The document provides an overview of computer organization and architecture, focusing on stack organizations, instruction formats, and addressing modes. It explains stack operations such as push and pop, details various types of instruction formats, and describes multiple addressing modes used to access operands during program execution. Key examples include the differentiation between immediate, register, and direct addressing modes, along with their respective operations.

1. Computer Organization &
Architecture
PREPARED BY
Ruchi Maurya
Harsh Nankani
Dhaval Solanki
by Ruchi Maurya

2. What you will see??
• Stack Organizations
• Instruction Formats
• Addressing modes
by Ruchi Maurya

3. Stack Organization
• A stack is a storage device
• Stores information in such a way that the item stored last would be the
first to be retrieved
• Follows principle of LIFO(Last In First Out)
• A group of memory locations with a register that holds address of Top
• Register that holds the address is called Stack Pointer(SP)
by Ruchi Maurya

4. Stack Operations
• Two operations of stack are insertion & deletion
• The operation of insertion is called PUSH into stack because it can
be thought of as pushing a new item
• The operation of deletion is called POP from stack because it can
be thought of as removing one item
by Ruchi Maurya

5. Stack Implementation
• Stack can be implemented in two ways:
1. Register Stack
2. Memory Stack
by Ruchi Maurya

6. Instruction Format
“The assembler processes an instruction, and it converts the
instruction from its mnemonic form to a standard machine-language
(binary) format called an “instruction format”
by Ruchi Maurya

7. Components of Instruction format
• Operation code
• Specifies operations to be performed.
• Address field
• Designates a memory address or a processor register.
• Mode
• The way the operand or the effective address is determined.
by Ruchi Maurya

8. Instruction format
In an instruction format:
• First 12 bits(0-11) specify an address
• Next 3 bits specify operation code(opcode)
• Left most bit specify the addressing mode I
I=0 for direct address
I=1 for indirect address
AddressOpcodeI
011121415

9. Types of Instruction Format
• Three address instruction
• ADD R1, A, B //R1<-M[A]+M[B]
• Two address instruction
• MOV R1, A //R1<-M[A]
• One address instruction
• LOAD A //AC<-M[A]
• Zero address instruction
• PUSH A //TOS<-A
by Ruchi Maurya

10. Addressing Modes
• The way the operands are chosen during program execution is
dependent on the addressing mode of the instruction.
• The addressing mode specify a rule for interpreting or the
modifying the address field of the instruction before the operand
is actually referenced.
Opcode Mode Address
Figure Instruction format with mode field

11. Types of Addressing modes
• Implied Mode
• Immediate Mode
• Register Mode
• Register Indirect Mode
• Autoincrement or Autodecrement Mode
• Direct Address Mode
• Indirect Address Mode
• Relative Address Mode
• Indexed Addressing Mode
• Base Register Addressing Mode
by Ruchi Maurya

12. Implied Mode
• The operand is hidden/fixed inside the instruction.
• Zero Address instructions in a stack organized computer are
implied mode instructions.
Complement Accumulator CMA
(Here accumulator A is implied by the instruction)
Complement Carry Flag CMC
(Here Flags register is implied by the instruction)
Set Carry Flag STC
(Here Flags register is implied by the instruction)
by Ruchi Maurya

13. Immediate Mode
• In this mode the operand is specified in instruction itself.
• Operand itself is provided in the instruction rather than its
address.
Move Immediate
MVI A , 15h A ← 15h Here 15h is the immediate operand
Add Immediate
ADI 3Eh A ← A + 3Eh Here 3Eh is the immediate operand
by Ruchi Maurya

14. Register Mode
• The operand is specified with in one of the processor register.
• Instruction specifies the register in which the operand is stored.
Move
MOV C , A C ← A Here A is the operand specified in register
Add
ADD B A ← A + B Here B is the operand specified in register
by Ruchi Maurya

15. Register Indirect Mode
• The instruction specifies the register in which the memory address
of operand is placed.
• It do not specify the operand itself but its location with in the
memory where operand is placed.
Move
MOV A , M A ← [[H][L]]
It moves the data from memory location specified by HL register
pair to A.
by Ruchi Maurya

16. Direct Addressing Mode
• The instruction specifies the direct address of the operand.
• The memory address is specified where the actual operand is.
Load Accumulator
LDA 2805h A ← [2805]
It loads the data from memory location 2805 to A.
Store Accumulator
STA2803h [2803] ← A
It stores the data from A to memory location 2803.
by Ruchi Maurya

17. Thanks A Lot….!!
by Ruchi Maurya