Hydrolysis is the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water. There are two main types of hydrolysis: ionic and molecular. Ionic hydrolysis occurs when salts of weak acids and bases interact with water, while molecular hydrolysis is a slower, irreversible process catalyzed by hydrogen or hydroxyl ions. The document further discusses three types of hydrolysis based on drug degradation: ester hydrolysis, amide hydrolysis, and ring hydrolysis. Ester hydrolysis involves the breakdown of esters into carboxylic acids and alcohols using an acid catalyst. Amide hydrolysis occurs when amides are hydrolyzed in dilute acid. Ring hydrolysis proceeds by ring cleavage and subsequent attack

1. NAME: SAMER AZIZ
ROLL NO: DE-068
SUBJECT: PHYSICAL PHARMACY
HYDROLYSIS

2. HYDROLYSIS:
DEFINATION:
 the chemical breakdown of a compound due to
reaction with water is called hydrolysis
TYPES ON THE BASIS OF CHEMICAL
REACTION:
1. Ionic hydrolysis
2. Molecular hydrolysis

3.  Ionic hydrolysis
It occur when the salt of
weak acids and weak
bases interact with
water to give either
alkaline or acidic
solution
 Molecular hydrolysis:
It is much slower and
irreversible process it is
catalized by hydrogen
or hydroxyl ion e.g. the
local anesthetics

4. TYPES OF HYDROLYSIS:(ON THE
BASIS OF DRUG DEGRADATION)
 ESTER HYDROLYSIS:
An acid-catalyzed ester hydrolysis involves the
breakdown of an ester into its corresponding
carboxylic acid and alcohol.This is done by
the addition of a water molecule, using an
acid as a catalyst.

5. EXAMPLE OF DRUGSWHICH UNDER GO
ESTER HYDROLYSIS:
1. Tetracaine
2. Atropine
3. Physostigmine
4. Procaine
5. Asprin

6. AMIDE HYDROLYSIS:
 when amides are hydrolysed in the presence
of dilute acids such as dilute hydrochloric
acid.The acid acts as a catalyst for the
reaction between the amide and water.

7. EXAMPLES OF DRUGS WHICH
UNDERGOAMIDE HYDROLYSIS:
1. Dibucaine
2. Ergometrine
3. Chloramphenicol
4. Niacinamide
5. Barbiturates

8. RING HYDROLYSIS:
 Hydrolytic reactions in certain drugs
proceed by ring cleavage with subsequent
attack by hydrogen or hydroxyl ions.

9. DRUGS UNDER GO RING
HYDROLYSIS:
 Bezodiazepines (such as nitrazepam and
chlordiazepoxide )
 Penicillin
 cephalosporins