This document provides an overview of research methodologies in architecture. It discusses qualitative and quantitative research, including common approaches like interviews, surveys, observation, and case studies. Qualitative research focuses on collecting and analyzing non-numerical data through methods like ethnography and narrative research, while quantitative research uses statistical analysis and sampling. The document also outlines different types of research like descriptive, exploratory, experimental, and longitudinal research as well as key concepts in research methodology like variables, hypotheses, and validity.
Applied research - Research Methodology - Manu Melwin Joymanumelwin
Applied research is a form of systematic inquiry involving the practical application of science. It accesses and uses some part of the research communities' (the academia's) accumulated theories, knowledge, methods, and techniques, for a specific, often state-, business-, or client-driven purpose.
Exploratory research - Research Methodology - Manu Melwin Joymanumelwin
Exploratory research is research conducted for a problem that has not been clearly defined. It often occurs before we know enough to make conceptual distinctions or posit an explanatory relationship. Exploratory research helps determine the best research design, data collection method and selection of subjects.
Research Design: Quantitative, Qualitative and Mixed Methods DesignThiyagu K
A Research Design is simply a structural framework of various research methods as well as techniques that are utilized by a researcher. This presentation slides explain the resign design of quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-method design.
Applied research - Research Methodology - Manu Melwin Joymanumelwin
Applied research is a form of systematic inquiry involving the practical application of science. It accesses and uses some part of the research communities' (the academia's) accumulated theories, knowledge, methods, and techniques, for a specific, often state-, business-, or client-driven purpose.
Exploratory research - Research Methodology - Manu Melwin Joymanumelwin
Exploratory research is research conducted for a problem that has not been clearly defined. It often occurs before we know enough to make conceptual distinctions or posit an explanatory relationship. Exploratory research helps determine the best research design, data collection method and selection of subjects.
Research Design: Quantitative, Qualitative and Mixed Methods DesignThiyagu K
A Research Design is simply a structural framework of various research methods as well as techniques that are utilized by a researcher. This presentation slides explain the resign design of quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-method design.
Research Methodology and Research Method
This chapter looks at the various research methodologies and research methods that are commonly used by researchers in the field of information systems. The research methodology and research method used in this research is acknowledged and discussed.
The chapter starts off by providing a comprehensive introduction to research. Then the research methodologies and research methods particularly used in information systems are discussed. A significant effort has been made to clarify and provide distinctions between research methodology and research method. During the course of this research, when investigating the literature on research methodology and research methods, it was found that many researchers were using the two interchangeably. Therefore the two sections on research methodology and research methods have been treated separately.
A section that compares and differentiates between the two is presented first, followed by the section on research methodology. Then the different types of research methodology are described and the two main types of research methodologies namely qualitative research methodology and qualitative research methodology is discussed. The research methodology that has been utilized for this research is discussed and the reason why the particular research method was chosen with proper justification is explained.
Then research methods in general are discussed and the types of research methods suitable for information systems research are explained. The differences between the qualitative and quantitative research methods are elaborated upon. Since secondary data sources have been used in this research, a section is included to discuss the differences between the two and to explain the advantages of using secondary data sources for research.
Then the research method, that is, the actual data collection and data analysis method is described and justification is provided on why the particular research method was chosen. Case study research method is combined with grounded theory research method for document analysis of archival data that was accessed via the Internet. Descriptive methods have been used to investigate the opportunities and issues of cloud computing with mobile phones for developing countries.
Defination, types, importance of research methods. Characteristics, methods of research, Qualitative & Quantitative research, Objectives of research, difference of research methods, research in pharmacy, criteria for good research
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This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
1. Research Methodology
in Architecture
Unit 1 : Introduction- Overview Of Research And
Its Methodologies
Lecture 2- types of research Qualitative and
Quantitative Assessment
Prof. Dr. Neha Bansal
M.C.P.(IIT Kharagpur),Ph.D. (IIT Roorkee)
Professor
SRM Institute of Science and Technology,
Email: neha2000neha@gmail.com
Ph: +91 7669038518
6. Types of Research- Classification 5
6
Types of research and activities
you can be part of: Nutrition,
lifestyle, new technology,
psychological therapy, physical
therapy, drug trial, citizen science,
survey / interview, brain imaging,
genetic test, cognitive test, social
engagement and procedure /
treatment.
16. ▰ Qualitative research involves collecting and analyzing
non-numerical data (e.g., text, video, or audio) to
understand concepts, opinions, or experiences. It can
be used to gather in-depth insights into a problem or
generate new ideas for research.
▰ Qualitative research is commonly used in the
humanities and social sciences, in subjects such as
anthropology, sociology, education, health sciences,
history, etc.
▰ Qualitative research is used to understand how
people experience the world. While there are many
approaches to qualitative research, they tend to be
flexible and focus on retaining rich meaning when
interpreting data.
▰ Approaches
Qualitative Research
18. 18
Types of
Qualitative
Research-
Definition
Ethnographic Research
• this method involves the researcher embedding himself into the daily life and routine of the subject/s.
either as active participant or as observer the researcher experience their customs traditions,
mannerisms, reactions to situations etc. Ex. Testing products personally or in beta groups before
releasing them to the public is an example of ethnographic research.
Narrative research
• In this method, the researcher gathers data or facts from one or two subjects through interviews
Documents etc, over a period of time. It is then compiled and a narrative of the event is created. It is
also used to answer set of questions or suggestions through narration, which is based on facts and
evidences. Ex Businesses use the narrative method to define buyer personas and use them to identify
innovations that appeal to a target market.
Phenomenological research
• This method is used to study an event or activity as it happens from various angles. Using Interviews,
videos, on site visits etc., once can add on the existing information using perspective and insights from
the participants themselves about the activity or an event. Ex. Universities use this method to
understand applicants choice for applying the type of course
Grounded Research
• It starts with a question or collection of Data. Through systematic data collection and analysis, repetitive
ideas of actions are coded and codes are grouped or characterized into theoretical models . Ex.
Business use this theory for conducting satisfaction surveys based on the target product
Case Study Research
• It is a study that focuses on discussing a particular event or phenomenon. A case could be individual, a
group, a community, a city, an event a problem or a group of population
21. 1. One on one interviews
Conducting in-depth interviews is one of the most common qualitative research
methods. It is a personal interview that is carried out with one respondent at a time.
This is purely a conversational method and invites opportunities to get details in depth
from the respondent.
22. 2. Focus groups
A focus group is best defined as a small group of carefully selected participants who contribute to open
discussions for research. The hosting organization carefully selects participants for the study to represent
the larger population they’re attempting to target.
23. 3. Ethnographic research method
Ethnographic research uses in-depth observational method and aims to understand the
cultures, challenges, motivations, and settings that occur. This type of research method
can last from a few days to a few years, as it involves in-depth observation and collecting
data on those grounds.
24. 4. Process of Observation
24
Qualitative Observation is a process of research that uses subjective methodologies to gather systematic information
or data. Since, the focus on qualitative observation is the research process of using subjective methodologies to
gather information or data. Qualitative observation is primarily used to equate quality differences.
Qualitative observation deals with the 5 major sensory organs and their functioning – sight, smell, touch, taste, and
hearing. This doesn’t involve measurements or numbers but instead characteristics.
25. 5. Record keeping method
25
This method makes use of the already existing reliable documents and similar sources of information as
the data source. This data can be used in new research. This is similar to going to a library. There one
can go over books and other reference material to collect relevant data that can likely be used in the
research.
26. 6. Case Study Research Method
26
The case study method has evolved over the past few years and developed into a valuable qualitative research
method. As the name suggests it is used for explaining an organization or an entity. This type of research method
is used within a number of areas like education, social sciences and similar. This method may look difficult to
operate, however, it is one of the simplest ways of conducting research as it involves a deep dive and thorough
understanding of the data collection methods and inferring the data.
27. “
”
Quantitative research is defined as a systematic
investigation of phenomena by gathering
quantifiable data and performing statistical,
mathematical, or computational techniques.
Quantitative research collects information from
existing and potential customers using sampling
methods and sending out online surveys, online
polls, questionnaires, etc., the results of which
can be depicted in the form of numerical. After
careful understanding of these numbers to predict
the future of a product or service and make
changes accordingly.
29. SURVEY RESEARCH
Surveys used to ask questions to a sample of respondents, using various
types such as online polls, online surveys, paper questionnaires, web-
intercept surveys, etc.
32. Correlational research
Correlation research is conducted
to establish a relationship between
two closely-knit entities and how
one impacts the other and what
are the changes that are
eventually observed.
34. Also called quasi-experimental
research, this quantitative research
method is used by researchers to
conclude the cause-effect equation
between two or more variables, where
one variable is dependent on the other
independent variable.
Causal-comparative research
35. Research Methodology
in Architecture
Introduction- Types of research and
research language
Lecture 4
Prof. Dr. Neha Bansal
M.C.P.(IIT Kharagpur),Ph.D. (IIT Roorkee)
Professor
SRM Institute of Science and Technology,
Email: neha2000neha@gmail.com
Ph: +91 7669038518
37. LONGITUDINAL RESEARCH
▰ A longitudinal study is observational. So,
researchers do not interfere with their
subjects. However, in a longitudinal
study, researchers conduct several
observations of the same subjects over a
period of time, sometimes lasting many
years.
37
38. Simulation Research
and method
▰ Simulation process is used in operational
research. Hence is also called operational
research
▰ Simulation, in industry, science, and
education, a research or teaching
technique that reproduces actual events
and processes under test conditions. ...
Simulation implements range from paper-
and-pencil and board-game
reproductions of situations to complex
computer-aided interactive systems.
38
Simulating a set
of conditions
39. Field Setting Research
39
▰ Field Research is a method of collecting
qualitative data with the aim to understand,
observe, and interact with people in their
natural setting. It requires specialized market
research tools.
40. ▰ Laboratory research is scientific study conducted in a laboratory
or other such workplace, where the investigator has some degree
of direct control over the environment and can manipulate the
independent variables.
▰ Laboratory experiments are a particular method that enables the
highest level of control for hypothesis testing. Like other types of
experiments, they use random assignment and intentional
manipulations, but these experiments are conducted in a room or
a suite of rooms dedicated to that purpose. Although experimental
research can be conducted in places besides laboratories, such as
in classrooms or business organizations, a laboratory setting is
usually preferable, because an investigator can create optimal
conditions for testing the ideas guiding the research.
40
Laboratory Research
An overview of Laboratory
Experimental Method
41. ▰ A clinical study involves research
using human volunteers (also
called participants) that is
intended to add to medical
knowledge. There are two main
types of clinical studies: clinical
trials (also called interventional
studies) and observational
studies.
41
CLINICAL RESEARCH
42. ▰ Exploratory research is defined as a research used to
investigate a problem which is not clearly defined. It is
conducted to have a better understanding of the existing
problem, but will not provide conclusive results.
▰ For such a research, a researcher starts with a general
idea and uses this research as a medium to identify
issues, that can be the focus for future research. An
important aspect here is that the researcher should be
willing to change his/her direction subject to the
revelation of new data or insight. Such a research is
usually carried out when the problem is at a preliminary
stage. It is often referred to as grounded theory
approach or interpretive research as it used to answer
questions like what, why and how.
42
Exploratory Research
46. Conclusion Oriented research
46
Research can also be classified as conclusion-
oriented and decision-oriented.
While doing conclusion-oriented research,
a researcher is free to pick up a problem,
redesign the enquiry as he proceeds and is
prepared to conceptualize as he wishes.
Decision oriented research is always for the need
of a decision maker and the researcher in this case
is not free to embark upon research since it is a
scientific method of providing executive departments
with a quantitative basis for decisions regarding
operations under their control.
48. ▰ Historical research is a qualitative technique.
Historical research studies the meaning of past
events in an attempt to interpret the facts and
explain the cause of events, and their effect in
the present events.
▰ It is a procedure in which a researcher collects
and evaluates data to understand reports or
observation made by others. It tests
hypotheses concerning causes, effects or
trends that may help to explain present events
and anticipate future events
48
Historical Research
49. Step by step method of doing historical
research
49
PRIMARY SOURCES
SECONDARY SOURCES
SECONDARY SOURCES
•Secondary sources are created
by someone who was either not
present when the event
occurred or removed from it in
time.
•History books, encyclopedias,
historical dictionaries, and
academic (scholarly) articles are
secondary sources.
50. Descriptive Research
50
Descriptive research is defined as a research method that describes the
characteristics of the population or phenomenon studied. This methodology
focuses more on the “what” of the research subject than the “why” of the
research subject.
The descriptive research method primarily focuses on describing the
nature of a demographic segment, without focusing on “why” a particular
phenomenon occurs. In other words, it “describes” the subject of the
research, without covering “why” it happens.
Descriptive research is a part of quantitative market research or social
research study which involves conducting survey research using
quantitative variables on a market research tool or social research tool.
51. Characteristics of Descriptive Research
51
Quantitative
Research
collects quantifiable
information for
statistical analysis of
sample population
Uncontrolled
Variables
none of the variables
are influenced in any
way. This uses
observational
methods to conduct
the research.
Cross Sectional
Studies
a cross-sectional
study where different
sections belonging to
the same group are
studied.
Basis for further
research
The results obtained
from descriptive
research is in
statistical form and
can also be used as
input data for similar
research . In addition
to this, different
research techniques
applied to the data for
the analysis can be
inputs .
Natural Settings
Descriptive researches
are usually conducted in
natural settings. For
example, you can
distribute questionnaires
of surveys among
random people or in an
observational method,
you can observe the
behavior of people in a
particular environment
52. Methods of Descriptive research
52
Case study
method
Observational
Method
Survey
Research
55. Difference between Descriptive and Analytical Research
55
• It describes the
phenomenon as it
exits
Definition
• It is used to
identify and obtain
information on the
characteristics of
a particular issue
characteristics
• Describes the
characteristics of a study
group by answering the
question “ what is” . Does
not need hypothesis
Objective
• Types include,
case study
reports, case
series, survey
reports
Applications
• Uses both quantitative
and qualitative
research
methodologies
Methods
• It aims to understand
phenomenon by
discovering and
measuring cause
and effect
relationship
Definition
• Analyses the
relationship between
the parameters/ in
processes of
research
characteristics
• Aims to analyze, explore
and manipulate the given
variables so as to support
or reject a hypothesis, by
answering “what if”. Based
on hypothesis
Objective
• Types include,
observational,
cross sectional,
experimental
studies
Applications
• Primarily Uses
quantitative
research
methodologies
Methods
Descriptive
Research
Analytical
Research
1
2
3
4
5
56. Basic/Fundamental research Vs Applied
research
56
Definition
Efficacy
Alarmed
with
Environment
Environment
Alarmed
with
Nature of
Research
Aim
61. “
”
Scientific Method of Research
The scientific method is an empirical method of
acquiring knowledge that has characterized the development
of science. The scientific method is a constant process: one
discovery can lead to many more questions which, when
investigated, can lead to more answers
The six steps of the scientific method include
1) asking a question about something you observe, 2) doing
background research to learn what is already known about the
topic, 3) constructing a hypothesis, 4) experimenting to test the
hypothesis, 5) analyzing the data from the experiment and
drawing conclusions, and communicating the results to others.
61
63. “
”
▰ Several terms have been introduced that are
important to mastering research as a
language. The main terms include theory,
concept, construct, definition,
operationalization, variables, hypothesis,
and sample, validity, reliability, data
63
Language of Research
65. Language of research
65
• Theory is defined here as an explanation that offers to classify,
organize, explain, predict, and/or understand the occurrence of specific phenomena.
• Based on the definition, a theory is a statement that attempts to make sense of reality.
Reality consists of those phenomena that we can identify, recognize, and observe.
Theory
• An operational definition defines a variable in terms of specific measurement and testing
criteria.
• The act of operationalizing is the describing of how a concept is measured. This
process is best defined as the conversion of the abstract idea or notion into a measurable
item. In other words, it involves taking something that is conceptual and making it
observable, or going from abstract to concrete. Operationalization is one of the more
important tasks prior to conducting any research. However, there is no one right way to go
about operationalizing; how this is accomplished is up to the researcher.
Operationalization
• A concept is best defined as an abstract label that represents an aspect of reality (usually in the form of an
object, policy, issue, problem, or phenomenon). Every discipline has its own concepts. For example,
common concepts in criminal justice and criminology include criminality, law, rehabilitation, and
punishment.
Concept
• A construct is an abstract concept that is specifically chosen (or “created”) to explain a given
phenomenon. A construct may be a simple concept, such as a person’s weight, or a combination of a set of
related concepts such as a person’s communication skill, which may consist of several underlying concepts
such as the person’s vocabulary, syntax, and spelling. The former instance (weight) is a uni-dimensional
construct, while the latter (communication skill) is a multi-dimensional construct (i.e., it consists of
multiple underlying concepts).
Construct
• Variables are concepts that may be divided into two or more categories or groupings known as attributes.
The ability to divide the variables into categories enables us to study their relationships with other
variables. Attributes are the grouping into which variables may be divided. As an example, “male” is an
attribute of the variable “gender.” There are two types of variables: dependent and independent.
Variable