Type casting
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This document discusses type casting in Java. It explains that casting can be widening or narrowing. Widening casting converts a primitive type to a larger type and is safe, while narrowing casting converts to a smaller type and can lose data, requiring an explicit cast. It also discusses casting between classes, which is possible if they are related by inheritance, and how casting allows generalization to a super class or specialization to a subclass.
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Inheritance allows one class to acquire properties of another class. A subclass inherits all properties of its superclass and can add its own unique properties. When a method in a subclass has the same name and signature as a method in its superclass, it overrides that method. Dynamic method dispatch determines which version of an overridden method to call based on the actual object type at runtime rather than the reference variable type. Superclass constructors can be called from subclasses using the super keyword, and super can also be used to access hidden superclass members from subclasses.
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Fundamentals of Computing and C Programming - Part 2
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The document contains 21 programming problems involving Java concepts like arrays, loops, methods, classes, objects, constructors, and more. For each problem, source code is provided to demonstrate how to solve the problem, followed by sample output. Some key problems include: (1) printing series using nested loops, (2) receiving user input of different data types, (3) using StringTokenizer and Scanner classes, (4) finding largest of 3 numbers, (5) using 2D arrays and array of objects.
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The document contains 24 C programming examples demonstrating various programming concepts like input/output, arithmetic operations, conditional statements, loops, functions, strings, arrays and matrices. The examples include programs to calculate sum and average, area of shapes, simple and compound interest, employee salary calculation, swapping values, finding largest number, checking vowels, printing tables, factorials, reversing numbers, string operations and matrix addition.
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The document contains 17 code snippets that demonstrate various Java programming concepts like loops, arrays, methods, classes, input/output, etc. Specifically, the code snippets show:
1. Using for loops to print numeric series
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The document contains 27 code examples that demonstrate various programming concepts in C++, including:
1. Printing numeric patterns using nested for loops.
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4. Checking if a number is even/odd using if/else.
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6. Defining functions both inside and outside classes to get/set data member values.
The code snippets cover basic programming constructs like loops, functions, classes,
Handling inputs via scanner class
The Scanner class in Java allows user input through methods like nextInt(), nextFloat(), and nextLine(). It is located in the java.util package. A Scanner object is created, passing System.in, and then various next methods are used to input integers, floats, strings and other data from the user.
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There are three types of errors in programming: compile time errors due to incorrect syntax, run time errors due to limitations of memory or processing, and logical errors due to flawed program logic. Exceptions can be checked at compile time or unchecked at run time. To handle exceptions, programmers use try, catch, and finally blocks to gracefully handle errors, print stack traces, and ensure cleanup.
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Java's eight primitive data types each have a corresponding wrapper class that allows them to be used as objects. The wrapper classes are in the java.lang package and include classes like Integer and Double. Wrapper classes "wrap" the primitive types in objects. For example, an Integer object holds an int value. Wrapper classes have methods to convert between the primitive type and its object representation.
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Type casting
- 1. Type Casting Types of Data Types Primitive or Fundamental Data Types Referenced or Advanced Data Types Casting Primitive Data Type •Widening: Converting a lower data type into higher data type is called widening. •Narrowing: Converting a higher data type into lower data type is called narrowing byte short char int long float double
- 2. Type Casting… Widening in Primitive Data Types: char ch = ‘A’; int num = (int) ch; int x = 9500; float sal = (float) x; Note: Widening is safe because there will not be any loss of data. That is why, compiler does the casting internally and hence this is called “Implicit Casting”.
- 3. Type Casting… Narrowing in Primitive Data Types: int x = 66; char ch = (char) x; double d = 12.6789; int n = (int) d; Note: Narrowing is not safe because there will be loss of data. That is why, compiler forces the programmer to use cast operator and hence this is called “Explicit Casting”.
- 4. Type Casting… Casting Referenced Data Types: A class is a referenced data type. Converting a class type into another class type is also possible through casting. But the classes should have the same relationship between them by the way of inheritance. University College Department
- 5. Type Casting… Generalization: Generalization is a phenomenon where a sub class is promoted to a super class, and hence becomes more general. It needs widening or up-casting. Specialization: Specialization is a phenomenon where a super class is narrowed down to a sub class. It needs narrowing or down-casting.
- 6. Widening in referenced data type class One { void show1() { System.out.println("I am class one"); } } class Two extends One { void show1() { System.out.println("I am class Two"); } } class Test { public static void main(String args[]) { One o; o = (One) new Two(); o.show1(); } } Note: we are able to access show1() method of the super class. But in this case, it is not possible to call show2().