This document discusses research methodology and report writing. It defines research and describes the main types of research such as applied, basic, correlational, descriptive, ethnographic, experimental, exploratory, and historical research. It also discusses qualitative and quantitative research approaches. The research process involves defining the research problem, reviewing literature, designing the research methodology, collecting data, analyzing the data, and interpreting and reporting the results. Effective data collection methods include surveys, interviews, and observations. Data analysis involves both descriptive and inferential statistics. Finally, the document outlines criteria for good research such as clearly defining the research problem and having sufficient and reliable data.

1. RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY AND
REPORTWRITING

2. T
opics
 Research
 T
ypes of R
esearch
 R
esearchProcess
 Criteria's of good research

3. (i) Research
 The systematic, rigorous investigation of a situation
or problem in order to generate new knowledge or
validate existing knowledge.
 An endeavour to discover new or collate old facts
etc by the scientific study of a subject or by a course
of critical investigation.

4. (ii) T
ypes of R
esearch
 Appliedresearchrefersto scientific studyandresearchthat seeksto solvepractical
problems.Applied researchisusedto find solutions to everyday problems,cureillness,
and develop innovative technologies, rather than to acquire knowledge for knowledge's
sake.
 For example, applied researchers may investigate ways to:
• Improve agricultural crop production
• T
reat or cure a specificdisease
• Improve the energy efficiency of homes, offices, or modesof transportation

5. (ii) T
ypes of R
esearch
 Basic (aka fundamental or pure ) research is driven by a scientist's curiosity or interest
in a scientific question. The main motivation is to expand man's knowledge, not to
create or invent something. There is no obvious commercial value to the discoveries that
result from basic research.
 For example, basic science investigations probe for answers to questions suchas:
• How did the universe begin?
• What are protons, neutrons, and electrons composedof?
• What isthe specificgeneticcode of the fruit fly?

6. (ii) T
ypes of R
esearch
 Correlational research refers to the systematic investigation or statistical study
of relationships among two or more variables, without necessarily determining
causeand effect.
 For example, to test the hypothesis “ Listening to music lowers blood pressure
levels” there are 2 ways of conducting research
• Experimental – group samples and make one group listen to musicand then compare
the bp levels
• Survey – ask people how they feel ?How often they listen? And then compare

7. (ii) T
ypes of R
esearch
 Descriptive research refers to research that provides an accurate portrayal of
characteristics of a particular individual, situation, or group. Descriptive research, also
known as statistical research.
 These studies are a means of discovering new meaning, describing what exists,
determining the frequency with which something occurs, and categorizing
information.
 For example,
• finding the most frequent disease that affects the children of a town.

8. (ii) T
ypes of R
esearch
 Ethnographic research refer to the investigation of a culture through an in-depth study of the
members of the culture; it involves the systematic collection, description, and analysis of data for
development of theoriesof cultural behavior.
 It studies people, ethnic groups and other ethnic formations, their ethno genesis, composition,
resettlement, social welfare characteristics, as well as their material and spiritual culture.
 The purpose of ethnographic research is to attempt to understand what is happening
naturally in the setting and to interpret the data gathered to see what implications could be
formed from the data.

9. (ii) T
ypes of R
esearch
 An experiment research is a study in which a treatment, procedure, or
program is intentionally introduced and a result or outcome is observed.
 Eg: bp level measure

10. (ii) T
ypes of R
esearch
 Exploratory research is a type of research conducted for a problem that has not
been clearly defined. Exploratory research helps determine the best research
design, data collection method and selection of subjects.
 Historical research is research involving analysis of events that occurred in the
remote or recent past

11. (ii) T
ypes of R
esearch
 On a broader perspective, all researches can be classified into two
basic approach to research:
• Qualitative Approach
• Quantitative Approach

12. Qualitative Approach
 Qualitative approach is research dealing with phenomena that are difficult or
impossible to quantify mathematically
, such as beliefs
, meanings
, attributes
,
and symbols.
 Qualitative research techniques include focus groups, interviews, and observation
(1. to uncover pattern, trends; 2. insight for hypothesis; 3. understand reason and
motivation)
 Ex : How was your experience today? Ans: great, fine, boring and terrible
 How is the feedback so far ?

13. Quantitative research
 Quantitative approach refers to the systematic empirical
investigation of any phenomena via statistical, mathematical
or computational techniques. It is further sub classified in to
 Inferential approach
 Experimental approach
 Simulation approach

14. Quantitative Approaches
 Inferential Approach
 Infer characteristic or relationship of population from
sample. For ex: what is the average height of dehradun
people?
 Experimental Approach
 Some variables are manipulated and observed their effect
on other variables. Ex: BPlevel measure (listening music)

15. Quantitative Approaches
 Simulation Approach
 Simulation is the imitation of operation of real world process
or system over time.
 Useful to represent operation of real world system and its
dynamic process.
 Useful for understanding future condition of system.
 So many application like queuing at work, staffing
requirements etc.

16. (iii) R
esearch Process
a) Define R
esearchProblem
b
) R
eview the literatures
c) Design research
d) Collect Data
e) Analyze the data
f) Interpret and report

17. a) R
esearch Question
 Something you want to know about your discipline, or about a specific area
within your discipline.
 Not a topic, fragment, phrase, or sentence. It ends with a questionmark!
 Clear and precisely stated. It is not too broad, nor is it too narrow.
 Open-ended, as opposed to closed. It cannot be answered in a sentence or
phrase.

18. Examples of R
esearch questions
 Is television going to survive in digital eye or will it become obsolete
like digital camera?

19. Examples of R
esearch questions
 Does negative news interest people more than positive news?

20. Examples of R
esearch questions
 What are the factors motivate young people to commit violence?

21. b) Literature review
 The review of the literature is defined as a broad,
comprehensive, in-depth, systematic, and critical
review of scholarly publications, unpublished
scholarly print materials, audiovisual materials,
and personal communications

22. Purposesof Literature review
 Determine if proposed research is actually needed.
 Evenif similar research published, researchers might suggest a need for similar studies or
replication.
 Narrow down a problem.
 It can be overwhelming getting into the literature of a field of
can help you understand where you need to focus your efforts.
study. A literature review
 Generate hypotheses or questions for further studies.

23. Purposesof Literature review
 Background knowledge of the field of inquiry
 Facts
 Eminent scholars
 P
arameters of the field
 The most important ideas, theories, questions and hypotheses.
 Knowledge of the methodologiescommon to the field and a feeling for
their usefulness and appropriateness in various settings.

24. Different source of Literature review
 Locate different types of resources.
 Decide which resources might be suitable.
 Select most appropriate resources.
 R
evise research questions if necessary

25. Literature review purpose

26. Save the information
 Keep a record of the literature you collect
 R
ecord where and when you retrieved
the information

27. c) R
esearch Design/Methodology
 The research design is the master plan specifying the
methods and procedures for collecting and analyzing
the needed information.

28. R
esearch Design
R
esearch
Design
Statistical design ( no
of item, gathering
info)
Observational design
(Observational
condition)
Sample design
(Method of selecting
item for study)
Operational
design
(techniques)

29. R
esearch Design
 Sample design: this deals with the technique of selecting items and thus requires
careful observation for the given research study.
 Observational design: this relates to the conditions under which the experiments are
to be conducted.
 Statistical design: this concerns the question of how many items are to be observed,
and how are the collected data and information going to be analyzed.
 Operational design: this deals with the methods by which the procedures specified
in the sample, observational and statistical designs can be conducted.

30. d) Data Collection
 Data collection is one of the most important stage in conducting a
research.
 Data collection starts with determining what kind of data
(Qualitative or Quantitative) required followed by the selection
of a sample (sampling design) from a certain population

31. Need of Data Collection
 T
o get information for analysis.
 Toget idea about real time situation.
 For comparison between two situation

32. T
ypes of Data
Primary Data
• Data is collected by
researcher himself
• Data is gathered
throughquestionnaire,
interviews,
observationsetc.
Secondary Data
Data collected,
compiled or
written by other
researchers eg. books,
journals, newspapers

33. Effective way
of gathering
information
INTERVIEW
Involves verbal
and non-verbal
communications
Can be conducted
face to face, by telephone,
online or through mail

34. The most common
data collection instrument
Survey
Questionnaire
Useful to collect
quantitative and qualitative
information
Should contain 3 elements:
1. Introduction– to explain the objectives
2. Instructions– must be clear, simple language & short
3. User-friendly – avoid difficult or ambiguous questions

35. Observe verbal &
non-verbal communication,
surrounding atmosphere,
culture & situation
Observations
Need to keep
meticulousrecordsof
the observations
Can be done throughdiscussions,
observationsof habits, rituals,
review of documentation,
experiments

36. e) Data Analysis
 Descriptive statistics are methods for organizing and summarizing
data.
 For example, tables or graphs are used to organize data
 Inferential statisticsare methodsfor usingsampledata to make
general conclusions (inferences) about populations.

37. Comparison

38. iv) Criteria of Good Research
 Research should be defined clearly.
 Research should be explained clearly, which permits for further
development in same area by other researchers.
 Research Design should be carefully planned to yield result that are as
objective as possible.
 Data should be sufficient to analyze.
 Validity and reliability of data should be checked carefully.
 Researcher should be frank about flaws in design, estimation and findings.
 Research should be systematic. ( follows sequenceswith well defined set of
rules. Rulesout guessing not creative thinking)