TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS
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This document discusses types of chemical reactions. It describes combination reactions like white washing of walls and burning of coal. Decomposition reactions are demonstrated by the thermal decomposition of ferrous sulfate. Displacement reactions are shown by the reaction of iron and copper sulfate solution. Double displacement reactions occur when sodium sulfate and barium chloride solutions are mixed. Redox reactions involve both oxidation and reduction, as seen in the reaction of copper and oxygen. Respiration is an exothermic combination reaction, while the decomposition of ferrous sulfate is endothermic.
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This document discusses different types of chemical reactions:
1) Combination reactions occur when two or more reactants form a single product like calcium oxide and water forming calcium hydroxide.
2) Decomposition reactions occur when a single compound splits into multiple simpler substances.
3) Displacement reactions occur when a more reactive element displaces a less reactive one from its compound like iron displacing copper from copper sulfate.
4) Double displacement reactions occur when parts of two ionic compounds are exchanged to form two new compounds.
5) Redox (oxidation-reduction) reactions involve the transfer of electrons between reactants.
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The document discusses chemical reactions and equations. It defines a chemical reaction as a process involving a chemical change where new substances are formed. A chemical equation is used to represent chemical reactions, showing reactants on the left and products on the right. There are five main types of chemical reactions: combination, decomposition, displacement, double displacement, and redox reactions. Redox reactions involve the gain or loss of oxygen or hydrogen through oxidation and reduction.
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The document provides examples of redox reactions in everyday activities and processes. It discusses corrosion of metals like iron oxidizing into rust. It also discusses bleaching using sodium chlorate or hydrogen peroxide to oxidize colored dyes. The breathalyzer test uses the reaction of ethanol in breath oxidizing dichromate ions to indicate blood alcohol levels. Enzymatic browning of fruits occurs when enzymes contact oxygen in the air and cause chemicals to change into the brown pigment melanin. Other examples discussed include food preservation using sulfites to prevent oxidation, cellular respiration with carbon dioxide reduction and water oxidation, combustion with fuel oxidation, photosynthesis with carbon dioxide reduction and water oxidation, and photography developing using silver ion reduction.
Crossed aldol condensation
The document discusses the crossed aldol condensation reaction. It describes the 5 step mechanism where the hydroxide ion deprotonates an aldehyde to form an enolate ion, which then adds to the carbonyl carbon of a non-enolizable aldehyde. This forms an aldol product that can further react. The carbonyl group plays a role in providing a site for nucleophilic attack and making the alpha hydrogens acidic. Crossed aldol condensation allows control over donor and acceptor molecules. It is useful for synthesizing large molecules from small starting materials and occurs in biological synthesis of fructose from glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate.
Hydrolysis of an ester and base catalyzed hydrolysis
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This document discusses different types of chemical reactions:
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3) Displacement reactions occur when a more reactive element displaces a less reactive one from its compound like iron displacing copper from copper sulfate.
4) Double displacement reactions occur when parts of two ionic compounds are exchanged to form two new compounds.
5) Redox (oxidation-reduction) reactions involve the transfer of electrons between reactants.
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The document discusses chemical reactions and equations. It defines a chemical reaction as a process involving a chemical change where new substances are formed. A chemical equation is used to represent chemical reactions, showing reactants on the left and products on the right. There are five main types of chemical reactions: combination, decomposition, displacement, double displacement, and redox reactions. Redox reactions involve the gain or loss of oxygen or hydrogen through oxidation and reduction.
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The document provides examples of redox reactions in everyday activities and processes. It discusses corrosion of metals like iron oxidizing into rust. It also discusses bleaching using sodium chlorate or hydrogen peroxide to oxidize colored dyes. The breathalyzer test uses the reaction of ethanol in breath oxidizing dichromate ions to indicate blood alcohol levels. Enzymatic browning of fruits occurs when enzymes contact oxygen in the air and cause chemicals to change into the brown pigment melanin. Other examples discussed include food preservation using sulfites to prevent oxidation, cellular respiration with carbon dioxide reduction and water oxidation, combustion with fuel oxidation, photosynthesis with carbon dioxide reduction and water oxidation, and photography developing using silver ion reduction.
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Schmidt reaction
The Schmidt reaction involves reacting an azide with a carbonyl compound like an aldehyde, ketone, or carboxylic acid under acidic conditions. This results in the formation of an amine or amide with the expulsion of nitrogen. The reaction was first reported in 1924 by Karl Friedrich Schmidt and involves the migration of a carbonyl substituent to the nitrogen atom of the azide. The Schmidt reaction is useful for synthesizing natural products and can be made enantioselective. Problems include site selectivity and potential tetrazole side product formation, though reaction conditions can be adjusted to control these issues.
Ionic liqueds
This document provides an overview of ionic liquids, including their history, composition, properties, applications, and toxicity concerns. Ionic liquids are molten salts that are liquid at or near room temperature. They are composed of a combination of ions, most commonly organic cations paired with inorganic anions, which results in their unusually low melting points. Ionic liquids have numerous advantageous properties, such as low volatility, high thermal stability, and wide liquid range, making them promising as green replacements for traditional organic solvents. However, concerns remain around the toxicity of some ionic liquids, particularly those containing halogen ions, which could release toxic species in water.
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ii. The Heck reaction forms carbon-carbon bonds between an alkene and an unsaturated halide. The Suzuki coupling couples an organoboron compound with a halide using palladium catalysis. The Sharpless epoxidation reaction produces chiral epoxides from allylic alcohols in high enantiomeric excess.
iii. Examples of applications are given for drug synthesis using these reactions.
Cannizaro rxn
The Cannizzaro reaction is a chemical reaction discovered by Italian chemist Stanislao Cannizzaro in 1853. It involves the disproportionation of an aldehyde in the presence of a strong base. One aldehyde molecule is oxidized to the corresponding carboxylic acid, while another is reduced to the alcohol. The reaction allows the conversion of aldehydes lacking an alpha hydrogen to the corresponding acid and alcohol. It has various applications in organic synthesis and is an important reaction in chemistry.
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Ugi reaction multicomponent reactions for drug discovery!
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Katsuki Sharpless Asymmetric Epoxidation and its Synthetic Applications
Katsuki Sharpless Asymmetric Epoxidation and its Synthetic Applications
heck reaction, suzuki coupling and sharpless epoxidation
heck reaction, suzuki coupling and sharpless epoxidation
Oxidation (Unit Process-1) Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry
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Oxidation process, Unit processes of Chemical engineering
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Chemical reactions and equations
This document provides information about chemical reactions and equations. It defines a chemical reaction as one where the original state of particles changes and cannot be reversed by physical means alone. It describes several types of chemical reactions including combination, decomposition, displacement, and oxidation-reduction. It also discusses how to write and balance chemical equations. Additional topics covered include corrosion, how to prevent rust, and applications of redox reactions such as in batteries, metabolism, and combustion.
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Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark Universe
Recent theoretical progress indicates that spacetime and gravity emerge together from the entanglement structure of an underlying microscopic theory. These ideas are best understood in Anti-de Sitter space, where they rely on the area law for entanglement entropy. The extension to de Sitter space requires taking into account the entropy and temperature associated with the cosmological horizon. Using insights from string theory, black hole physics and quantum information theory we argue that the positive dark energy leads to a thermal volume law contribution to the entropy that overtakes the area law precisely at the cosmological horizon. Due to the competition between area and volume law entanglement the microscopic de Sitter states do not thermalise at sub-Hubble scales: they exhibit memory effects in the form of an entropy displacement caused by matter. The emergent laws of gravity contain an additional ‘dark’ gravitational force describing the ‘elastic’ response due to the entropy displacement. We derive an estimate of the strength of this extra force in terms of the baryonic mass, Newton’s constant and the Hubble acceleration scale a0 = cH0, and provide evidence for the fact that this additional ‘dark gravity force’ explains the observed phenomena in galaxies and clusters currently attributed to dark matter.
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Classification
Metal ion ion indicators
Masking and demasking reagents
Estimation of Magnisium sulphate
Calcium gluconate
Complexometric Titration/ chelatometry titration/chelating titration, introduction, Types-
1.Direct Titration
2.Back Titration
3.Replacement Titration
4.Indirect Titration
Masking agent, Demasking agents
formation of complex
comparition between masking and demasking agents,
Indicators/Metal ion indicators/ Metallochromic indicators/pM indicators,
Visual Technique,PM indicators (metallochromic), Indicators of pH, Redox Indicators
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Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...
We present the JWST discovery of SN 2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
+
53.13485
−
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (
�
(
�
−
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)
∼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
000
±
2
,
000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
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Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
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cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
≲
1
�
) with
Λ
CDM. Therefore unlike low-
�
Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
�
truly diverge from their low-
�
counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...
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Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
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Slides from talk:
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https://ashpc.eu/
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Centrifugation is a powerful technique used in laboratories to separate components of a heterogeneous mixture based on their density. This process utilizes centrifugal force to rapidly spin samples, causing denser particles to migrate outward more quickly than lighter ones. As a result, distinct layers form within the sample tube, allowing for easy isolation and purification of target substances.
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Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
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TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS
- 1. TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS Vinod Kumar, 9290936105.
- 2. TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS A Chemical reaction is breaking and making of bonds to produce new substances.
- 3. TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS Some of the chemical reactions we observe in our daily life are - white washing of wall, burning of coal, respiration, breaking of lime stone by heating.
- 4. TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS Depending on number of reactants participated and products formed,the chemical reactions are classified into Combination, Decomposition, Displacement, Double Displacement , Redox reactions, Exothermic and Endothermic reactions.
- 5. TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS Calcium hydroxide combines with atmospheric Carbon di oxide to give Calcium carbonate and moisture. So, white washing of wall is example of Combination reaction. When coal is burned, Carbon in coal combines with atmospheric Oxygen to give Carbon di oxide. This is another example of Combination reaction.
- 6. TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS When green coloured Ferrous Sulphate powder is heated in a test tube , it decomposes into dark reddish brown coloured Ferric oxide. Colourless sulphur di oxide , sulphur tri oxide are side products formed. This is example of Decomposition Reaction because single reactant breaks down to give products. When a decomposition reaction is carried out by heating, it is called thermal decomposition reaction.
- 7. TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS When an Iron knife is dipped in dark blue coloured Copper Sulphate solution , we observe decrease of dark blue colour. This is example for Displacement Reaction because Iron has displaced Copper from Solution resulting in decrease of Copper dark blue colour.
- 8. TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS When Sodium Sulphate Solution is mixed with Barium Chloride Solution,a white water- insoluble precipitate of Barium Sulphate is formed along with water- soluble Sodium Chloride. This reaction is example for Double Displacement reaction evidenced by exchange of Sulphate and Chloride ions with Sodium and Barium ions.
- 9. TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS When brown coloured copper powder was heated in presence of Oxygen it turns to black Copper Oxide .Copper is said to be Oxidized due to addition of Oxygen. This reaction is called Oxidation. When Hydrogen gas is passed on black copper oxide it regains brown colour. Copper is said to be Reduced due to removal of Oxygen. This reaction is called Reduction. In any chemical reaction if both Oxidation and Reduction takes place simultaneously ,it is called Redox reaction. Above example of black copper oxide converting to brown colour Copper belongs to Redox reaction.
- 10. TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS The food we eat contains carbohydrates. These carbohydrates are broken down to form glucose. This glucose combines with oxygen in the cells of our body and provides energy. This process is called Respiration. So,respiration is considered as Combination reaction. As heat is released along with the formation of products , Respiration reaction is called Exothermic chemical reaction. Green coloured Ferrous Sulphate powder decomposes into dark reddish brown coloured Ferric oxide is favoured by heating. As heat is gained in this reaction ,it is called Endothermic chemical reaction.