A presentation on various types of tile rooifing materials and techniques for the course Appropriate Techniques from students of 4th Semester Architecture at VNIT, Nagpur (Jan-March 2015)
are horizontal elements of building structures which divide building into different levels for the purpose of creating more accommodation with in the restricted space, one above the other and also provide support to the occupants, furniture and equipment of a building.
Waterproofing and damp proofing: My teaching for the 1st year students for the basic understanding. However, reference to the text books and practical exercise is must.
A presentation on various types of tile rooifing materials and techniques for the course Appropriate Techniques from students of 4th Semester Architecture at VNIT, Nagpur (Jan-March 2015)
are horizontal elements of building structures which divide building into different levels for the purpose of creating more accommodation with in the restricted space, one above the other and also provide support to the occupants, furniture and equipment of a building.
Waterproofing and damp proofing: My teaching for the 1st year students for the basic understanding. However, reference to the text books and practical exercise is must.
The terrazzo floor is simple to fit, and it looks unique and extra creative. When you choose the pattern and color, keep your interior in mind. Read about Terrazzo flooring .
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Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
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Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
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COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
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TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSE
Terrazzo flooring and PCC flooring
1. TERRAZZO FLOORING
AND PCC FLOORING
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION – 3RD
1
GROUP MEMBERS – Anurag, Harshit,
Jasmeen, Kritika, Nikunj, Riya,
Shubham, Tanya
2. CONTENTS
Purpose Of Flooring.
Terrazzo Flooring.
Materials
Procedure
Workmanship
Polishing
Curing Of Terrazzo Flooring.
Finishing
Advantages Of Terrazzo Flooring.
Disadvantages Of Terrazzo Flooring.
Common Types Of Terrazzo Flooring.
Sub Floor layer of PCC in Terrazzo Flooring.
PCC Flooring.
Materials
Curing & Laying
Dos & Don’t
Advantages Of PCC
2
-SHUBHAM
3. WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF
FLOORING?
Flooring is the general term for a permanent covering of a
floor.
Floor covering is a term generically describe any finish
material applied over a structure to provide a walking and
working surface.
The purpose of a floor is to provide a level surface capable of
supporting the occupants of a building, furniture, equipment
and sometimes internal partitions.
The floor under the flooring is called subfloor which provides
the support. There are different special purpose subfloors
such as floating floors, raised floor or sprung, may be laid
upon another underling subfloor which provides the structural
strength.
3
-SHUBHAM
4. TERRAZZO FLOORING
Terrazzo is a composite material, poured in place or precast,
which is used for floor and wall treatments.
It consists of chips of marble, quartz, granite, glass or other
suitable material, poured with a cementitious binder.
Terrazzo is a concrete surface with special aggregates of
marble chips(or other decorative materials) mixed with white
or colored cement in proportion of 3:1 (three marble chips:
one cement).
4
-SHUBHAM
5. FLOORING MATERIALS
TERRAZZO FLOORING consists of chips of marble, quartz,
granite, glass, or other suitable material, poured with a
cementitious binder (for chemical binding), polymeric (for
physical binding), or a combination of both.
MARBLE QUARTZ GLASS
5
-SHUBHAM
6. FLOORING MATERIALS
6
GRANITE CEMENT BINDER
The choice of materials for floor covering is affected by
factors such as COST, ENDURANCE, NOISE INSULATION,
COMFORT & CLEANING EFFORT.
TERRAZZO FLOORING is poured with a cementitious binder
(for chemical binding) or polymeric binder(for physical
binding) or a combination of both.
-SHUBHAM
7. PROCEDURE
The flooring may be laid in different thicknesses. 40mm thick
flooring will consist of a 6-8 mm thick layer of terrazzo
topping and 34-40 mm thick under layer of cement concrete.
Prior to laying flooring, the whole area is divided into suitable
panels by use of dividing strip (made from copper, brass,
aluminium or glass) , in order to reduce the risk of cracking,
the area of a panel shall not exceed 2sq m.
7
-TANYA
9. PROCEDURE
The concrete under layer is then spread, consolidated,
leveled and finished to a slightly rough surface.
When the under layer has harden sufficiently, already
prepared plastic terrazzo mixture is laid and compacted
thoroughly by tamping or rolling.
After tamping or rolling, the surface is floated and troweled
and left to dry out for 12 to 18 hours.
After this period the surface is cured under standing water for
2 days.
9
-TANYA
10. WORKMANSHIP
The cement and marble powder shall be mixed in the
proportion of three parts of cement to one part marble
powder by weight.
For every part of cement marble powder mix, the proportion
of aggregate by volume shall be according to table:
Grade No Size of
Aggregates
(mm)
Proportion
of
Aggregates
: Binder Mix
Min.
thickness of
top layer
0 1-4 1.75 : 1 6-9
1 4-7 1.25:1 9
2 7-10 1.5:1 12
10
- ANURAG
11. WORKMANSHIP
Where the aggregate of size larger than 10mm are used then
the min. thickness of topping shall not be less than 1-1/2
times the max. size of chips.
Where large size chips such as 20mm or 25mm are used,
they shall be used only with flat shape and bedded on the flat
face so as to keep the min. thickness of wearing layer.
The cement to be used shall be ordinary grey cement, white
cement, coloured cement with add mixture of colouring
matter of approved quality.
11
- ANURAG
12. WORKMANSHIP
Colouring materials where specified shall be mixed dry
thoroughly with the cement and marble powder and then
marble chips added and mixed.
This mixture shall be stored in a dry place and well covered
and protected from moisture.
The dry mortar shall be mixed with water in the usual way as
and when required.
The mixed mortar shall be homogeneous and stiff and to
contain just sufficient water to make it workable.
The terrazzo topping shall be laid while the under layer is still
plastic, but has hardened sufficiently to prevent cement from
rising to the surface. This is normally achieved between 18 to
24 hrs. after the under layer has been laid.
12
- ANURAG
13. WORKMANSHIP
A cement slurry preferably of the same colour as the topping
shall be brushed on the surface immediately before laying is
commenced.
It shall be laid to a uniform thickness slightly more than that
specified in order to get the specified finished thickness after
rubbing.
The surface of the top layer shall be trowelled over, pressed
and brought true to required level by a straight edge and
steel floats in such a manner that the max. amount of marble
chips come up and are spread uniformly over the surface.
13
- ANURAG
14. RUBBING & CURING
The surface shall be allowed to cure for 5 to 7 days and then
rubbed with machine fitted with fine grit blocks.
The surface is again cured for 3 to 5 days after cleaning and
repairing.
Curing shall be done by suitable means such as laying moist
sawdust or ponding water.
14
- NIKUNJ
15. POLISHING & GRINDING
Polishing shall be done by machine. About 36 hrs after laying
the top layer, the surface shall be watered and ground evenly
with machine, fitted with special rapid cutting grit blocks,
(carborundum stone) of coarse grit till the marble chips are
evenly exposed and the floor is smooth.
15
- NIKUNJ
16. POLISHING & GRINDING
After the first grinding, the surface shall be thoroughly
washed to remove all grinding mud and covered with the
grout of cement and colouring matter in the same mix and
proportion as the topping in order to any pin holes that
appear.
Where machine polishing is not possible it shall be done by
hand.
16
- NIKUNJ
17. FINISHING
Finally the third grinding shall be done with machine fitted
with fine grade grit blocks(no.320), to get even and smooth
surface.
After the final polish oxalic acid shall be dusted over the
surface @ 33 grams per sq. meter sprinkled with water and
rubbed hard with nemdah block(pad of woollen rags).
The following day, the floor shall be wiped with a moist rag
and dried with a soft cloth and finished clean.
17
- NIKUNJ
18. ADVANTAGES OF TERRAZZO
FLOORING
DURABLE; and should last a lifetime, if maintained properly.
WATER RESISTANT; due to its low moisture absorbency
and hydrophobic nature (non affinity for water).
DENSE; and if sealed well, is impermeable to water.
EASY TO MAINTAIN; just have to sweep the floor often to
remove the dust that can act as an abrasive.
APPEARANCE; Terrazzo provides an elegant look to a room
if done well. It almost looks like Granite.
ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY; Terrazzo flooring doesn’t harm
the environment as it is constructed out of natural materials
including sand, marble, and other types of stone. You can
even recycle this type of floor.
18
- KRITIKA
19. DISADVANTAGES OF
TERRAZZO FLOORING
PROFESSIONAL INSTALLATION; Terrazzo flooring can be
installed only by a professional because it is made, poured and
cured at the point of installation.
RELATIVELY EXPENSIVE; Because of the specialised
installation, the upfront cost is considerably higher than resilient
flooring.
MAINTENANCE; Terrazzo requires heavy polishing at the time
of laying and periodic polishing to retain the shine.
SLIPPERY, GOOD CONDUCTOR OF HEAT, STAINS are other
minor disadvantages.
19
- KRITIKA
20. COMMON TYPES OF TERRAZZO
FLOORING
Terrazzo flooring is versatile, durable and plus it has different
types, depending on the materials and methods used. These
are the most commonly used terrazzo flooring.
EPOXY TERRAZZO CEMENT TERRAZZO
Currently one of the most popular types of
terrazzo, with the lowest maintenance. One
setback of epoxy terrazzo is that is not
advisable for exteriors use as it is unable to
withstand the harsher weather conditions.
This type of terrazzo is particularly preferred for
areas with high foot traffic like malls, airport
terminals etc.
20
- KRITIKA
21. RUSTIC TERRAZZO SAND CUSHION
TERRAZZO
Much like epoxy terrazzo
only more suitable for
exterior use because of its
smooth and marble like
surface with a rough
surface added as a means
to increase slip resistance.
The most prominent
characteristics of this type of
terrazzo is its basic construction.
When used as flooring, it is made
up of different layers of materials
such as wires meshes or
reinforcing, isolation sheets and
layers of sand.
21
- KRITIKA
22. SUB FLOOR LAYER OF PCC IN
TERRAZZO FLOORING
Typically the sub-floor is concrete due to its stability;
however, plywood floors may also be used if they are
properly installed.
The term PCC stands for plain cement concrete. The mixture
of cement, fine aggregate (sand) and coarse aggregate are
generally called plain cement concrete (PCC).
22
- JASMEEN
24. MONOLITHIC TERRAZZO
Monolithic Terrazzo is a 1/2" thick cementitious finish
applied directly over a concrete sub-floor. When the sub-floor
is very smooth a bonding agent is required so the terrazzo
finish properly adheres to the concrete.
The flatness and general quality of the concrete sub-floor is
critical in preventing the terrazzo from cracking.
Monolithic terrazzo is generally recommended for slab-on-
grade applications because typical above grade floors are
prone to deflecting, which causes cracks in the terrazzo
finish.
24
- JASMEEN
25. BONDED TERRAZZO
Bonded Terrazzo Composition (from bottom): Rough-
finished concrete slab -- Mortar underbed -- 1/2" terrazzo
finish.
Bonded Terrazzo is a 1/2" thick cementitious finish applied
over a sand-cement mortar underbed, which sits on a
finished concrete slab. The advantage of a bonded terrazzo
system over a monolithic system is that the sand-cement
underbed easily accommodates variations in the concrete
slab; therefore, the quality of the slab is not as critical.
25
- JASMEEN
26. PCC FLOORING
Plain cement concrete is the mixture of cement, fine
aggregate(sand) and coarse aggregate without steel.
PCC is an important component of a building which is laid on
the soil surface to avoid direct contact of reinforcement of
concrete with soil and water.
26
- HARSHIT
27. MATERIALS USED IN PLAIN
CONCRETE CEMENT
The general specifications of materials used in PCC are –
1. Coarse Aggregate
Coarse aggregate used in the PCC must be of hard broken
stone of granite or similar stone, free from dust, dirt and other
foreign matter. The stone ballast shall be 20 mm in size and
smaller.
2. Fine Aggregate
Fine aggregate shall be of coarse sand consisting of hard,
sharp and angular grains and shall pass through a screen of 5
mm square mesh. Sand shall be of standard specifications,
clean and free from dust, dirt and organic matter.
27
- HARSHIT
28. 3. Cement
Portland Pozzolana cement (P.P.C) is normally used for plain
cement concrete.
4. Water
Water used shall be clean and reasonably free from injurious
quantities of deleterious materials such as oils, acids, alkalis,
salts and vegetable growth. Generally, potable water shall be
used having a pH value not less than 6.
28
- HARSHIT
29. LAYING OF PCC
The PCC is laid in the layers of not more than 150mm thick
and
thoroughly vibrated by the means of mechanical vibrators till
a dense concrete is obtained.
Wherever needed, hand compaction shall be done with the
help of wooden tamping rods so that concrete is thoroughly
compacted and completely walked into the corners of the
formwork.
Compaction shall be completed before the initial setting
starts that is within thirty minutes of addition of water to the
dry mixture
29
- HARSHIT
30. CURING OF PLAIN CONCRETE
CEMENT
Freshly laid concrete shall be protected from rain by suitable
covering.
After the concrete has begun to harden- that is about one to
two hours after it has been laid- it shall be protected with
moist gunny bags, sand or any other materials against quick
drying.
After 24 hours of laying of concrete, the surface shall be
cured by flooding with water of about 25mm depth or by
covering with weight absorbent materials.
Curing shall be done for a minimum period of 14 days.
30
- RIYA
31. DO’S AND DON’T OF PCC
WORKS
DOS
PCC shuttering should be of the exact size and thickness
Water should be mixed with a bucket, in a measured quantity,
as per w/c (water/ cement) ratio.
Use the chute or additional labour to pour the concrete where
the depth is more.
Remove any loose material from the sides of the pit, so that
no soil or other material will collapse in the pit during
concreting.
31
- RIYA
32. DON’T
Do not pour concrete without levelling and
compacting.
Do not mix the materials on bare land.
Do not pour concrete in the pit from a
height of more than 1.5 m.
Do not allow the PCC without formwork.
Do not allow extra cement mortar on top of
PCC. for smooth finishing.
32
- RIYA
33. ADVANTAGES OF LAYING PLAIN
CONCRETE CEMENT
Required cover to bottom reinforcement is ensured, as cover
blocks rest on a firm PCC.
The effective depth of RCC members is achieved as the
formworks can be easily, uniformly and sturdily fixed,
resulting in better dimension accuracy of foundation RCC
member.
Reinforcement steel bars placed on PCC, are never in touch
with the ground soil, which may be chemically active and
may lead to steel corrosion in the immediate future.
Ease in the placement of steel cages and increased
productivity.
33
- RIYA