety and quality of care, reduce effectiveness of decision making, and increase costs. The lecture provides examples and recommendations for ensuring each of the 10 data quality attributes.
This lecture discusses assessing data quality and improving it through health information technology (HIT). It identifies common causes of insufficient data quality, such as unclear definitions, incomplete data, and programming errors. Both systematic and random issues can negatively impact data quality. The lecture outlines best practices for preventing, detecting, and improving data quality issues. Standardizing terminology, structuring data entry, and utilizing technologies like voice recognition can enhance data quality. Overall, high quality clinical data is important for healthcare decisions, and HIT professionals can implement strategies to enhance data quality.
This document discusses strategies for implementing health information technology (HIT) systems. It compares "big bang" implementations, where a system is launched system-wide at once, to "staggered" or phased implementations. While big bang implementations have faster rollout, they carry higher risk. Staggered implementations have lower risk but slower return on investment. The document also emphasizes the importance of user training and long-term support during and after implementation to ensure success. Contextual factors like organizational culture and individual user needs must also be considered in planning. Nested implementation teams and designated super-users or internal consultants can help provide support.
The document discusses effective health IT implementation planning. It outlines characteristics of effective implementation teams, including communication, understanding roles, and practical expertise. Three key strategies for health IT implementation are reviewed: single vendor, best of breed, and best of suite. Clinical workflows and the needs of different care settings like primary care and critical access hospitals are also addressed. The goal is to assist organizations in designing customized implementation plans that meet their unique quality and safety needs.
This document discusses a lecture on how health information technology (HIT) can impact patient safety culture. The lecture covers strategies for adaptive work that can be useful for HIT initiatives, including being unwavering in goals while inviting others to help achieve them, addressing real and perceived losses from changes, and assuming healthcare providers want to help patients. References are provided for images and content used in the lecture.
This document discusses health information technology (HIT) and its impact on patient safety culture. It provides learning objectives on adaptive leadership, frameworks for patient safety culture, and differentiating technical and adaptive change. It also summarizes a 2013 medical error case study where a patient received a 39-fold overdose due to a 50-step error-prone process. Root causes of use errors with HIT are identified, such as patient identification errors and data accuracy errors. Frameworks for risk assessment and classifying human interaction with HIT systems are presented. The document concludes that HIT has potential to reduce errors but also introduce new opportunities for errors and overreliance on technology.
This document is a lecture on how health information technology (HIT) can impact patient safety culture. It discusses applying quality improvement tools to analyze HIT errors. It highlights the success of efforts led by Dr. Peter Pronovost to reduce central line bloodstream infections through standardization, independent checks, and learning from defects. Checklists, data collection, and adopting practices from high-reliability industries like aviation and Toyota have helped significantly reduce infection rates.
This document provides an overview of quality improvement methods and tools. It describes several common quality improvement models including the API model, Baldrige criteria, FOCUS-PDCA, PDSA cycle, ISO 9000, Kaizen, Lean thinking, and Six Sigma DMAIC. A variety of basic quality improvement tools are also outlined, such as flowcharts, cause-and-effect diagrams, control charts, Pareto charts, and checklists. Finally, potential mistakes in quality improvement initiatives are reviewed, including choosing an inappropriate topic, lack of defined roles/expectations, and failure to sustain improvements.
This document provides an overview of quality improvement methods for healthcare settings. It describes strategies for quality improvement, including the role of leadership in creating a culture that supports quality improvement. The document discusses concepts like the PDSA cycle and foundations of quality improvement developed by thinkers like Shewhart, Deming, and Juran. The goal is to introduce methods that can be used to identify and redesign processes, collect and analyze data, and make improvements to eliminate problems and strategically change healthcare systems over time.
- Alerts and reminders have the potential to improve patient safety but can also cause clinician frustration and "alert fatigue" if too many are nuisance alerts that provide little benefit.
- Successful alerts are specific, sensitive, clear, concise and support clinical workflow, allowing for safe, efficient responses. They include drug and lab alerts, practice and administrative reminders.
- Research found that drug interaction alerts, disease-drug contraindication alerts and dosing guidelines improved prescribing behaviors while unnecessary lab test repeats dropped with test result reminders.
- Clinical decision support (CDS) aims to improve healthcare decisions and outcomes by providing clinicians with relevant patient information and clinical knowledge. However, CDS has not been widely adopted by clinicians.
- Effective CDS provides the right information to the right person in the right format through the right channels at the right time. It can take many forms, including alerts, order sets, and guidelines.
- CDS helps with administrative tasks, managing clinical complexity, controlling costs, and supporting clinical decision-making. However, poor design can also lead to unintended consequences like alert fatigue.
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1. Installation and Maintenance of
Health IT Systems
Software Development Life Cycle
(SDLC) Model
This material (Comp 8 Unit 5) was developed by Duke University, funded by the Department of Health and
Human Services, Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology under Award Number
IU24OC000024. This material was updated in 2016 by The University of Texas Health Science Center at
Houston under Award Number 90WT0006.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International
License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/.
.
2. Software Development Life Cycle
Learning Objectives
1. Define the steps of the Software
Development Life Cycle (SDLC) and the
purpose and importance of each.
2. Describe different models of the SDLC
and their key differences.
3. Describe how and why the SDLC applies
to HIT software deployment.
2
3. What is the SDLC?
• Detailed plan for creation, development,
implementation, and eventual phase-out of
a software package
• Many different models exist. Two typical
categories are:
– Waterfall model
– Iterative model
3
4. Why Do We Need the SDLC?
• Software purchases and upgrades can be
costly.
• Integration of poorly designed or untested
software can be devastating to a business.
• Poorly designed software increases security
risks.
• Failure to plan adequately for software
integration can limit efficiency and be costly
in project over-runs and lost productivity.
4
5. Factors for Success
• Management support
• Technical and business expertise
• Focal points of product
• Well-defined procedure
• Proper documentation for maintenance
5
8. Initiation Phase
• Needs identified
– e.g., clinical needs, workflow analysis,
administrative input
• Project manager assigned
• Concept proposal generated
– Outlines the business need and justification
– Approved by upper management
8
9. Concept Development Phase
• Needed when additional study/analysis
required before beginning development
• Defines scope of development project
• Useful reports:
– Feasibility study
– Cost/benefit analysis
– System boundary analysis
– Risk management report
9
10. Planning Phase
• What must be delivered?
• What personnel will be needed?
• What external resources should you bring
in, if any?
• Develop in-house or purchase software?
• What hardware constraints do you have?
• Planning document submitted for
approval.
10
11. Requirements Analysis Phase
• Common topics addressed
– Operating system (OS) and interfaces
– Input (mouse, keyboard, touchscreen)
– Training, required user proficiency
– Space to house hardware
• Characteristics of good requirements
– Systematic
– Verifiable
– Related to business needs/opportunities
– Details defined
11
12. Design Phase
• Blueprint of software is developed.
• Program components and workflow are
established.
• Program documentation (e.g., manuals)
begins to take shape.
• Flaws in original planning are often
revealed, and adjustments are made
12
13. Development Phase
• Software product is built (i.e., coded and
assembled) and takes on life.
• Usually a team effort involving many
software developers coordinating their
efforts to realize a final product.
13
14. Integration and Testing Phase
• Critical, formalized process using parameters
developed during the design stage
• “Roll-Out” testing helps ensure stability in the
real world environment.
• New software is tested to ensure that data
can be migrated from the obsolete software
into the new product easily and reliably.
14
15. Implementation Phase
• User communication and training
• Data migrated from old system and checked
for integrity.
• New system brought online. Whenever
possible, old system continues to function in
case of roll out issues.
• After successful distribution, data gathered to
determine successful implementation
(“debriefing”).
15
16. Operations and Maintenance
Phase
• Day-to-day operation
• System monitored for anomalies and
bugs.
• Patching and updates deployed as needed
for problems or to improve functionality.
• Product lifetime can be extended.
16
17. Disposition Phase
• Closing down application once obsolete or
replaced.
• Many details to plan
– Compliance with regulatory requirements
– Safe, secure disposition of software and
obsolete hardware components
– Secure transition, with destruction or
archiving of data
– Archiving of documentation
17
18. SDLC Models
• Many models, each designed to:
– Fit a specific business need,
– Accommodate certain resources/skills, or
– Work with specific programming language or
toolkit
• Common categories
– Waterfall
– Iterative
18
19. Waterfall Model
• Traditional techniques for developing software.
• Promotes strong documentation of each step.
• Uses a sequential development process.
• Formalized 1970 in critique by Winston W. Royce.
• Each phase perfected before progressing forward;
derived from manufacturing, where change is very
costly.
• Often criticized for use in software, where phases
almost never perfected before moving forward.
19
21. Waterfall Model: Pros & Cons
• Works best when:
– Complexity of system is low.
– Requirements are static.
– Little room for mistakes.
– No process for correcting errors after the final
requirements are released.
• Limitations
– Feedback limited.
– In software, nearly impossible to perfect a phase
before moving forward.
21
22. Iterative/Incremental Model
• Developed to address weaknesses in the
waterfall model.
• Cyclic process which allows back-tracking,
repeated cycles (iterations) for design.
• Works well when requirements subject to
change or more feedback is needed.
• Variants include Spiral model.
22
25. SDLC and EHR Systems
• Similar to project plan, incorporating
software-specific aspects
• Should augment (but not replace) EHR
project plan
• Particularly important if planning in-house
EHR design or program modifications (e.g.,
integration)
• Needed to ensure product satisfaction and
quality assurance, mitigate risk factors,
minimize downtime
25
26. SDLC & EHRs: Example
• Sunny Happy Care (SHC) Clinic, small
primary care practice, wants to upgrade
their paper records to an EHR system.
• Purchase & initial deployment
– Extensive planning, including evaluation of
their requirements
– Analysis of market options & selection of
commercial product
– Initial implementation of EHR
26
27. SDLC and EHRs: Example (cont’d)
• Iterative SDLC model principles
– In project plan, business manager assigned to
test and evaluate EHR after go-live.
– She determines that SHC staff is spending
excessive time manually entering lab data, since
lab integration module not in initial purchase.
– New cycle of planning, requirement-gathering, &
analysis of vendor options, leading to purchase &
deployment of lab module.
– Further testing & evaluation of EHR, which now
shows satisfactory improvement in staff effort &
lab data availability.
27
28. Software Development Life Cycle
Summary
• Purpose and importance of SDLC steps
– Concept development, planning, requirements
analysis, design, development, integration &
testing, implementation, operations &
maintenance
• Different models of SDLC, key differences
– Waterfall vs. iterative/incremental (e.g., spiral)
• SDLC & EHRs
– Principles applicable whether creating or
deploying an EHR
28
29. Software Development Life Cycle
References
References
Kay, R. I. (2002, May 14). QuickStudy: System Development Life Cycle. ComputerWorld.com. ,
Retrieved from
http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/71151/System_Development_Life_Cycle?taxonomyId=011
Sofandi, A. (2010, August 31). Introduction to Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC). Retrieved
from AlphaSoft Indonesia website: http://agusofyandi.wordpress.com/2010/08/31/introduction-to-
software-development-life-cycle-sdlc/
Images
Slide 6 : Waterfall model of SDLC. Image courtesy of Scott Neal.
Slide 7: Iterative model of SDLC. Image courtesy of Scott Neal.
Slide 20: Waterfall model of SDLC. Image courtesy of Scott Neal.
Slide 23: Iterative model of SDLC. Image courtesy of Scott Neal.
Slide 24: Spiral model of SDLC. Image courtesy of Scott Neal.
29
30. Installation and Maintenance of
Health IT Systems
Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
Model
This material was developed by Duke University,
funded by the Department of Health and Human
Services, Office of the National Coordinator for
Health Information Technology under Award
Number IU24OC000024. This material was
updated in 2016 by The University of Texas Health
Science Center at Houston under Award Number
90WT0006.
30
Editor's Notes
Welcome to Installation and Maintenance of Health IT Systems, Software Development Life Cycle. This component Installation and Maintenance of Health IT Systems covers fundamentals of selection, installation, and maintenance of typical Electronic Health Records (EHR) systems.
This unit, Software Development Lifecycle, will discuss methods for planning for the creation, development, implementation, and eventual phase-out of software packages using various Software Development Life Cycle Models.
The Objectives for this unit are to:
Define the steps of the Software Development Life Cycle, or SDLC, and the purpose and importance of each.
Describe different models of the SDLC and their key differences.
Describe how and why an HIT software application would go through the SDLC.
The SDLC is a well-developed concept from the IT world that promotes an organized, long-term view of the software you’re working with, from its “birth” to its “death” (hence the term “lifecycle”).
It’s important for those who work in healthcare IT to understand this model and apply it when appropriate. This will be crucial if you work in an institution that chooses to build its own EHR components. But even if your institution lets a commercial vendor make all the changes to the software, it will be helpful to understand the conceptual phases they are using … particularly since your institution’s success will be dependent on the outcome.
We’ll start by describing the SDLC and its importance, then we’ll discuss the conceptual phases of the lifecycle. Then we’ll look at three different models – the waterfall, iterative, and spiral models – that illustrate different views of the relationships between the phases. Then we’ll go through an example of the SDLC in practice. Finally, we’ll close with more remarks about the role of the SDLC in EHR systems.
The SDLC is a term used for modeling a detailed plan for the creation, development, implementation and eventual phase-out of a software or software system package. It’s a complete plan outlining how the software will be born, raised, and eventually retired from its function.
Many different SDLC models exist. Each of these models was designed to fit a specific business needs model, to accommodate available resources and skills, or to take advantage of a specific programming language or toolset that would be used.
Usually, these models can be divided into two categories - the waterfall model and the iterative model - each employing a different workflow philosophy.
So why is SDLC important, anyway? Well, as computers and software became integrated into the business environment and businesses became more dependent on computers not only to manage their business data, but also to assist or track every aspect of the workflow process, it became increasingly apparent that poor design, or failure, of software can be quite costly in terms of lost productivity. Additionally, poorly designed software can increase security risks and decrease data integrity. Replacement of outdated or inadequate software can cost many thousands of dollars.
Therefore SDLC was designed to control the development environment to help ensure that developers produce a high quality system that meets or exceeds their customer expectations, is completed within time and cost estimates, works effectively within the designed infrastructure, and is inexpensive to maintain and cost-effective.
Factors for developing a successful SDLC are not unlike those already discussed in previous units for developing your successful project plan or for selecting your EHR system. Again, these factors are not steps in your SDLC; rather, they are elements that will dictate whether the SDLC will be followed, which in turn assures the success of the program being developed.
Management support - Developers need to have the support of the management as much as possible, since management will dictate the business need, budgeting, and top-level buy-in for the product.
Technical and business expertise – As in any field, there are experts (in this case, programmers) who just know what needs to be accomplished even when the objective is originally presented. These programmers know which SDLC model is most appropriate for the programming language or toolkits that need to be utilized to ensure the software project will be successful. Likewise, business experts are also critical in the software development cycle, since they understand the overall demand and needed functionality for a particular software. Additionally, business experts can help determine whether the software will eventually show any cost savings over other products or processes.
Determining the product focal points - Some parts of the program should be rated a higher priority than other parts. Choosing which elements are most important will allow developers to make decisions when issues arise which may compromise the software’s overall functionality, ensuring that there will always be some strong selling points in the developed software compared to a product that provides only mediocre service.
Follow well-defined procedures - Developers should have a clear understanding of goals at each phase, along with the methods and accepted tolerances for evaluating each of the goals.
Develop proper documentation for maintenance – Developing good documentation will help with the implementation and continued success of the product throughout its entire life cycle.
Now let’s take a brief look at how these phases can relate to each other, initially using the so-called “Waterfall” model.
The initial assessment of feasibility is followed by an analysis phase, which is followed by the design phase, which is followed by the implementation phase, then the testing phase, then the maintenance phase.
Contrast that with this “iterative” or “incremental” model, which starts with initial planning and research. Then begins a cycle -- consisting of planning, requirements, analysis and design, implementation, testing, and evaluation -- which repeats as needed until the decision is made to do deployment.
We’ll discuss the models in more detail at the end of this Unit. Now let’s discuss what each phase generally entails.
Initiation
In the software vendor world, where profits are realized by fulfilling consumer market needs with new software products, initiation is where a need is identified for a new software system. Software development companies use this stage to determine the needs of the present market. The software vendor’s management is often involved in this stage as they want to determine what the developers have to do and how it will impact the market.
In a clinic or other healthcare institution, this need is usually identified by clinicians or staff such as a flawed workflow process or other issue.
For instance, a healthcare clinic currently uses three different programs to record patient data, dispense online prescriptions, and run the business office, requiring a lot of work overlap and generation of paper documentation between systems. Both the physicians and the billing department are looking for a more efficient way to communicate and improve efficiency. They would like a system that can communicate seamlessly between the various business components and streamline operations.
A Project Manager typically would be assigned and would eventually generate a Concept Proposal – a document which identifies the problem and why the new system needs to be pursued. Upper management would then review the proposal and approve it, and the project moves on to the next phase.
The Concept Development phase begins when the Concept Proposal has been formally approved but when additional study and analysis are required prior to system development activities.
We begin to analyze what will be necessary to complete the project. Here all relevant factors are analyzed to develop the project scope.
Several reports can be created here:
Feasibility Study; in other words, will it work?
Cost/Benefit Analysis; in other words, is the cost really worth it?
System Boundary; in other words, how far should the project go?
Risk Management; in other words, what will happen if we don’t do it?
These reports are then presented to the powers that be, and a decision is made whether or not to go ahead. They approve the funding. If they give their approval, it’s on to the next phase.
During the Planning phase, we determine who is doing what, when, and how, along with the personnel and other resources that will be needed to complete the project. For instance, should we use existing personnel or hire consultants? During this phase we determine what developmental resources will be required to create the specific software.
Other questions are also contemplated during this phase:
Should we develop in-house software, or buy it off the shelf?
What are the “deliverables” – such as completed software programming and documentation, user manual, training, testing plans, etc.?
Finally, a planning document is submitted to management for approval.
The Requirements Analysis Phase focuses on what the system will do, in an effort that considers all stakeholders, including sponsors and potential users, as important sources of information.
During this phase you will determine what Operating System, or OS, and interfaces are required; e.g., will it run with Windows or LINUX? Here you will answer a number of other questions as well: What functionality will be required? Should it be run with the mouse, keyboard, or touchscreen input? How much training will be required of the user? Will a new room be needed for the hardware that runs the system?
There are a variety of techniques that can be used to gather the requirements, but some key points to remember are that the requirements must be systematic, verifiable, related to identified business needs or opportunities, and defined to a level of detail sufficient for system design.
Once the requirements documentation is approved, the project moves on to the design phase.
The Design Phase takes those requirements and develops a detailed blueprint outlining the software specifications. Here, the program architecture, which defines the various software components, along with their interfaces and behaviors, is established.
The design phase is also where much of the program documentation begins to take shape, including the Maintenance Manual, Operations Manual, and Training Manual.
Flaws in the original planning, which require some adjustment, are often revealed during the design phase.
The system is built during the development phase. This includes source-code files, header files, make files, and binaries.
This is where everything is coded and assembled, and the actual design of the system is realized as “living, breathing” software. This process is usually a team effort with its own set of sub-goals and milestones, involving many software developers who coordinate their efforts to realize a final product.
Integration and testing of the entire system is a formal, documented testing procedure, which ensures that the system performs as designed.
Testing the roll-out of the system also begins, including migration of existing data into the new system, as well as usability.
Usually, the system is rolled-out over a weekend so that if anything goes wrong, the old system is still active and available.
Integration and testing is a critical step. If the software fails testing, it cannot be trusted to work.
Approval of testing and test results is necessary before the project moves into the next phase: implementation.
Now that the software has been formally tested and passed, it is time for distribution to the production environment. In this implementation phase, user training takes place, previous data is migrated, and the system is brought online.
After the system “goes live”, it is once again tested and data is collected to determine if it is working to specifications. This process is often referred to as a “debriefing”. It is also where any problems that were not crucial to the implementation can be addressed and any necessary changes to the system documented for future versions.
The Operations & Maintenance Phase is the day-to-day operation of the software after deployment. The software must be maintained, patched, and regularly updated to ensure long, reliable life. Upgrades can be tested and deployed to improve functionality.
Every software application eventually becomes obsolete. Perhaps a new system is being developed, or this system cannot keep up.
Whatever the reason, disposition involves more than just shutting off the server. Often, the system may be kept going due to regulatory requirements or because there are still projects using it. Sometimes there is data on board that must be kept safe and secure even after its useful life is over.
Software disposition needs to be planned to ensure that you meet all regulatory requirements and ensure a smooth transition to whatever the replacement product will be. A disposition plan must be developed which may outline everything from the dismantling of the software itself, to the safe and secure disposal of old hardware and data, to archiving of documentation.
As briefly shown and discussed earlier in this presentation, many different SDLC models exist. Each of these models was designed to fit specific business needs, to accommodate available resources and skills, or to work with a specific programming language or toolkit.
Usually, these models are divided into two categories, the Waterfall Model and the Iterative model, each of which employs a different workflow philosophy.
The waterfall model uses more traditional planning, testing and implementation techniques to design and implement new software products. This model promotes strong documentation of each step of the development process.
The waterfall SDLC model represents a sequential development process, where progress is seen as flowing steadily downwards through each of the phases of development.
Winston W. Royce has been given credit for formalizing the waterfall model in an article around 1970, where he presented this modeling concept as flawed from a software development standpoint.
The waterfall development model is actually a product of the manufacturing and development industries where making after-the-fact changes is often prohibitively costly. Therefore progression to the next phase of development does not typically commence until the previous phase has been perfected and ”locked down.”
Many have criticized the waterfall model, citing that it is difficult, if not impossible, to finish a phase of a software product’s lifecycle perfectly before progressing forward to the next stage. To that end, several variations of the waterfall model have been created to help address some of these issues.
This diagram, which I described on an earlier slide, depicts just one of the many variations of the waterfall model employed by developers. As this variation of the waterfall model suggests, the waterfall model can best be described as a sequential software development process whose workflow progresses in a linear, downward fashion, just like a waterfall flows.
Using a waterfall methodology is most likely to be successful when the complexity of the system is low and requirements are static, but there is little room for mistakes and no process for correcting errors after the final requirements are released.
Feedback can be quite limited when using this approach. And, as I mentioned previously, most believe it is nearly impossible to finish a phase of a software product’s lifecycle perfectly before progressing forward to the next stage.
Iterative and Incremental model:
These models were developed in response to identified weaknesses of the waterfall model and often considered cyclical in nature. One variation of the iterative model is the Spiral model, which we will look at after we see a more basic Iterative model.
This approach works well in environments where perceived requirements are subject to change as the project progresses or where more feedback is warranted.
Let’s take another look at the illustration.
As you can see from this diagram, which I described earlier in the presentation, in iterative models, the phases of software development take on a more cyclical nature.
It starts with an initial planning phase and ends with deployment, with the cyclic interactions in between, or even after the initial deployment occurs. With this model, several deployment cycles of the product are possible as the software becomes further refined, analyzed, and tested, and as new enhancements are added.
Another variation of the cyclical model is the spiral lifecycle (or spiral development) model used in IT. This model combines the features of another model, called the prototyping model, with those of the waterfall model. The spiral model is intended for large, expensive, and complicated projects where client responsiveness is a significant issue.
In this model, one or several prototypes may be created throughout the lifecycle. At each iteration, the prototype is tested and further input is gathered until all concerns have been adequately addressed.
Let’s walk through the diagram. The action begins in the center of the spiral, with initiation, and then cycles repeatedly through four conceptual quadrants: Identify, Design, Construct, and Evaluate. The first cycle contains the phases Concept and Risk Analysis. Later cycles contain the phases Implementation, Testing, and Delivery.
As you can see, the SDLC is very similar to a project plan, but it integrates several software-specific aspects into the planning infrastructure to specifically address the concerns associated with developing and deploying a new software system. However, you should consider an SDLC as augmenting your overall EHR project plan, not replacing it.
Employing SDLC in your environment, when developing a new EHR system or designing changes to an existing system, is crucial to ensuring that your new software, whether developed in-house or purchased off the shelf, adequately meets expectations while mitigating overall risk to the organization.
Now let’s discuss a scenario in which EHR installation utilizes SDLC principles.
Sunny Happy Care (SHC) Clinic, a small primary care practice, wants to upgrade their paper records to an EHR system. Before purchasing and deploying, they do extensive planning, including evaluation of their requirements and analysis of market options. They ultimately select and implement a commercial EHR.
You’ll have recognized those actions by the clinic staff as several of the general steps in the SDLC. The fact that they are specifically following an iterative SDLC model in their deployment soon becomes clear. According to the project plan, the business manager has been assigned to test and evaluate the EHR after go-live. In her analysis, she determines that the SHC clinic staff is spending excessive time manually entering laboratory data, since a laboratory integration module was not part of the initial purchase. Thus the staff enters a new cycle of planning, requirement-gathering, & analysis of vendor options, leading to purchase & deployment of a laboratory module. Subsequent re-testing & re-evaluation of the EHR now shows satisfactory improvement in staff effort & availability of lab data.
This concludes our unit on the Software Development Life Cycle.
In summary, the SDLC is a set of steps that were codified by the software development industry but are useful in executing many types of projects. Common steps include concept development, planning, requirements analysis, design, development, integration & testing, implementation, and operations & maintenance.
The relationships between these steps have been formulated into different models based on different needs. The waterfall is one such prominent model, and it emphasizes steady progress through the steps and careful completion of each before moving on. The iterative, or incremental, is another prominent model, and it emphasizes iterations, in which the steps are repeated in a cycle of improvement. It has variations such as the spiral.
The SDLC is useful for EHRs, and its steps should be carefully considered whether one is creating a new EHR or deploying a purchased EHR, in order to maximize the success of the project.