Cultural variations in attachment
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The document discusses cultural variations in attachment theory and research. It compares individualist Western cultures like the US to more collectivist Eastern cultures like Japan. Some key points made include: 1) Attachment theory was originally developed based on Western ideals that emphasize independence, but may not apply universally across cultures. 2) Research has found that children in collectivist cultures show more signs of dependency and interdependence, which are viewed negatively in the West. 3) A meta-analysis of studies across many countries found that rates of insecure attachment varied significantly depending on cultural norms.
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Cross cultural variations in attachment type
This document discusses cross-cultural variations in attachment types based on Ainsworth's Strange Situation research. It summarizes key findings from a meta-analysis comparing attachment types across Western and non-Western cultures. The analysis found slightly higher rates of secure attachment in Western cultures like the US and Britain compared to non-Western cultures like Japan and China. However, the greatest variation was found within individual cultures rather than between cultures. Cultural practices may influence differences in attachment types between societies.
Types of attachment
Mary Ainsworth conducted research in Uganda and Baltimore that identified different types of attachment in infants. Her naturalistic observation of mother-infant relationships in Uganda found that some infants were securely attached and confidently explored their environment. Ainsworth concluded that securely attached infants used their mothers as a secure base. Her subsequent Baltimore Study observed American mothers and their infants to further study differences in attachment behaviors.
Mod 6 cultural variations1
Van Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg (1988) conducted a meta-analysis of 32 studies from 8 countries that used the Strange Situation procedure to assess infant attachment styles. They found that secure attachment was the most common style across cultures, though rates varied between countries. Individualistic cultures tended to have higher rates of avoidant attachment, while more collectivist cultures had higher rates of resistant attachment. However, variations in attachment styles within cultures exceeded those between cultures, suggesting childrearing practices among sub-cultures may also influence attachment.
Types of attachment strange situation
Mary Ainsworth conducted research that provided empirical support for John Bowlby's theory of attachment. She observed differences in how infants attached to their mothers in Uganda, finding that some infants were securely attached and explored confidently while others were less secure. Ainsworth then designed the Strange Situation experiment to further study attachment patterns between American mothers and infants. The experiment identified three main types of attachment: secure, insecure-avoidant, and insecure-resistant.
AS Module 1 Developmental
The document discusses several studies related to developmental psychology and attachments:
- Ainsworth & Bell (1971) studied individual differences in infant attachments through observations of their reactions in various situations. They identified secure and insecure attachment types.
- Van Ijzedoorn & Kroonenberg (1988) conducted a meta-analysis finding variations in attachment types across cultures but greater variation within cultures.
- Hodges & Tizard (1989) investigated the effects of privation by comparing children who had been in care to a control group, finding some effects were reversible through adoption.
Mod 3 attachment types evaluation
The document discusses Ainsworth's identification of three main types of attachment: secure attachment, insecure-avoidant attachment, and insecure-resistant attachment. It then provides a case study describing the behaviors of two brothers, Rob and Sam, and asks the reader to identify the type of attachment each boy demonstrates. Rob is identified as having an insecure-resistant attachment as he cried and seemed scared around strangers, while Sam displayed a secure attachment by happily greeting his mother and being comfortable with other adults. The document evaluates the strengths of Ainsworth's Strange Situation experiment in reliably identifying attachment types, and also notes limitations, such as additional types of attachment identified by others and concerns about its cultural specificity.
Strange situation
Mary Ainsworth was a student of John Bowlby and the first psychologist to identify different types of attachment relationships between babies/children and their primary caregivers. She observed mothers in Uganda and found that sensitive mothers had securely attached infants who were less anxious, cried less, and explored their environment more. To study attachment types further, Ainsworth designed the "Strange Situation" experiment involving brief separations from and reunions with caregivers. It identified secure, insecure-avoidant, and insecure-resistant attachments.
The effects of separation, deprivation and privation
- The document discusses the maternal deprivation hypothesis proposed by John Bowlby, which suggests that prolonged separation of a child from their primary caregiver can negatively impact the child's development.
- Bowlby believed separation could cause permanent effects on intellectual, social and emotional development. Studies by James and Joyce Robertson in the 1960s observing children in hospitals or nurseries supported this idea.
- Michael Rutter later distinguished between privation, referring to a lack of attachment due to inadequate care, and deprivation, which is the loss of an existing attachment. He believed privation would have more serious long-term consequences for development.
Recommended
Cross cultural variations in attachment type
This document discusses cross-cultural variations in attachment types based on Ainsworth's Strange Situation research. It summarizes key findings from a meta-analysis comparing attachment types across Western and non-Western cultures. The analysis found slightly higher rates of secure attachment in Western cultures like the US and Britain compared to non-Western cultures like Japan and China. However, the greatest variation was found within individual cultures rather than between cultures. Cultural practices may influence differences in attachment types between societies.
Types of attachment
Mary Ainsworth conducted research in Uganda and Baltimore that identified different types of attachment in infants. Her naturalistic observation of mother-infant relationships in Uganda found that some infants were securely attached and confidently explored their environment. Ainsworth concluded that securely attached infants used their mothers as a secure base. Her subsequent Baltimore Study observed American mothers and their infants to further study differences in attachment behaviors.
Mod 6 cultural variations1
Van Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg (1988) conducted a meta-analysis of 32 studies from 8 countries that used the Strange Situation procedure to assess infant attachment styles. They found that secure attachment was the most common style across cultures, though rates varied between countries. Individualistic cultures tended to have higher rates of avoidant attachment, while more collectivist cultures had higher rates of resistant attachment. However, variations in attachment styles within cultures exceeded those between cultures, suggesting childrearing practices among sub-cultures may also influence attachment.
Types of attachment strange situation
Mary Ainsworth conducted research that provided empirical support for John Bowlby's theory of attachment. She observed differences in how infants attached to their mothers in Uganda, finding that some infants were securely attached and explored confidently while others were less secure. Ainsworth then designed the Strange Situation experiment to further study attachment patterns between American mothers and infants. The experiment identified three main types of attachment: secure, insecure-avoidant, and insecure-resistant.
AS Module 1 Developmental
The document discusses several studies related to developmental psychology and attachments:
- Ainsworth & Bell (1971) studied individual differences in infant attachments through observations of their reactions in various situations. They identified secure and insecure attachment types.
- Van Ijzedoorn & Kroonenberg (1988) conducted a meta-analysis finding variations in attachment types across cultures but greater variation within cultures.
- Hodges & Tizard (1989) investigated the effects of privation by comparing children who had been in care to a control group, finding some effects were reversible through adoption.
Mod 3 attachment types evaluation
The document discusses Ainsworth's identification of three main types of attachment: secure attachment, insecure-avoidant attachment, and insecure-resistant attachment. It then provides a case study describing the behaviors of two brothers, Rob and Sam, and asks the reader to identify the type of attachment each boy demonstrates. Rob is identified as having an insecure-resistant attachment as he cried and seemed scared around strangers, while Sam displayed a secure attachment by happily greeting his mother and being comfortable with other adults. The document evaluates the strengths of Ainsworth's Strange Situation experiment in reliably identifying attachment types, and also notes limitations, such as additional types of attachment identified by others and concerns about its cultural specificity.
Strange situation
Mary Ainsworth was a student of John Bowlby and the first psychologist to identify different types of attachment relationships between babies/children and their primary caregivers. She observed mothers in Uganda and found that sensitive mothers had securely attached infants who were less anxious, cried less, and explored their environment more. To study attachment types further, Ainsworth designed the "Strange Situation" experiment involving brief separations from and reunions with caregivers. It identified secure, insecure-avoidant, and insecure-resistant attachments.
The effects of separation, deprivation and privation
- The document discusses the maternal deprivation hypothesis proposed by John Bowlby, which suggests that prolonged separation of a child from their primary caregiver can negatively impact the child's development.
- Bowlby believed separation could cause permanent effects on intellectual, social and emotional development. Studies by James and Joyce Robertson in the 1960s observing children in hospitals or nurseries supported this idea.
- Michael Rutter later distinguished between privation, referring to a lack of attachment due to inadequate care, and deprivation, which is the loss of an existing attachment. He believed privation would have more serious long-term consequences for development.
Mod 6 explanations of attachment
Here are 3 limitations of Bowlby's theory identified in the attachment booklet:
1. Bowlby did not consider individual differences in attachment styles. He assumed all children form a secure attachment.
2. Bowlby did not consider cultural differences in childrearing practices and attachment. His ideas were based mainly on Western societies.
3. Bowlby's theory does not fully explain how attachment behaviors and internal working models change over time in response to new experiences and relationships. He saw them as fixed after the critical period.
Attachment, deviance and young offending.
Attachment theory proposes that the way a child bonds with their caregiver influences their development and future behaviors. Insecure attachment, where caregivers are inconsistent or neglectful, is linked to difficulties with relationships, self-esteem, impulse control and criminality later in life. Early intervention programs that support child development and strong parent-child bonds can help reduce the risk of future antisocial behaviors by promoting secure attachment. However, attachment is just one of many factors that influence youth offending, and nature and nurture both play complex roles.
Individual differences in attachment
Ainsworth developed the Strange Situation experiment to observe infant responses to mild stress induced by short separations from and reunions with caregivers in an unfamiliar environment. She identified three main attachment styles - secure, insecure-avoidant, and insecure-resistant - based on infants' behaviors regarding separation anxiety, stranger anxiety, and reunion behaviors. While the Strange Situation provided useful insights, it also had limitations such as low ecological validity and potential to cause infant distress.
Psychology: Harlow’s experiments on attachment in monkeys. by Janice Fung.
Harlow conducted experiments on infant rhesus monkeys to study the factors influencing attachment to mothers. He found that infant monkeys separated from mothers developed stronger attachments to surrogate mothers covered in soft cloth compared to wire surrogates, even if the wire surrogate provided food. This demonstrated that contact comfort was more important than feeding in forming attachments. Harlow also found that monkeys raised in total isolation from birth exhibited social and emotional impairments later in life. His work provided insights into how early attachment experiences shape later maternal behavior and psychological development.
Bowlby's theory
Bowlby's theory of attachment proposes that:
1) Infants form attachments to caregivers innately because it was adaptive for survival, ensuring infants received food and protection.
2) Infants have social releasers like crying and smiling that increase the chances of receiving care, while parents have an innate drive to provide care during the infant's critical period.
3) The first attachment relationship provides an internal working model that influences future attachments through the continuity hypothesis.
Mod 6 fathers
The document summarizes research on caregiver-infant attachment. It describes Schaffer and Emerson's 1964 study which identified 4 stages of attachment development. They found that most infants form their first attachment to their biological mother by 7 months. Additional research has explored attachments to secondary caregivers, particularly fathers. While some research suggests fathers play a distinct role through play and stimulation, other studies have been unable to clearly define the father's role in attachment. The role of fathers in infant development remains an area of ongoing research and debate.
Adult attachment 2
This document discusses adult attachment styles and their origins in childhood experiences. It notes that John Bowlby developed attachment theory in the 1950s, influenced by Freud, to explain how individual behaviors are mediated by feedback within an ecological system. While attachment was initially studied in infancy, it continues to influence people throughout their lives. Fearful childhood experiences can lead to insecure attachment styles as the child attempts to develop autonomy while overcoming fears. The document lists secure, dismissive, preoccupied and fearful as common attachment styles and notes they may influence adult interactions and outcomes. It concludes by questioning whether attachment theory has a true scientific basis or just heuristic value.
Mod 6 attachment1
This document discusses attachment theory in developmental psychology. It defines attachment as the strong emotional bond between a child and caregiver that develops over time through interactions. Psychologists have studied how responsive caregiving promotes secure attachment through reciprocity and interactional synchrony between caregiver and infant. A key longitudinal study by Schaffer and Emerson found that infants first form specific attachments to their mothers between 7-12 months of age, displaying behaviors like separation protest and proximity seeking.
Attachment Theory
Mary Ainsworth developed attachment theory and the Strange Situation experiment to study infant attachment. The Strange Situation involves briefly separating an infant from their parent in a laboratory setting with another stranger present. It consists of eight episodes involving separations and reunions. Researchers observe the infant's behavior upon the parent's return to classify the infant's attachment style as secure, anxious/ambivalent, avoidant, or disorganized-disoriented. The infant's reaction indicates the quality of attachment to their parent.
Learning theory
Here are 15 key words related to the Learning Theory of Attachment:
1. Attachment
2. Learning Theory
3. Classical conditioning
4. Association
5. Unconditioned stimulus
6. Neutral stimulus
7. Unconditioned response
8. Conditioned response
9. Conditioned stimulus
10. Harlow
11. Imprinting
12. Lorenz
13. Shaffer
14. Emerson
15. Feeding
Mary ainsworth pp 2
Mary Ainsworth developed the Strange Situation assessment to observe patterns of attachment between mothers and children. The assessment involves briefly separating the child from their mother in an unfamiliar setting while a stranger is present, and observing the child's reactions. Ainsworth identified three main styles of attachment through this assessment: secure attachment, anxious-ambivalent insecure attachment, and anxious-avoidant insecure attachment. Ainsworth's work helped establish the importance of the emotional bond between caregivers and children known as attachment.
Attachments revision
The document discusses John Bowlby's theory of attachment. It proposes that attachment behaviors evolved because they provide survival and reproductive benefits for infants. According to Bowlby, infants have an innate drive to form attachments to caregivers, usually through imprinting within a sensitive period during the first years of life. This attachment forms an internal working model that influences future relationships. Research provides support for Bowlby's theory, though it has also received some criticism regarding its limitations.
Attachment
Attachment refers to the affectional bond between two people, especially the bond formed between infants and their caregivers. This bond is important for survival as it ensures close proximity and helps infants feel secure. Psychologists have identified phases of attachment development from birth to one year, including an indiscriminate phase and specific attachment phase. The "Strange Situation" experiment studied how infants respond to separation from and reunion with caregivers, identifying secure, anxious-avoidant, and anxious-resistant attachment styles based on the infant's behaviors. Long-term effects of early attachments may influence relationships later in life.
Attachment
This document discusses attachment theory and how early experiences with caregivers impact attachment and brain development. It covers how neglect, abuse, prenatal drug/toxin exposure, and frequent changes in caregivers can disrupt attachment and cause stress that harms brain development. Proper nurturing from a stable caregiver is important for developing emotional regulation and a healthy attachment relationship.
Maternal attachment
This document discusses maternal attachment and attachment theory. It defines attachment as a deep emotional bond between people that develops through caregiving behaviors and influences social and cognitive development. Attachment theory proposes that children have an innate need to attach to a primary caregiver, usually the mother, for security, exploration and emotional regulation. The quality of this early attachment relationship influences later relationships and development. Studies using the Strange Situation Procedure identified secure, avoidant and ambivalent attachment styles in children based on their behaviors when separated from and reunited with their mothers.
Privation
Hodges and Tizard (1989) investigated the permanent effects of lack of emotional care on child development. They interviewed 65 children who were institutionalized before 4 months of age, their parents, and teachers. They found that by age 2, these children exhibited unusual attachment behaviors and demanded more attention. By age 4, the children did not form deep relationships and were more attention-seeking. At age 16, they were less likely to have close friends or be part of a social group and more likely to be quarrelsome and bullies. Hodges and Tizard concluded that early institutionalization can cause permanent damage to emotional and social development.
Mary ainsworth 2
Mary Ainsworth was a psychologist known for developing attachment theory and the Strange Situation experiment. Her work showed that early emotional attachment between infants and caregivers influences later development. She identified secure, anxious-avoidant, and anxious-resistant attachment styles in infants. Secure infants explored freely when caregivers were present and were distressed when separated but found comfort on reunion. Insecure styles involved avoiding, ignoring, or clinging to caregivers. A fourth disorganized/disoriented style was later identified and linked to higher stress levels in infants. Ainsworth's work highlighted the importance of children forming secure attachments at childcare settings before parents leave.
Culture and attachment
This document discusses culture and attachment. It defines key terms related to culture, discusses Bowlby's theory of attachment and its assumptions of universality. It then outlines several cross-cultural studies on attachment that found differences in caregiver responses, long-term goals, and the value placed on caregivers and children across cultures. The document also discusses using the Strange Situation procedure cross-culturally and whether it can accurately assess attachment in all cultures.
Part OneThis weeks readings and videos examine the idea of the .docx
Part One
This week's readings and videos examine the idea of the "gender binary" in which some societies favor the idea that there are two (and only two) distinct and opposite genders. The material this week however challenge the idea that the male-female binary is "what nature gives us". For Part One discuss the following using references or ideas from the reading, PowerPoint, and video to support your answers:
1. What do the materials we have seen so far tell us about
sex
and
gender
? (what is the difference between these terms?)
2. What is the gender binary and what are "gender binary glasses"? How do these "glasses" impact our worldview?
3. How do the the stories of Ho'onani and Kuma Hina from "A Place in the Middle" demonstrate the impacts of gender binaries on individuals and cultures? How do these compare with the teachings of Native Hawaiian culture in which identity is fluid and valued?
4. Explore the
map of gender diverse cultures (Links to an external site.)
and
"In the Middle" Across Cultures PowerPoint.
Actions
Choose one culture and briefly discuss their gender ideology and how it compares to an ideology of gender binary.
Please try choose a culture that has not already been discussed by other students.
(there may be some repeats but should be few) That means if you post early, you have first choice!
Part Two
The film explains that, "In the Hawaiian language, kane means male and wahine means female. But ancient Hawaiians recognized that some people are simply not one or the other". As we are learning this week, some societies currently have (and have had) more than two sexes and/or genders, highlighting the way in which gender is
socially constructed
. For your response, please take a look at the culture discussed at the bottom of this page that is different from the one you chose. In your reply discuss the following:
1. How does gender ideology in the culture your classmate discussed compare to gender in the one you chose? (What is similar and what is different?) How does it compare to US culture and an ideology of binary gender?
2. What does it mean to say that gender is a social construct?
3. What cultural, historical, and/or biological evidence led scholars to conclude that gender is a social construct? What evidence do you see in the culture discussed by your classmate?
4. Is there anything you have seen in your own life that could be used as evidence that gender is a social construct? Why or why not?
Classmates Respond:
"(The culture I chose to discuss is the Skoptsy (Russia) which was a Christian religious sect with extreme views on sex and gender. The community, discovered in 1771 in Western Russia, believed that Adam and Eve had had halves of the forbidden fruit grafted onto their bodies in the form of testicles and breasts. Therefore, they routinely castrated male children and amputated the breasts of women to return themselves to the state prior to original sin. Sex, vanity, beauty.
Culture Powerpoint
This document discusses key concepts related to cultural psychology, including definitions of culture, cultural dimensions, and the emic and etic perspectives. It provides definitions of culture from several researchers and defines Hofstede's cultural dimensions of power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism vs collectivism, masculinity vs femininity, long-term vs short-term orientation, and indulgence vs restraint. Examples of studies examining cultural dimensions and the emic and etic approaches are summarized. The document aims to define these important cultural psychology concepts and examine how cultural factors influence human behavior across societies.
Matsumoto juangchapter4
This chapter discusses how culture influences various developmental processes. It covers how temperament, attachment, cognitive development, and moral reasoning may differ across cultures or be culture-specific, while still exhibiting some universal aspects. For cognitive development, Piaget's stages are universal in order but not necessarily in age or skills within each stage. Higher levels of moral reasoning may also be culture-specific rather than universally applicable. The chapter concludes that developmental research provides insights into cultural differences in human development.
Cultural norms pp 2015
This document provides information about defining culture and cultural norms. It includes learning outcomes, definitions of culture from several sources, a definition of cultural norms, and questions to consider about culture. It also discusses cultural dimensions, examples of studies that examined individualism/collectivism and long-term/short-term orientation, and the concepts of emic and etic research.
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Mod 6 explanations of attachment
Here are 3 limitations of Bowlby's theory identified in the attachment booklet:
1. Bowlby did not consider individual differences in attachment styles. He assumed all children form a secure attachment.
2. Bowlby did not consider cultural differences in childrearing practices and attachment. His ideas were based mainly on Western societies.
3. Bowlby's theory does not fully explain how attachment behaviors and internal working models change over time in response to new experiences and relationships. He saw them as fixed after the critical period.
Attachment, deviance and young offending.
Attachment theory proposes that the way a child bonds with their caregiver influences their development and future behaviors. Insecure attachment, where caregivers are inconsistent or neglectful, is linked to difficulties with relationships, self-esteem, impulse control and criminality later in life. Early intervention programs that support child development and strong parent-child bonds can help reduce the risk of future antisocial behaviors by promoting secure attachment. However, attachment is just one of many factors that influence youth offending, and nature and nurture both play complex roles.
Individual differences in attachment
Ainsworth developed the Strange Situation experiment to observe infant responses to mild stress induced by short separations from and reunions with caregivers in an unfamiliar environment. She identified three main attachment styles - secure, insecure-avoidant, and insecure-resistant - based on infants' behaviors regarding separation anxiety, stranger anxiety, and reunion behaviors. While the Strange Situation provided useful insights, it also had limitations such as low ecological validity and potential to cause infant distress.
Psychology: Harlow’s experiments on attachment in monkeys. by Janice Fung.
Harlow conducted experiments on infant rhesus monkeys to study the factors influencing attachment to mothers. He found that infant monkeys separated from mothers developed stronger attachments to surrogate mothers covered in soft cloth compared to wire surrogates, even if the wire surrogate provided food. This demonstrated that contact comfort was more important than feeding in forming attachments. Harlow also found that monkeys raised in total isolation from birth exhibited social and emotional impairments later in life. His work provided insights into how early attachment experiences shape later maternal behavior and psychological development.
Bowlby's theory
Bowlby's theory of attachment proposes that:
1) Infants form attachments to caregivers innately because it was adaptive for survival, ensuring infants received food and protection.
2) Infants have social releasers like crying and smiling that increase the chances of receiving care, while parents have an innate drive to provide care during the infant's critical period.
3) The first attachment relationship provides an internal working model that influences future attachments through the continuity hypothesis.
Mod 6 fathers
The document summarizes research on caregiver-infant attachment. It describes Schaffer and Emerson's 1964 study which identified 4 stages of attachment development. They found that most infants form their first attachment to their biological mother by 7 months. Additional research has explored attachments to secondary caregivers, particularly fathers. While some research suggests fathers play a distinct role through play and stimulation, other studies have been unable to clearly define the father's role in attachment. The role of fathers in infant development remains an area of ongoing research and debate.
Adult attachment 2
This document discusses adult attachment styles and their origins in childhood experiences. It notes that John Bowlby developed attachment theory in the 1950s, influenced by Freud, to explain how individual behaviors are mediated by feedback within an ecological system. While attachment was initially studied in infancy, it continues to influence people throughout their lives. Fearful childhood experiences can lead to insecure attachment styles as the child attempts to develop autonomy while overcoming fears. The document lists secure, dismissive, preoccupied and fearful as common attachment styles and notes they may influence adult interactions and outcomes. It concludes by questioning whether attachment theory has a true scientific basis or just heuristic value.
Mod 6 attachment1
This document discusses attachment theory in developmental psychology. It defines attachment as the strong emotional bond between a child and caregiver that develops over time through interactions. Psychologists have studied how responsive caregiving promotes secure attachment through reciprocity and interactional synchrony between caregiver and infant. A key longitudinal study by Schaffer and Emerson found that infants first form specific attachments to their mothers between 7-12 months of age, displaying behaviors like separation protest and proximity seeking.
Attachment Theory
Mary Ainsworth developed attachment theory and the Strange Situation experiment to study infant attachment. The Strange Situation involves briefly separating an infant from their parent in a laboratory setting with another stranger present. It consists of eight episodes involving separations and reunions. Researchers observe the infant's behavior upon the parent's return to classify the infant's attachment style as secure, anxious/ambivalent, avoidant, or disorganized-disoriented. The infant's reaction indicates the quality of attachment to their parent.
Learning theory
Here are 15 key words related to the Learning Theory of Attachment:
1. Attachment
2. Learning Theory
3. Classical conditioning
4. Association
5. Unconditioned stimulus
6. Neutral stimulus
7. Unconditioned response
8. Conditioned response
9. Conditioned stimulus
10. Harlow
11. Imprinting
12. Lorenz
13. Shaffer
14. Emerson
15. Feeding
Mary ainsworth pp 2
Mary Ainsworth developed the Strange Situation assessment to observe patterns of attachment between mothers and children. The assessment involves briefly separating the child from their mother in an unfamiliar setting while a stranger is present, and observing the child's reactions. Ainsworth identified three main styles of attachment through this assessment: secure attachment, anxious-ambivalent insecure attachment, and anxious-avoidant insecure attachment. Ainsworth's work helped establish the importance of the emotional bond between caregivers and children known as attachment.
Attachments revision
The document discusses John Bowlby's theory of attachment. It proposes that attachment behaviors evolved because they provide survival and reproductive benefits for infants. According to Bowlby, infants have an innate drive to form attachments to caregivers, usually through imprinting within a sensitive period during the first years of life. This attachment forms an internal working model that influences future relationships. Research provides support for Bowlby's theory, though it has also received some criticism regarding its limitations.
Attachment
Attachment refers to the affectional bond between two people, especially the bond formed between infants and their caregivers. This bond is important for survival as it ensures close proximity and helps infants feel secure. Psychologists have identified phases of attachment development from birth to one year, including an indiscriminate phase and specific attachment phase. The "Strange Situation" experiment studied how infants respond to separation from and reunion with caregivers, identifying secure, anxious-avoidant, and anxious-resistant attachment styles based on the infant's behaviors. Long-term effects of early attachments may influence relationships later in life.
Attachment
This document discusses attachment theory and how early experiences with caregivers impact attachment and brain development. It covers how neglect, abuse, prenatal drug/toxin exposure, and frequent changes in caregivers can disrupt attachment and cause stress that harms brain development. Proper nurturing from a stable caregiver is important for developing emotional regulation and a healthy attachment relationship.
Maternal attachment
This document discusses maternal attachment and attachment theory. It defines attachment as a deep emotional bond between people that develops through caregiving behaviors and influences social and cognitive development. Attachment theory proposes that children have an innate need to attach to a primary caregiver, usually the mother, for security, exploration and emotional regulation. The quality of this early attachment relationship influences later relationships and development. Studies using the Strange Situation Procedure identified secure, avoidant and ambivalent attachment styles in children based on their behaviors when separated from and reunited with their mothers.
Privation
Hodges and Tizard (1989) investigated the permanent effects of lack of emotional care on child development. They interviewed 65 children who were institutionalized before 4 months of age, their parents, and teachers. They found that by age 2, these children exhibited unusual attachment behaviors and demanded more attention. By age 4, the children did not form deep relationships and were more attention-seeking. At age 16, they were less likely to have close friends or be part of a social group and more likely to be quarrelsome and bullies. Hodges and Tizard concluded that early institutionalization can cause permanent damage to emotional and social development.
Mary ainsworth 2
Mary Ainsworth was a psychologist known for developing attachment theory and the Strange Situation experiment. Her work showed that early emotional attachment between infants and caregivers influences later development. She identified secure, anxious-avoidant, and anxious-resistant attachment styles in infants. Secure infants explored freely when caregivers were present and were distressed when separated but found comfort on reunion. Insecure styles involved avoiding, ignoring, or clinging to caregivers. A fourth disorganized/disoriented style was later identified and linked to higher stress levels in infants. Ainsworth's work highlighted the importance of children forming secure attachments at childcare settings before parents leave.
Culture and attachment
This document discusses culture and attachment. It defines key terms related to culture, discusses Bowlby's theory of attachment and its assumptions of universality. It then outlines several cross-cultural studies on attachment that found differences in caregiver responses, long-term goals, and the value placed on caregivers and children across cultures. The document also discusses using the Strange Situation procedure cross-culturally and whether it can accurately assess attachment in all cultures.
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Psychology: Harlow’s experiments on attachment in monkeys. by Janice Fung.
Psychology: Harlow’s experiments on attachment in monkeys. by Janice Fung.
Similar to Cultural variations in attachment
Part OneThis weeks readings and videos examine the idea of the .docx
Part One
This week's readings and videos examine the idea of the "gender binary" in which some societies favor the idea that there are two (and only two) distinct and opposite genders. The material this week however challenge the idea that the male-female binary is "what nature gives us". For Part One discuss the following using references or ideas from the reading, PowerPoint, and video to support your answers:
1. What do the materials we have seen so far tell us about
sex
and
gender
? (what is the difference between these terms?)
2. What is the gender binary and what are "gender binary glasses"? How do these "glasses" impact our worldview?
3. How do the the stories of Ho'onani and Kuma Hina from "A Place in the Middle" demonstrate the impacts of gender binaries on individuals and cultures? How do these compare with the teachings of Native Hawaiian culture in which identity is fluid and valued?
4. Explore the
map of gender diverse cultures (Links to an external site.)
and
"In the Middle" Across Cultures PowerPoint.
Actions
Choose one culture and briefly discuss their gender ideology and how it compares to an ideology of gender binary.
Please try choose a culture that has not already been discussed by other students.
(there may be some repeats but should be few) That means if you post early, you have first choice!
Part Two
The film explains that, "In the Hawaiian language, kane means male and wahine means female. But ancient Hawaiians recognized that some people are simply not one or the other". As we are learning this week, some societies currently have (and have had) more than two sexes and/or genders, highlighting the way in which gender is
socially constructed
. For your response, please take a look at the culture discussed at the bottom of this page that is different from the one you chose. In your reply discuss the following:
1. How does gender ideology in the culture your classmate discussed compare to gender in the one you chose? (What is similar and what is different?) How does it compare to US culture and an ideology of binary gender?
2. What does it mean to say that gender is a social construct?
3. What cultural, historical, and/or biological evidence led scholars to conclude that gender is a social construct? What evidence do you see in the culture discussed by your classmate?
4. Is there anything you have seen in your own life that could be used as evidence that gender is a social construct? Why or why not?
Classmates Respond:
"(The culture I chose to discuss is the Skoptsy (Russia) which was a Christian religious sect with extreme views on sex and gender. The community, discovered in 1771 in Western Russia, believed that Adam and Eve had had halves of the forbidden fruit grafted onto their bodies in the form of testicles and breasts. Therefore, they routinely castrated male children and amputated the breasts of women to return themselves to the state prior to original sin. Sex, vanity, beauty.
Culture Powerpoint
This document discusses key concepts related to cultural psychology, including definitions of culture, cultural dimensions, and the emic and etic perspectives. It provides definitions of culture from several researchers and defines Hofstede's cultural dimensions of power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism vs collectivism, masculinity vs femininity, long-term vs short-term orientation, and indulgence vs restraint. Examples of studies examining cultural dimensions and the emic and etic approaches are summarized. The document aims to define these important cultural psychology concepts and examine how cultural factors influence human behavior across societies.
Matsumoto juangchapter4
This chapter discusses how culture influences various developmental processes. It covers how temperament, attachment, cognitive development, and moral reasoning may differ across cultures or be culture-specific, while still exhibiting some universal aspects. For cognitive development, Piaget's stages are universal in order but not necessarily in age or skills within each stage. Higher levels of moral reasoning may also be culture-specific rather than universally applicable. The chapter concludes that developmental research provides insights into cultural differences in human development.
Cultural norms pp 2015
This document provides information about defining culture and cultural norms. It includes learning outcomes, definitions of culture from several sources, a definition of cultural norms, and questions to consider about culture. It also discusses cultural dimensions, examples of studies that examined individualism/collectivism and long-term/short-term orientation, and the concepts of emic and etic research.
Indigenous Psychology: Incorporating “Culture” in Psychology Research
Executive Summary based on the paper “Indigenous, cultural, and cross-cultural psychology:
A theoretical, conceptual, and epistemological analysis” ( Uichol Kim, 2000).
Explaining the different perspective in culture-oriented research in psychology.
Psychology madesimple
The attitudes of trust or mistrust that are formed in infancy depend on whether a baby's needs for food, attention, and love are met by parents. These early experiences influence how the child will perceive other people and situations for life. Additionally, developmental psychology research shows that whether babies achieve developmental milestones on time depends partly on innate abilities and partly on the training received in early childhood from the environment. However, the exact proportions of influence from nature vs nurture is difficult to determine.
Exploring african proverbs as a learning resource in the contemporary society
The International Institute for Science, Technology and Education (IISTE). Science, Technology and Medicine Journals Call for Academic Manuscripts
A Comparative Study Of Cultural Values In Chinese And American Parenting Refl...
This document compares cultural values in Chinese and American parenting as reflected in the novel The Joy Luck Club. It begins by providing context on the study of parenting in China and the US. It then reviews literature on parenting studies in both countries as well as comparative studies between Chinese and American parenting. The document outlines two key questions addressed: 1) What are the differences between Chinese and American parenting? 2) How do cultural values and national culture models influence parenting styles in each country? It aims to analyze parenting ideas, content, and methods between China and the US from the perspective of cultural values.
psychology and pedadogy about human lide and animal lide
The film A Dangerous Method depicts the early history of psychoanalysis through the professional and personal relationship between Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung. It shows their differing theoretical approaches, with Freud emphasizing sexuality and Jung incorporating broader spiritual concepts. Their partnership eventually fractured due to these disagreements. The film also portrays Freud's techniques including free association and dream interpretation that characterized early psychoanalysis. While providing insights, psychoanalysis is time-consuming and interpretations are subjective, leading to some skepticism within psychology.
1) What is the difference between biological and cultural evolut.docx
1) What is the difference between biological and cultural evolution? How is this related to the concept we discussed in the Human Nature lecture on how identity serves as the connection point between outside institutions and our inner self? For example, think about how technology has shaped both our culture and our personal identity development.
2) Please consider the developmental processes of attachment. Describe the aspects of the theory and then discuss how the cross-cultural research we discussed in lecture has either confirmed or challenged these ideas.
3) Consider the theories of Piaget and Kohlberg on cognitive and moral development. How do they view cognitive development and to what extent have their ideas confirmed or challenged by cross-cultural research?
Please use the following scenario to answer questions 4 and 5.
Scenario: Imagine growing up in an extremely religious country where behavior is dictated by that religion and family/family values are the most important aspect of society where conformity is expected. When you are 15 years old you move to a country where individual freedoms are a right and it is difficult to ascertain what behaviors are expected of you and cultural diversity is promoted. The language is different, the freedom is new, and you are trying to understand how to fit into that new culture. Please address the points below in your response.
4) Using the above scenario and the Research Methods Lecture, please address the differences between assimilation and pluralism. Further, please indicate how they might play a role in this scenario. What would Isajiw’s 3 generation theory suggest might happen to your children and grandchildren?
5) Using the above scenario, please discuss Erikson and James Marcia’s 4 stages of identity formation and place them in the context of this scenario. If you were in this scenario, how might those identity processes help to understand your transition. Please also include discussion of cross-cultural themes.
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Lecture 8 managing cultural differences.pptx
The document discusses several key cultural differences in how concepts like happiness, emotion, self-identity, and compromise are viewed across different societies. It finds that East Asians are more likely to prefer compromise over agreeing with one side in an argument. Western cultures view the self as independent while Eastern cultures see it as interdependent with others. Different languages and cultures also influence how people perceive and express emotions, with display rules shaping whether people conceal or openly show feelings. The meaning of happiness also varies, with Americans associating it with excitement and Eastern cultures preferring calmness.
Pdeed6306 l5reviewing reproduction of culture and analysing a scenario introd...
The document discusses cultural reproduction and introduces a study by Nilchaikovit et al. that analyzes the differences in Asian and American notions of self, communication, and professional relationships. It summarizes the key findings of the Nilchaikovit study, which found that Asians view the self as interdependent and hierarchical while Americans see it as independent and egalitarian. The relationship between professionals and clients is also treated differently across cultures.
John Dewey, James A. Banks and Albert Bandura
This document provides summaries of John Dewey, James A. Banks, and Albert Bandura. It describes Dewey as the father of progressive education who emphasized hands-on learning and school-society relationships. It outlines Banks' work developing multicultural education with five dimensions. It notes Bandura was influential in social cognitive theory and known for social learning theory and the Bobo doll experiment, showing observational learning.
Dev psychology 007
Developmental psychology aims to explain how thinking, feeling and behavior change throughout the lifespan from childhood to adulthood. Significant theories focus on childhood, when the most change occurs. Developmental psychologists study biological, social, cognitive and emotional processes using research from Western cultures primarily. The goals are to describe, explain and optimize development by understanding both typical and individual patterns of change.
HCS321WD- Week 1
This document discusses several theories of child development, including cognitive development theories by Piaget and Vygotsky, attachment theory by Bowlby and Ainsworth, and Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory. It also covers the importance of early brain development and how children's environments and relationships influence their physiological and social-emotional growth over time.
14888200.ppt
This document provides an overview of key concepts in introductory psychology. It defines psychology as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. It discusses physiological and psychological needs, and how stores like Walmart strategically place candy at checkouts to influence customer purchases. The scientific method is introduced as a way to reduce biases. Theories and hypotheses are distinguished. Early contributors to psychology are outlined, including Aristotle, Plato, Darwin, Wundt, James, and Freud. Major perspectives in psychology - such as psychoanalysis, cognitive, behavioral, biological, and humanistic approaches - are introduced. Common career paths and settings for psychologists are listed. Key issues and debates in the field like nature vs nurture are also noted.
Exploring culture
The document provides tips for teachers to help students explore culture in their language learning. It discusses defining culture, making students aware of how culture impacts their lives, highlighting visible and hidden aspects of culture, showing how cultures can value the same things differently, explaining how culture works using dimensions like individualism/collectivism, and building awareness of cultural adjustment stress. The overall goal is for students to develop cultural understanding and competence.
Required ResourcesText· Crapo, R. H. (2013). Cultural anthro.docx
Required Resources
Text
· Crapo, R. H. (2013). Cultural anthropology [Electronic version]. Retrieved from https://content.ashford.edu/
· Chapter 5: Gender and Culture
· Chapter 6: Social Organization and Lifecycle
Article
· Atran, S. (2003). Genesis of suicide terrorism. Science, 299(5612), 1534-1539. Retrieved from the EBSCOhost database.
· The full-text version of this article is available through the EBSCO host database in the Ashford University Library. In this article, Atran discusses common misconceptions about terrorists, covering the research on what motivates terrorists and how to potentially defend against them. This article will assist you in your Summarize Your Sources for the Final Research Paper worksheet assignment this week.
· Becker, A. E. (2004). Television, disordered eating, and young women in Fiji: Negotiating body image and identity during rapid social change. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 28(4), 533-559. Retrieved from the EBSCOhost database.
· The full-text version of this article is available through the EBSCO host database in the Ashford University Library. In this article, Becker examines the effect that the introduction of television has had upon an indigenous island culture in Fiji, particularly young women’s perceptions of the “ideal” body type. This article will assist you in your Summarize Your Sources for the Final Research Paper worksheet assignment this week.
· Duthie, L. (2005). White collars with Chinese characteristics: Global Capitalism and the formation of a social identity. Anthropology of Work Review, 26(3), 1-12. Retrieved from the AnthroSource database.
· The full-text version of this article is available through the AnthroSource host database in the Ashford University Library. In this article, Duthie discusses the emerging class of white collar workers in China due to the increasing presence of foreign-invested multinational corporations. The author explores the process of identity formation for these workers. This article will assist you in your Summarize Your Sources for the Final Research Paper worksheet assignment this week.
· Hoodfar, H. (1993). The veil in their minds and on our heads: The persistence of colonial images of Muslim women. Resources for Feminist Researchers, 22(3/4), 5-18. Retrieved from http://www.umass.edu/wost/syllabi/spring06/hoodfar.pdf
· In this article, Hoodfar discusses the many misconceptions that people have about Muslim women who wear the veil, the history of veiling, and the many Muslim cultures encompassed by this tradition. This article will assist you in your Summarize Your Sources for the Final Research Paper worksheet assignment this week.
· Jonsson, R. (2014). Boys’ anti-school culture? Narratives and school practices. Anthropology & Education Quarterly, 45(3), 276-292. Retrieved from the AnthroSource database.
· The full-text version of this article is available through the AnthroSource host database in the Ashford University Library. In this ar ...
11 Theorists .ppt
This document discusses several theories of child development, including biological, behaviorism, psychodynamic, cognitive-developmental, and sociocultural theories. It provides brief biographies of influential theorists such as John Bowlby, Mary Ainsworth, Konrad Lorenz, Charles Darwin, Arnold Gesell, Maria Montessori, Henry Wellman, Susan Gelman, David Bjorklund, Robert Plomin, Sandra Scarr, Sigmund Freud, Erik Erikson, B.F. Skinner, John Watson, Ivan Pavlov, Sidney Bijou, Donald Baer, and Albert Bandura. The theories focus on either the influences of nature including genetics and biology, or nurture such as environmental
11-Theories-Theorists.ppt
The document discusses several influential theorists of child development across seven theoretical approaches: biological, behaviorism, psychodynamic, cognitive-developmental, cognitive process, sociocultural, and developmental systems theories. It provides brief biographies of key theorists such as Jean Piaget, Lev Vygotsky, B.F. Skinner, Sigmund Freud, John Bowlby, and Mary Ainsworth, outlining their major contributions to understanding child development from different perspectives. The theories focus on both nature-based and nurture-based explanations for child development.
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Part OneThis weeks readings and videos examine the idea of the .docx
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Required ResourcesText· Crapo, R. H. (2013). Cultural anthro.docx
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Cultural variations in attachment
- 1. Cultural Variations Uganda Baltimore
- 3. Read p.44: Cultural variations in attachment. Read the section on p.44 under the photograph.
- 4. Individualist cultures emphasise individual achievement and independence. Collectivist cultures, on the other hand emphasise social cooperation and compliance as a goal of child-rearing.
- 5. Rothenbaum et al (2000) argue that the concept of attachment is a Western idea that reflects Western cultures, ideals, and norms.
- 6. Japan is a collectivist culture
- 7. Rothenbaum et al (2000) suggest three aspects of attachment theory show particular bias. 1. The Sensitivity Hypothesis Western: attachment patterns arise because of sensitive and responsive caring to develop independence and autonomy. Japanese: responsiveness and sensitivity are used to encourage closer dependency on the mother and to control infant emotions.
- 8. 2. The Secure Base Hypothesis Western: a healthy attachment is one where the child has a secure base, encouraging exploration and eventual individuation. Japanese: dependency is more desirable. Amae encourages closeness and interdependence, both classed in the west as undesirable anxious-resistant characteristics.
- 9. Read p.44 Cross-cultural differences Takahashi (1990) What did Takahshi find? How did the Japanese children behave when left alone? Why did Takahashi find high rates of insecure-resistant attachment?
- 10. Read p.45: Meta-analysis. How many countries were examined in this study? Summarise the main findings of this research. Have a look at the bar chart showing the findings of the study. State two conclusions you can draw from this study. Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988)
- 13. Read p. 44 Cross-cultural similarities Explain how research on cultural variations does or does not support Bowlby’s theory of attachment.
- 14. Read p.46 - 47 Evaluating cultural variations in attachment A psychologist intends to conduct cross-cultural research into attachment and has moved with her family from Britain to Japan. She is having problems finding a nursery place for her 8-month-old baby. (a) Use what you know of culture and attachment to explain the problem of finding a nursery place. (2 marks) (b) Explain the difficulty that the psychologist might have using the strange situation in her research. (4 marks)
- 15. Practice Questions 1. State two ways in which attachments can vary across cultures (2 marks) 2. Outline what one study has shown about cultural variations in attachment. (4 marks) 3. Explain how psychologists have investigated cultural variations in attachment. (4 marks) 4. ‘Bowlby developed his theory of attachment on the basis that the features of attachment are universal - that is, they apply to all human beings in all cultures.’ Discuss cultural variations in attachment. (12 marks)