Ubaid afzal (2)
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Plant tissue culture involves growing plant cells or tissues under sterile conditions in a nutrient medium. One way to engineer plant disease resistance is to overproduce salicylic acid, which induces the production of pathogenesis-related proteins that have anti-fungal properties. Genes encoding enzymes that synthesize salicylic acid from chorismate can be inserted into plants. Fusion proteins containing antimicrobial peptides and a fusarium-binding antibody have also been used to confer resistance in plants against pathogenic fungi such as Fusarium species.
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Success stories.
This document discusses success stories of developing disease-resistant plant varieties through conventional breeding and genetic engineering techniques. It provides examples of transgenic crops with enhanced traits like increased yield, nutritional quality, stress tolerance and pest resistance. Specifically, it mentions golden rice which was engineered to produce beta-carotene, and virus-resistant plants containing viral coat proteins. The document also discusses delayed fruit ripening tomatoes and insect-resistant Bt crops. Overall the document outlines major advances in developing stress-tolerant and nutritionally-enhanced transgenic crops.
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Weeds reduce crop yields by 10-15% by competing for resources. Herbicides were developed to control weeds, but can also damage crops. Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum herbicide that inhibits the shikimic acid pathway in plants, blocking growth. To develop resistant crops, scientists have introduced the petunia EPSPS gene to overexpress the enzyme, used a mutant version of EPSPS that cannot bind glyphosate, and introduced bacterial genes that detoxify glyphosate. Combining these strategies provides high levels of herbicide resistance.
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This document discusses developing insect resistance in crops using biotechnological approaches. It describes how some plants have natural mechanisms of insect resistance by secreting toxic chemicals. Current strategies to develop insect resistance include using microbial proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins, which are inserted into plant genomes using recombinant DNA techniques. The mechanisms of Bt toxins are described, including how they bind to receptors in insect guts and cause cell death. Advantages of Bt crops include reduced need for insecticides and improved pest management. However, there is a risk that insects may develop resistance to Bt toxins over time from repeated exposure.
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Hemant seminar
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Insects resistance docs
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Genetic manipulation of Herbicide resistance.pptx
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Herbicide resistance
Weeds reduce crop yields by 10-15% by competing for resources. Herbicides were developed to control weeds, but can also damage crops. Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum herbicide that inhibits the shikimic acid pathway in plants, blocking growth. To develop resistant crops, scientists have introduced the petunia EPSPS gene to overexpress the enzyme, used a mutant version of EPSPS that cannot bind glyphosate, and introduced bacterial genes that detoxify glyphosate. Combining these strategies provides high levels of herbicide resistance.
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This document discusses the use of plant-derived genes for insect resistance. It focuses on two proteins: cowpea trypsin inhibitor (CpTI) and alpha-amylase inhibitor. CpTI inhibits the enzyme trypsin in insect digestive systems, interfering with growth and potentially causing death. Alpha-amylase inhibitor provides resistance by targeting the amylase enzyme. The document outlines past research transferring these genes to other plants like tobacco and beans to develop insect-resistant crops without chemicals. It also discusses the need to identify new insecticidal genes and proteins from sources like bacteria to control pests in a sustainable manner over the long term.
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Insect resisance ppt
1. The seminar discusses developing transgenic plants resistant to insects through the transfer of resistance genes from microorganisms, higher plants, and animals into crop plants.
2. Major objectives of plant biotechnology are to develop plants resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses. Resistance to insects has been achieved by introducing genes encoding Bt toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis and other insecticidal proteins.
3. Useful genes have been isolated from microbes like B. thuringiensis, higher plants like beans and tobacco, and animals like mammals. These genes have been successfully used to engineer insect-resistant crops like cotton, potato, tomato, and tobacco.
Insects resistance crops
This document discusses insect-resistant crops, including how genes from microorganisms, plants, and animals can confer insect resistance when introduced into crop plants. It covers various types of insect-resistant crops like Bt corn, rice, and cotton that have been commercialized. While insect-resistant crops can reduce pesticide usage, some have concerns about their safety and impact. The technology continues to advance as new genes are discovered and combined to target more pests and prevent insect resistance.
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Roundup ready soybeans were developed by Monsanto to be resistant to glyphosate, the active ingredient in Roundup herbicide. The soybeans were engineered to express an EPSPS enzyme from bacteria that allows them to survive being sprayed by Roundup. Farmers who buy Monsanto's patented Roundup Ready seeds are required not to save and replant the seeds. Some critics argue this raises ethical and economic issues. In a Supreme Court case, a farmer tried to argue that planting seeds from a previous crop did not infringe on Monsanto's patent, but the Court rejected this, affirming that patent rights are not exhausted through natural reproduction of seeds.
How to Manage Vascular Bacterial Infections
Pierce’s disease, bacterial canker, citrus greening, crown gall, and many other diseases share a common mechanism. Each is caused by bacterial populations plugging the plant’s vascular tissue, preventing transport of nutrients and water in the plant.
Fields where vascular bacterial diseases become established often have similar environmental and nutritional characteristics. Emerging research describes how these organisms thrive in environments where manganese availability is very low, as a result of chelation or soil oxidation, and where plant sap accumulates elevated ammonium as a result of photorespiration with inadequate carbohydrate reserves.
By understanding the root causes of these diseases we can begin correcting nutrition imbalances and cultural practices to increase resistance and reduce severity. In this webinar, John Kempf describes how to prevent vascular bacterial diseases with organic practices. Watch the video at https://youtu.be/oDumwyNE0CI.
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- The concept of phytoalexins was formalized in 1941 after observing that bean tissue produced inhibitory compounds when exposed to a fungal pathogen. Phytoalexins restrict pathogen growth at infection sites.
- Induction of phytoalexins involves MAP kinase signaling cascades and transcription factors like WRKY33 regulating genes in biosynthesis pathways. Camalexin production in Arabidopsis in response to pathogens depends on WRKY33 phosphorylation by MPK3/MPK6.
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Genetic engineering has led to pest and herbicide resistance in plants. The document discusses how the Bt gene from Bacillus thuringiensis was introduced into plants like cotton to make them resistant to lepidopteran insect pests. It also describes how Roundup Ready soybeans were developed to be resistant to the herbicide glyphosate by expressing a modified version of the EPSPS enzyme. The mechanisms of action of Bt toxins and glyphosate resistance are explained at the molecular level. Overall, the genetic engineering of pest and herbicide resistance traits in crops provides environmental and economic benefits over traditional pesticide and herbicide use.
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The document discusses transgenic maize (corn) that has been genetically modified to be resistant to herbicides and pests. It focuses on Bt corn, which contains a gene from Bacillus thuringiensis that produces a toxin lethal to the European corn borer. Bt corn provides effective control of this pest with little to no impact on other insects. While Bt corn reduces yield losses and costs of control, there are concerns about the evolution of pest resistance over time.
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in case of any question contact me at zain_bbt@yahoo.com
transgenic bacteria
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. This document focuses on transgenic bacteria, which are bacteria that have been genetically engineered to carry and mass produce a selected gene. GM bacteria are useful because they can quickly and easily produce large quantities of a selected gene, which can then be used to create medicines and help the environment. Some benefits of using GM bacteria include degrading oil spills, fixing nitrogen to increase crop production, and creating anti-freezing bacteria to protect plants.
Biosafety of transgenic crops to natural enemies of Cotton Bollworm/Legume Po...
The study evaluated the effects of transgenic cotton expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin on natural enemies of cotton bollworm/legume pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera). Field experiments showed egg parasitism was greater in Bt cotton, while cocoon formation of the larval parasitoid Campoletis chlorideae was lower due to early H. armigera mortality rather than direct Bt toxin effects. Laboratory experiments found Bt-intoxicated H. armigera increased development time of the predator Cheilomenes sexmaculatus by 1.5 days, and Bt cotton-fed aphids increased its development time up to 1.5 days
Induced resistance in pest management
Plants have evolved various constitutive and induced defense strategies against herbivores. Constitutive defenses include physical defenses like thorns and trichomes as well as chemical defenses like alkaloids, terpenes, and glucosinolates. Induced defenses are activated in response to herbivore attack and can be direct like proteinase inhibitors or indirect like releasing volatile signals to attract natural enemies of herbivores. Key phytohormones like jasmonic acid and salicylic acid mediate induced defense responses by activating genes related to toxins, repellents, and signal production. Understanding these plant defense mechanisms could help develop new ecofriendly pest management approaches for agriculture.
Bacterial gene for crop improvement
The document summarizes a seminar presentation on using bacterial genes for crop improvement. It introduces some key bacterial genes used in transgenic crops, such as Bt cry genes which provide insect resistance. Methods of gene transfer discussed include particle gun and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Examples are given of crops improved through bacterial genes, including Bt brinjal, Bt cotton, and 'Golden Rice' containing genes for vitamin A production. The document also discusses properties needed for effective bacterial transformation genes and the mode of action of Bt toxins in insects.
Herbicide resistance
IT OCCURS BECAUSE THERE IS VARIATION IN WEED POPULATIONS AND A SELECTIVE PRESSURE (THE HERBICIDE ) THAT FAVOURS CERTAIN INDIVIDUALS
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This document provides an overview of BT cotton, including its history, mechanism, pros, cons, and future perspectives. BT cotton is a genetically modified cotton variety that produces insecticides to protect against bollworms. It was first developed in 1996 and introduced commercially. The document discusses how BT cotton provides insect resistance through cry proteins that target the larvae of moths and butterflies. It notes several pros, such as increased yields and reduced environmental pollution from pesticides, but also some cons like high costs and potential issues from overuse. The future of BT cotton appears promising with new hybrids in development that address additional issues like drought tolerance.
Biotechnological interventions on weed management
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Biotchnological approaches in insect pest control viki
This document discusses various biotechnological approaches used in agricultural control, including tissue culture techniques, rDNA technology, and development of transgenic crops. It focuses on rDNA technology, explaining how foreign genes can be directly or vector-mediated transferred into crop plants. The use of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) genes to develop insect-resistant crops is described in detail, including the mechanism of action of Bt toxins. The document also discusses using plant protease inhibitor genes to develop insect-resistant transgenic plants, with some successes and failures noted.
TRANSGENIC CROPS
Transgenic crops are genetically modified crops containing genes artificially inserted from another species. The first GM crop was a tobacco plant in 1982, and the first approved for sale in the US was the FlavrSavr tomato in 1994. GM crops are developed using genetic engineering techniques to speed up traditional breeding and introduce a wider variety of genes. Potential benefits include increased yields, insect and disease resistance, and improved nutrition. However, there are also concerns about the impacts on human and environmental health.
insect resistance
Insect resistance occurs when an insect population develops tolerance to a specific pesticide or group of pesticides with the same mode of action. There are several types of resistance including single, multiple, and cross resistance. Resistance can be monogenic, involving a single gene, or polygenic, involving multiple genes. The mechanisms of resistance include genetic factors, biological factors, physiological resistance, and behavioral resistance. Management of resistance involves integrated pest management strategies like crop rotation, use of biological controls, judicious use of pesticides, and insecticide rotation.
Applications of genomics in plants
This document discusses the application of genomics in improving crop plants. It explains that genomics tools like tissue culture, genetic engineering, molecular diagnostics and molecular markers have revolutionized crop breeding programs. Specifically, it describes how tissue culture allows for rapid propagation of disease-free plants at scale. It also outlines how genetic engineering has been used to develop transgenic crops with improved traits like herbicide tolerance, pathogen resistance, stress tolerance, fruit quality and pest resistance. Molecular diagnostics using probes and monoclonal antibodies enable early disease detection. Molecular markers aid in selecting desirable traits at early stages.
Resistance ppt
This document discusses genetic engineering for resistance to biotic stress. It defines biotic stress as stress caused by other living organisms that can damage crops. Various techniques for genetically engineering plants for resistance are described, including using genes from Bacillus thuringiensis to make plants resistant to certain insects. Case studies on developing resistance to the European corn borer in Bt corn and developing glyphosate resistance in crops through different strategies are summarized. The development of transgenic crops with traits like insect resistance, herbicide tolerance, and virus resistance are also briefly outlined.
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Insect resisance ppt
1. The seminar discusses developing transgenic plants resistant to insects through the transfer of resistance genes from microorganisms, higher plants, and animals into crop plants.
2. Major objectives of plant biotechnology are to develop plants resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses. Resistance to insects has been achieved by introducing genes encoding Bt toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis and other insecticidal proteins.
3. Useful genes have been isolated from microbes like B. thuringiensis, higher plants like beans and tobacco, and animals like mammals. These genes have been successfully used to engineer insect-resistant crops like cotton, potato, tomato, and tobacco.
Insects resistance crops
This document discusses insect-resistant crops, including how genes from microorganisms, plants, and animals can confer insect resistance when introduced into crop plants. It covers various types of insect-resistant crops like Bt corn, rice, and cotton that have been commercialized. While insect-resistant crops can reduce pesticide usage, some have concerns about their safety and impact. The technology continues to advance as new genes are discovered and combined to target more pests and prevent insect resistance.
Transgenic plants methods
insect resistant plants
fungal resistant plants
herbiside resistant plants
viral resistant plants
golden rice as an example
antisense RNAs
Roundup Ready Soybean Controversies
Roundup ready soybeans were developed by Monsanto to be resistant to glyphosate, the active ingredient in Roundup herbicide. The soybeans were engineered to express an EPSPS enzyme from bacteria that allows them to survive being sprayed by Roundup. Farmers who buy Monsanto's patented Roundup Ready seeds are required not to save and replant the seeds. Some critics argue this raises ethical and economic issues. In a Supreme Court case, a farmer tried to argue that planting seeds from a previous crop did not infringe on Monsanto's patent, but the Court rejected this, affirming that patent rights are not exhausted through natural reproduction of seeds.
How to Manage Vascular Bacterial Infections
Pierce’s disease, bacterial canker, citrus greening, crown gall, and many other diseases share a common mechanism. Each is caused by bacterial populations plugging the plant’s vascular tissue, preventing transport of nutrients and water in the plant.
Fields where vascular bacterial diseases become established often have similar environmental and nutritional characteristics. Emerging research describes how these organisms thrive in environments where manganese availability is very low, as a result of chelation or soil oxidation, and where plant sap accumulates elevated ammonium as a result of photorespiration with inadequate carbohydrate reserves.
By understanding the root causes of these diseases we can begin correcting nutrition imbalances and cultural practices to increase resistance and reduce severity. In this webinar, John Kempf describes how to prevent vascular bacterial diseases with organic practices. Watch the video at https://youtu.be/oDumwyNE0CI.
Phytoalexins
- Phytoalexins are antimicrobial compounds produced by plants after exposure to microorganisms or abiotic stress. They are chemically diverse and fall into classes like terpenoids and alkaloids.
- The concept of phytoalexins was formalized in 1941 after observing that bean tissue produced inhibitory compounds when exposed to a fungal pathogen. Phytoalexins restrict pathogen growth at infection sites.
- Induction of phytoalexins involves MAP kinase signaling cascades and transcription factors like WRKY33 regulating genes in biosynthesis pathways. Camalexin production in Arabidopsis in response to pathogens depends on WRKY33 phosphorylation by MPK3/MPK6.
Pest and herbicide resistance
Genetic engineering has led to pest and herbicide resistance in plants. The document discusses how the Bt gene from Bacillus thuringiensis was introduced into plants like cotton to make them resistant to lepidopteran insect pests. It also describes how Roundup Ready soybeans were developed to be resistant to the herbicide glyphosate by expressing a modified version of the EPSPS enzyme. The mechanisms of action of Bt toxins and glyphosate resistance are explained at the molecular level. Overall, the genetic engineering of pest and herbicide resistance traits in crops provides environmental and economic benefits over traditional pesticide and herbicide use.
Genetic Engineering in Insect Pest management
gene incorporation is gaining attention across the globe with the aim of improving plant health, crop protection, and sustainable crop production. This versatile method of Scientific cultivation should be adopted by the growers as it has been investigated and assessed by experts and environmentalists. There is not any kind of toxic effect on mammalian.
Bt Corn
The document discusses transgenic maize (corn) that has been genetically modified to be resistant to herbicides and pests. It focuses on Bt corn, which contains a gene from Bacillus thuringiensis that produces a toxin lethal to the European corn borer. Bt corn provides effective control of this pest with little to no impact on other insects. While Bt corn reduces yield losses and costs of control, there are concerns about the evolution of pest resistance over time.
BT crops
Bacillus thrungenesis (BT) is a type of bacteria which secrete a special type of toxin which can kill specific type of pest and insects.
in case of any question contact me at zain_bbt@yahoo.com
transgenic bacteria
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. This document focuses on transgenic bacteria, which are bacteria that have been genetically engineered to carry and mass produce a selected gene. GM bacteria are useful because they can quickly and easily produce large quantities of a selected gene, which can then be used to create medicines and help the environment. Some benefits of using GM bacteria include degrading oil spills, fixing nitrogen to increase crop production, and creating anti-freezing bacteria to protect plants.
Biosafety of transgenic crops to natural enemies of Cotton Bollworm/Legume Po...
The study evaluated the effects of transgenic cotton expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin on natural enemies of cotton bollworm/legume pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera). Field experiments showed egg parasitism was greater in Bt cotton, while cocoon formation of the larval parasitoid Campoletis chlorideae was lower due to early H. armigera mortality rather than direct Bt toxin effects. Laboratory experiments found Bt-intoxicated H. armigera increased development time of the predator Cheilomenes sexmaculatus by 1.5 days, and Bt cotton-fed aphids increased its development time up to 1.5 days
Induced resistance in pest management
Plants have evolved various constitutive and induced defense strategies against herbivores. Constitutive defenses include physical defenses like thorns and trichomes as well as chemical defenses like alkaloids, terpenes, and glucosinolates. Induced defenses are activated in response to herbivore attack and can be direct like proteinase inhibitors or indirect like releasing volatile signals to attract natural enemies of herbivores. Key phytohormones like jasmonic acid and salicylic acid mediate induced defense responses by activating genes related to toxins, repellents, and signal production. Understanding these plant defense mechanisms could help develop new ecofriendly pest management approaches for agriculture.
Bacterial gene for crop improvement
The document summarizes a seminar presentation on using bacterial genes for crop improvement. It introduces some key bacterial genes used in transgenic crops, such as Bt cry genes which provide insect resistance. Methods of gene transfer discussed include particle gun and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Examples are given of crops improved through bacterial genes, including Bt brinjal, Bt cotton, and 'Golden Rice' containing genes for vitamin A production. The document also discusses properties needed for effective bacterial transformation genes and the mode of action of Bt toxins in insects.
Herbicide resistance
IT OCCURS BECAUSE THERE IS VARIATION IN WEED POPULATIONS AND A SELECTIVE PRESSURE (THE HERBICIDE ) THAT FAVOURS CERTAIN INDIVIDUALS
Bt cotton
This document provides an overview of BT cotton, including its history, mechanism, pros, cons, and future perspectives. BT cotton is a genetically modified cotton variety that produces insecticides to protect against bollworms. It was first developed in 1996 and introduced commercially. The document discusses how BT cotton provides insect resistance through cry proteins that target the larvae of moths and butterflies. It notes several pros, such as increased yields and reduced environmental pollution from pesticides, but also some cons like high costs and potential issues from overuse. The future of BT cotton appears promising with new hybrids in development that address additional issues like drought tolerance.
Biotechnological interventions on weed management
This document discusses weed management and biotechnological interventions for weed control. It begins by defining a weed and outlining the problems caused by weeds, including crop yield losses. It then discusses conventional weed control methods like mechanical, cultural, chemical and biological control. The document focuses on developing herbicide-resistant crops through biotechnology by introducing genes that confer resistance to herbicides like glyphosate and glufosinate. It also discusses improving biocontrol agents and using transgenic allelopathy in crops to better compete with weeds. The advantages and disadvantages of transgenic herbicide resistance are outlined.
Biotchnological approaches in insect pest control viki
This document discusses various biotechnological approaches used in agricultural control, including tissue culture techniques, rDNA technology, and development of transgenic crops. It focuses on rDNA technology, explaining how foreign genes can be directly or vector-mediated transferred into crop plants. The use of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) genes to develop insect-resistant crops is described in detail, including the mechanism of action of Bt toxins. The document also discusses using plant protease inhibitor genes to develop insect-resistant transgenic plants, with some successes and failures noted.
TRANSGENIC CROPS
Transgenic crops are genetically modified crops containing genes artificially inserted from another species. The first GM crop was a tobacco plant in 1982, and the first approved for sale in the US was the FlavrSavr tomato in 1994. GM crops are developed using genetic engineering techniques to speed up traditional breeding and introduce a wider variety of genes. Potential benefits include increased yields, insect and disease resistance, and improved nutrition. However, there are also concerns about the impacts on human and environmental health.
insect resistance
Insect resistance occurs when an insect population develops tolerance to a specific pesticide or group of pesticides with the same mode of action. There are several types of resistance including single, multiple, and cross resistance. Resistance can be monogenic, involving a single gene, or polygenic, involving multiple genes. The mechanisms of resistance include genetic factors, biological factors, physiological resistance, and behavioral resistance. Management of resistance involves integrated pest management strategies like crop rotation, use of biological controls, judicious use of pesticides, and insecticide rotation.
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Biosafety of transgenic crops to natural enemies of Cotton Bollworm/Legume Po...
Biosafety of transgenic crops to natural enemies of Cotton Bollworm/Legume Po...
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Similar to Ubaid afzal (2)
Applications of genomics in plants
This document discusses the application of genomics in improving crop plants. It explains that genomics tools like tissue culture, genetic engineering, molecular diagnostics and molecular markers have revolutionized crop breeding programs. Specifically, it describes how tissue culture allows for rapid propagation of disease-free plants at scale. It also outlines how genetic engineering has been used to develop transgenic crops with improved traits like herbicide tolerance, pathogen resistance, stress tolerance, fruit quality and pest resistance. Molecular diagnostics using probes and monoclonal antibodies enable early disease detection. Molecular markers aid in selecting desirable traits at early stages.
Resistance ppt
This document discusses genetic engineering for resistance to biotic stress. It defines biotic stress as stress caused by other living organisms that can damage crops. Various techniques for genetically engineering plants for resistance are described, including using genes from Bacillus thuringiensis to make plants resistant to certain insects. Case studies on developing resistance to the European corn borer in Bt corn and developing glyphosate resistance in crops through different strategies are summarized. The development of transgenic crops with traits like insect resistance, herbicide tolerance, and virus resistance are also briefly outlined.
Tissue culture techniques in plant protection
Tissue culture is used to produce plants through biotechnology. Key points:
- Explant tissue is cultured on nutrient media and hormones induce callus growth.
- Plants can be regenerated from single cells through tissue culture techniques.
- Transgenic plants are produced by transferring foreign genes into plant cells using Agrobacterium or direct methods. Genetically engineered plants help with crop improvement traits.
- While tissue culture and genetic engineering offer benefits, there are also risks like unintended gene transfer and loss of crop diversity that require careful risk assessment.
Phytoalexins
Phytoalexins are toxic chemical compounds produced by plants in response to infection by parasites or pathogens. They act as a defense mechanism against invading fungi or bacteria. Hundreds of phytoalexins have been characterized, mostly in the families Fabaceae and Solanaceae. They are produced through the shikimic acid pathway and are often fungistatic rather than fungicidal. Important phytoalexins include pisatin, phaseollin, glyceollin and gossypol. In addition to their role in plant defense, many phytoalexins have potential health benefits for humans such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties.
Disease reristance plant, production
INTRODUCTION.
RESISTANCE TO BIOTIC STRESS.
INSECT RESISTANCE.
VIRUS RESISTANCE.
FUNGAL AND BACTERIAL DISEASE RESISTANCE.
NEMATODE RESISTANCE.
CONCLUSION.
REFERENCE.
Use of transgenics in crop production
A transgenic crop plant contains a gene or genes which have been artificially inserted, instead of the plant acquiring them through pollination. The inserted gene sequence (known as the transgene) may come from another unrelated plant, or from a completely different species: for example, transgenic Bt corn, which produces its own insecticide, contains a gene from a bacterium. Plants containing transgenes are often called genetically modified or GM crops.
What is the need of transgenic plants?
A plant breeder tries to assemble a combination of genes in a crop plant which will make it as useful and productive as possible. The desirable genes may provide features such as higher yield or improved quality, pest or disease resistance, or tolerance to heat, cold and drought. This powerful tool enables plant breeders to do what they have always done - generate more useful and productive crop varieties containing new combinations of genes - but this approach expands the possibilities beyond the limitations imposed by traditional cross pollination and selection techniques.
Phytoalexins ptt by AARIF
This document discusses phytoalexins, which are antimicrobial compounds produced by plants after exposure to microorganisms or other stresses. It defines phytoalexins, describes their mechanism of action in defending against pathogens, and outlines the major types that have been identified, including pisatin, phaseollin, and gossypol. The functions of phytoalexins are also summarized, noting that they act as toxins to attackers and help delay or disrupt pathogen growth and reproduction.
Transgenic crops and application
Transgenic plants are crop plants that contain genes artificially inserted from unrelated species. This allows plant breeders to generate more productive varieties with new trait combinations beyond traditional breeding. The process involves identifying, isolating, and cloning a novel gene, transforming the target plant, selecting transgenic tissues, and regenerating the plant. Common transgenic crops provide herbicide resistance, insect resistance using Bt genes, virus resistance, altered oil content, delayed fruit ripening, and drought tolerance. These traits aim to improve crop yields, qualities, and resist biotic and abiotic stresses.
Production of biopharmaceuticals in plants
This document summarizes the production of pharmaceuticals in plants. It discusses how plants can be used to produce antibodies, vaccines, and other therapeutics. For antibodies, plants known as "plantibodies" can produce monoclonal antibodies. Various plant species have been used to produce antibodies targeting different pathogens. For vaccines, plants allow low-cost production and stability without refrigeration. Edible vaccines in plants are being developed for diseases like cholera, rabies, and diabetes. A wide range of plant species have expressed vaccine antigens. Finally, plants can also produce other therapeutic proteins like hormones, enzymes, interleukins and interferons. No pharmaceuticals produced in plants have reached commercialization yet.
Molecular Forming - an Overviwe
Producing proteins or other metabolites useful to business or medicine in plants that are typically used in agriculture is known as molecular farming.
The practise of using plants to create recombinant protein products is known as molecular farming. The technology is now older than 30 years. The initial promise of molecular farming was predicated on three anticipated benefits: the low cost of plant cultivation, the enormous scalability of agricultural output, and the intrinsic safety of plants as hosts for the synthesis of medicines. As a result, a tonne of studies were published in which various proteins were expressed in various plant-based systems, and several businesses were established in an effort to commercialise the novel technology. For businesses making proteins for non-pharmaceutical uses, there was a modicum of success, but in the pharmaceutical industry, the hopes sparked by early, promising research were quickly dashed by the hard facts of industrial pragmatism.
Endophytes
Endophytic microbes live within plant tissues without causing harm and can benefit plants through various mechanisms. This document discusses endophytic bacteria and fungi, their transmission within plants, and how they can promote plant growth, act as biocontrol agents, and increase stress tolerance in plants. Specifically, endophytes produce plant hormones, fix nitrogen, make nutrients more available, and induce systemic resistance to pathogens or tolerance to stresses like drought. Their interactions with plants demonstrate potential for agriculture and phytoremediation.
Hairy root culture
Hairy root culture is a plant cell culture technique that uses the soil bacterium Agrobacterium rhizogenes to genetically transform plant cells. When plant tissues are infected by A. rhizogenes, its root-inducing plasmid integrates into the plant genome and causes unchecked root growth. These transformed roots, known as hairy roots, can be cultured in vitro and have several advantages over traditional plant cell cultures, including fast growth rates, genetic stability, and high production of secondary metabolites. Hairy root cultures are characterized by extensive branching, root hairs, absence of geotropism, and not requiring plant growth regulators. They have been used to produce valuable compounds and whole plants through regeneration.
BIOTECHNOLOGICAL TO PLANT DISEASE MANAGEMENT.pptx
The document discusses plant diseases and biotechnology. It defines disease as a malfunctioning process in plants caused by continuous irritation that results in suffering. Plant pathology deals with studying the nature, development and control of plant diseases. The objectives of plant pathology include understanding disease etiology, pathogenesis, epidemiology, and control. Biotechnology techniques like tissue culture and genetic engineering can be used for crop improvement by allowing rapid propagation, disease elimination, hybrid development, and genetic modification to add traits like herbicide or insect resistance. These techniques help meet growing food demands as the human population increases.
Applications of-plant-tissue-culture
This document describes various plant tissue culture techniques and their applications in plant improvement. It lists techniques such as seed culture, embryo culture, ovary or ovule culture, anther and microspore culture, and in vitro pollination. For each technique, it provides examples of applications such as producing haploid plants, overcoming embryo abortion, and genetic transformation. The document serves as a comprehensive reference of how different plant tissue culture techniques can be utilized.
Insect Resistant Transgenic Plants
In the following slides, I have discussed the need for developing insect-resistant transgenic plants, the sources of transgenes, and methods for development
Genetic Manipulation and Host Plant Resistance
This document discusses several topics related to genetically modified crops. It defines transgenic plants as plants that have genes inserted from other species, and cisgenic plants as having genes from the same or closely related species. It provides examples of genetically engineered corn, rice, soybeans, and sugarcane with improved traits like herbicide and pest resistance. The document also discusses methods of genetic engineering like gene guns, electroporation, microinjection, and CRISPR. It outlines benefits of GM crops like increased yields and farmer profits.
plant protection using isr and sar non credit seminar
plant protection using isr and sar non credit seminar
Mb 4 plant res @ sid
This document discusses molecular breeding methods for developing plant resistance. It outlines several approaches including using transgenics with antimicrobial molecules like pathogenesis related (PR) proteins from microbes, manipulating disease resistance genes, and using genes from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) to develop insect resistance. The molecular approaches described include using coat protein-mediated resistance, movement protein-mediated resistance, and ribozymes to develop virus resistance in transgenic plants. Examples are provided of transgenic crops developed with resistance to various fungal, bacterial, viral, and insect pests.
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plant protection using isr and sar non credit seminar
plant protection using isr and sar non credit seminar
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Ubaid afzal (28)
This document discusses somaclonal variation, which is genetic variation seen in plants produced through plant tissue culture. Chromosomal rearrangements cause this variation. Somaclonal variation can be used by plant breeders to generate genetic diversity and develop plants with useful traits like stress tolerance or herbicide resistance. However, selected variants may be unstable or have undesirable side effects. The document provides examples of applying somaclonal variation to improve rice, wheat, maize, potato, tomato and sugarcane by selecting variants with traits like increased yield, disease resistance, or altered plant properties.
Ubaid afzal (35)
The document provides instructions for properly sterilizing work areas and equipment used for cell culture. Key steps include sterilizing the work area with 70% ethanol before and after use, sterilizing reagents and equipment via autoclave or sterile filters, and wearing proper protective equipment like gloves and masks to reduce contamination. Autoclaves use steam heat or dry heat to sterilize items at temperatures between 121-132C for 15-60 minutes depending on packaging. Sterile filters with a 0.2 micron pore size can sterilize heat-labile chemicals. Culture media can also be sterilized via microwaving.
Ubaid afzal (34)
1. Callus is an unorganized, dividing mass of cells that forms in plant tissues in response to wounding or tissue culture conditions.
2. The process of callus culture involves dedifferentiating explant cells so they begin rapidly dividing to form a callus, which then undergoes further differentiation and organization.
3. The document outlines the steps for inducing and maintaining carrot callus culture, including sterilizing and culturing explants on auxin-supplemented medium to induce callus formation over 4 weeks.
Ubaid afzal (33)
This document summarizes key developments in plant tissue culture from 1922 to 1983, including the first long-term culture of isolated plant tissues and organs, discoveries of nutrients necessary for growth, techniques for culturing single cells and tissues from various plant species, and the first production of transgenic tobacco plants through cell transformation.
Ubaid afzal (32)
Potato plants can be propagated in vitro using two methods: single node cuttings or shaken liquid culture. For single node cuttings, stem segments with a single node are placed on propagation medium and incubated to allow new plantlets to grow. Liquid shaken culture is more rapid, producing more plantlets in less time, by placing stem segments with axillary buds in a flask of liquid medium on an electric shaker. Tissue culture allows for the mass production of healthy potato plantlets for farmers and the testing of grower samples for pathogens.
Ubaid afzal (31)
Transgenic plants are plants that have been genetically engineered using recombinant DNA techniques to create plants with new characteristics. The process involves artificially inserting a gene or genes known as transgenes to provide advantages like improved yield, quality, pest resistance, and tolerance to stresses. Common methods are used to insert genes from bacteria like Agrobacterium and Bacillus thuringiensis to impart herbicide and insect resistance. This allows for benefits like longer shelf life, higher production, and protection from viruses and pests.
Ubaid afzal (30)
Somaclonal variation refers to genetic variations that can occur in plants produced through tissue culture. Chromosomal rearrangements are a major source of this variation, which can be genotypic or phenotypic. To minimize somaclonal variation, one should select high-quality parent material, minimize the number of transfers in culture, investigate stable families for micropropagation, keep subcultures to a minimum, regularly reinitiate clones from new explants, avoid long term culture, use axillary shoot systems, and regularly reinitiate clones from new explants. Avoiding the plant growth regulator 2,4-D in culture media can also help since it is known to introduce variation.
Ubaid afzal (29)
Plant tissue culture techniques involve two main methods: static culture using solid agar medium, which is easier for initial cell line maintenance and investigation of organ formation; and suspension cultures using liquid medium, which allows for higher growth rates and superior biomass control as cells are fully surrounded by nutrients. Key tools and techniques for plant tissue culture include sterilization using autoclaves, pH meters to monitor medium pH, laminar airflow benches for aseptic work, and various analytical tools like colorimeters and chromatography for biochemical analysis. Plant growth chambers are also used to control environmental factors like light, temperature, and humidity.
Ubaid afzal (27)
This document discusses plant tissue culture, which involves growing plant cells, tissues, or organs under sterile conditions using a nutrient culture medium. Plant tissue culture is used to produce clones of plants through a process called micropropagation. It describes how callus formation is induced from plant tissue samples by growing unorganized plant cells. The key equipment used includes conical containers, forceps, agar, sucrose, plant growth regulators, and an autoclave for sterilizing explants and equipment prior to culturing plant cells and tissues to form callus or entire new plants.
Ubaid afzal (26)
Somaclonal variations refer to genetic or phenotypic variations that arise in plants produced through tissue culture. These variations can be heritable or non-heritable. Heritable variations are caused by pre-existing mutations in somatic cells or new mutations during tissue culture. Non-heritable variations are temporary phenotypic changes caused by epigenetic effects. Somaclonal variations can arise due to physiological, genetic, or biochemical causes like exposure to plant growth regulators, changes in chromosome number or structure, gene mutations, changes in DNA or protein levels, or alterations in metabolic pathways. While somaclonal variations can help crop improvement, selected variants may be genetically unstable and require extensive testing.
Ubaid afzal (25)
Plant tissue culture involves growing plant cells or tissues separately from the original plant, typically using liquid, solid, or semi-solid mediums. There are two main types of bud cultures used: single node culture and axillary bud culture. In single node culture, a bud with a small piece of stem is removed and cultured to develop into a new plantlet without added cytokinin. In axillary bud culture, a shoot tip containing axillary buds is cultured with high cytokinin levels, which stops apical dominance and promotes axillary bud growth. The optimal cytokinin to auxin ratio for axillary bud subculturing is typically around 10:1, but can vary depending on plant species and explant developmental stage
Ubaid afzal (24)
Root regeneration from callus can be achieved through tissue culture techniques. The process requires a callus formation from plant cells on nutrient-rich media supplemented with the appropriate phytohormones, especially auxins which play a central role in root regeneration. Upon the addition of auxins and cytokinins in precise concentrations, the callus undergoes de novo organogenesis to develop new roots through a process where adventitious roots regenerate from detached plant tissues.
Ubaid afzal (23)
Plant tissue culture is a technique to grow plant cells, tissues or organs in a sterile nutrient medium. It allows for cloning plants with desirable traits, rapid plant production without seeds, genetically modifying plants, and reducing disease. Explants are placed on solid culture media containing inorganic salts, organic nutrients, vitamins and plant hormones. Specific protocols describe sterilizing and culturing rice, sugarcane and cotton plant materials.
Ubaid afzal (22)
Heavy metals can cause toxicity and stress in plants. Some heavy metals like zinc and copper are necessary for plant growth, while others like cadmium, lead, and mercury have unknown biological functions. Heavy metals induce oxidative stress in plant cells, disrupting metabolism and growth. Plants can activate anti-oxidative enzymes to counteract reactive oxygen species and minimize the impacts of oxidative stress. Tissue culture is used to rapidly propagate genetically identical plants that can be grown in small spaces and used for phytoremediation strategies like phytoextraction and phytostabilization to reduce heavy metal levels or leaching in soil. Factors like plant species, soil pH, addition of chelators, and root zone absorption influence phyt
Ubaid afzal (21)
Plant tissue culture, also known as micropropagation, is the rapid multiplication of plant material using sterile tissue culture techniques. It allows for the production of many exact genetic copies of plants with desirable traits quickly and without the need for seeds or pollinators. However, it is an expensive and labor-intensive process, and there is a risk that diseases or abnormalities could infect or appear in the cloned plants.
Ubaid afzal (20)
In vitro propagation involves studying organisms or their components in artificial environments outside of their natural biological context. This allows scientists to isolate specific parts of an organism like cells or proteins to explore their basic functions. Some key advantages of in vitro studies are that they provide simplicity by removing complexity, allow for convenience through automation and high-throughput screening, and enable the mass production of cloned plants that are disease-free and genetically uniform.
Ubaid afzal (19)
Transgenic plants are created using genetic engineering processes to introduce genes from other species into a plant's genome. The tissue culture process is used because it allows a single transformed cell to be regenerated into an entire plant containing the transgene. A new gene is delivered into the nucleus of a plant cell and integrated into its chromosome. The transformed cell is then regenerated through tissue culture into a whole plant where the transgene becomes a permanent part of its genome, passing to its progeny.
Ubaid afzal (18)
Plant tissue culture provides a means to produce pathogen-free plants by eliminating contaminating bacteria. Bacteria that contaminate plant tissue cultures can originate from the explant tissue, the lab environment, operators, or ineffective sterilization techniques. Contaminants are identified and characterized using biochemical tests and purification methods to determine the source. Producing aseptic cultures involves indexing explants for contaminants, identifying and eliminating the contaminants, and maintaining pathogen-free plant stocks through tissue culture.
Ubaid afzal (17)
Limitations of plant tissue culture include: requiring sophisticated facilities and greater skill than conventional techniques; genetic instability and chromosomal abnormalities in some shoot-tip derived plants; expensive equipment costs for large-scale production; and variability in productivity dependent on species without trial experiments. The procedures also require special attention, infections may continue through generations, and decreased genetic diversity is possible if all plants are genetically similar.
Ubaid afzal (16)
This document discusses methods for screening plant tissue cultures for virus resistance. It introduces that plant viruses cause crop losses and that current protection methods are limited. It then describes that putative virus-resistant transgenic plants are usually screened in greenhouses but that the authors developed mechanical and graft inoculation methods suitable for tissue culture screening to reduce costs and time. The in vitro methods were validated by comparing results to greenhouse screens, finding two transgenic potato lines showed strong resistance to potato virus Y infection with both methods. The in vitro methods were also used to infect other plant species with different viruses.
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Ubaid afzal (2)
- 2. “Plant tissue culture is the collection of tecniques use to maintain or grow plant cell tissue or organ under sterile condition on a nutrient culture medium”
- 3. SAR(systemic acquired resistance in plants) Over production of salicylic acid By the production of Anti-fungal protein
- 4. After infection of a plant by a pathogenic fungus the inactive storage compound salicylic acid 2-o- beta-glucoside is converted to salicylic or induces the NPRI gene, whose protein product act as “ master” regulatory protein to turn on the expression of PR protein, Which have enzyme activities directed against various pathogenic organism.
- 6. Another approach to engineering plant with broad spectrum diseases resistant involves overproducing salicylic acid.
- 7. Firstly plant transforming with bacterial genes that encode the enzyme ICS (isochorismate synthase) and IPL(isochorismate pyruvate lyase) which catalyze salicylate synthase. Salicylate is synthesized from chorismate in large amount in chloroplast. Which is also intermediate in the biosynthesis of the amino acid tryptophan.
- 9. Pathogenic fungi belong to the genus fusarium are the causative agents for the plants. Their for strategy that target various fusarium spp.microbial peptide and chitinase that inhibit the growth of fusarium . For this two different antimicrobial peptide from radish(Raphanus sativus)and one from mold (Asperigillus giganteus) and chitinase(from wheat) to a single chain.
- 10. Fv antibody that binds to a fusarium cell wall protein. Fv antibody constructed from chickens. When fusarium on attack on A.thaliana, plant this single-chain Antibody inhibit the growth. All three of the antibody-peptide fusion conferred a high level of resistance to demage by the pathogen
- 11. Phytopathogenic fungus badly effect the crop yield. Fungal rice blast disease that effect the rice plants Pathogenic fungi belong to genus fusarium is the most devastating disease in the world.
- 12. The major way to protect plants and crop from fungal infection through chemical antigen. By producing pathogenic plants. By the formation of high level of chitinase in transgenic plants. By increasing the level of salicylate in plants. By preparing sterilized envirment for the plants.