This is part two of the diabetes presentation aimed for pharmacists and allied health professional who are interested in tailoring special pharmaceutical care plans for diabetic patients.
This is part two of the diabetes presentation aimed for pharmacists and allied health professional who are interested in tailoring special pharmaceutical care plans for diabetic patients.
Gliclazide 30mg, 60mg Modified Release Tablets Taj Pharma : Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Pictures, Warnings, Gliclazide Dosage & Rx Info | Gliclazide Uses, Side Effects - Gliclazide : Indications, Side Effects, Warnings, Gliclazide - Drug Information - Taj Pharma, Gliclazide dose Taj pharmaceuticals Gliclazide interactions, Taj Pharmaceutical Gliclazide contraindications, Gliclazide price, Gliclazide Taj Pharma oral antidiabetic Gliclazide 30mg, 60mg Modified Release Tablets PIL- Taj Pharma . Stay connected to all updated on Gliclazide Taj Pharmaceuticals Taj pharmaceuticals Hyderabad. Patient Information Leaflets, PIL.
Sulfonylureas for Diabetes: A deep insightRxVichuZ
This powerpoint presentation solely deals with Sulfonylureas, that come under Insulin secretagogues. Their complete pharmacological profile, with pharmacovigilance parameters, important catchpoints and mnemonics have been explained.
Sulfonylureas are most commonly used Oral Hypoglycemic drugs helpful in treating Diabetes Mellitus .
They show their effects on beta cells of the pancreas to release insulin which maintains the blood sugar level.
They are also called as ATP sensitive Potassium[K] channel blockers.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia and abnormalities in carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism.
It results from defects in insulin secretion, insulin sensitivity, or both.
Chronic microvascular, macrovascular, and neuropathic complications may ensue
Pancreas makes a hormone called insulin. It helps your cells turn glucose, a type of sugar, from the food you eat into energy. Diabetes happens when one or more of the following occurs:
Your pancreas does not make any insulin.
Your pancreas makes very little insulin.
Your body does not respond the way it should to insulin
An introduction of what is Diabetes Mellitus and one of the most important drug used to treat it: Insulin, it's use, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, adverse effects and proper uses
This presentation was done in around 17 minutes.
In this PPTs you will get in depth information about insulin and the first class of oral hypoglycemic agents , Sulfonylurea.
useful for GPAT and Third Year B.Pharm students.
Controlling blood sugar (glucose) levels is the major goal of diabetes treatment, in order to prevent complications of the disease.
Type 1 diabetes is managed with insulin as well as dietary changes and exercise.
Type 2 diabetes may be managed with non-insulin medications, insulin, weight reduction, or dietary changes.
Medications for type 2 diabetes are designed to
increase insulin output by the pancreas,
decrease the amount of glucose released from the liver,
increase the sensitivity (response) of cells to insulin,
decrease the absorption of carbohydrates from the intestine, and
slow emptying of the stomach, thereby delaying nutrient digestion and absorption in the small intestine.
Gliclazide 30mg, 60mg Modified Release Tablets Taj Pharma : Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Pictures, Warnings, Gliclazide Dosage & Rx Info | Gliclazide Uses, Side Effects - Gliclazide : Indications, Side Effects, Warnings, Gliclazide - Drug Information - Taj Pharma, Gliclazide dose Taj pharmaceuticals Gliclazide interactions, Taj Pharmaceutical Gliclazide contraindications, Gliclazide price, Gliclazide Taj Pharma oral antidiabetic Gliclazide 30mg, 60mg Modified Release Tablets PIL- Taj Pharma . Stay connected to all updated on Gliclazide Taj Pharmaceuticals Taj pharmaceuticals Hyderabad. Patient Information Leaflets, PIL.
Sulfonylureas for Diabetes: A deep insightRxVichuZ
This powerpoint presentation solely deals with Sulfonylureas, that come under Insulin secretagogues. Their complete pharmacological profile, with pharmacovigilance parameters, important catchpoints and mnemonics have been explained.
Sulfonylureas are most commonly used Oral Hypoglycemic drugs helpful in treating Diabetes Mellitus .
They show their effects on beta cells of the pancreas to release insulin which maintains the blood sugar level.
They are also called as ATP sensitive Potassium[K] channel blockers.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia and abnormalities in carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism.
It results from defects in insulin secretion, insulin sensitivity, or both.
Chronic microvascular, macrovascular, and neuropathic complications may ensue
Pancreas makes a hormone called insulin. It helps your cells turn glucose, a type of sugar, from the food you eat into energy. Diabetes happens when one or more of the following occurs:
Your pancreas does not make any insulin.
Your pancreas makes very little insulin.
Your body does not respond the way it should to insulin
An introduction of what is Diabetes Mellitus and one of the most important drug used to treat it: Insulin, it's use, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, adverse effects and proper uses
This presentation was done in around 17 minutes.
In this PPTs you will get in depth information about insulin and the first class of oral hypoglycemic agents , Sulfonylurea.
useful for GPAT and Third Year B.Pharm students.
Controlling blood sugar (glucose) levels is the major goal of diabetes treatment, in order to prevent complications of the disease.
Type 1 diabetes is managed with insulin as well as dietary changes and exercise.
Type 2 diabetes may be managed with non-insulin medications, insulin, weight reduction, or dietary changes.
Medications for type 2 diabetes are designed to
increase insulin output by the pancreas,
decrease the amount of glucose released from the liver,
increase the sensitivity (response) of cells to insulin,
decrease the absorption of carbohydrates from the intestine, and
slow emptying of the stomach, thereby delaying nutrient digestion and absorption in the small intestine.
A brief description of Diabetes with management guidelines
according to different diabetes foundation and their treatment with drugs and their MOA dose and side effects
This is a presentation describing the management principles of a newly diagnosed diabetic patient, including, diet therapy, medical treatment and exercise
A short lecture highlighting the most important aspects of pharmacological management of DM in general. It discusses the use of insulin in type I diabetes mellitus and the approach with hypoglycemic agents in type II.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...
Type 2 diabetes
1. Pharmacotherapy of Type 2
Diabetes Mellitus
Dr. Prerna Singh
Junior resident
Department of Pharmacology
JNMCH, AMU
2. Introduction
Diabetes mellitus refers to a group of metabolic disorders
that share a common phenotype of hyperglycemia
-Harrison’s Principles of internal medicine
4types-
Type 1- IDDM
Type 2 -NIDDM
Type 3- Other specific types
Type 4 – Gestational DM
3. Pathogenesis
Genetic
Insulin resistance
High fasting blood glucose
High insulin
High pro insulin
Number of beta cell less
Excess glucagon
4.
5. Diagnostic criteria
Blood glucose Fasting (mg/dl) 2hour PP (mg/dl)
Normal <100 <140
Impaired fasting glucose 100-125 <140
Impaired glucose tolerance <100 140- 199
Diabetes Mellitus ≧ 126 ≧ 200
Random blood glucose of ≧ 200 along with signs and symptoms
of DM
OR HbA1c > 6.5 is also diagnostic
6. Plasma glucose and HbA1c targets
Plasma glucose Good Acceptable
Fasting <100 120-140
Post prandial <140 140-180
HbA1c <6 6-7.5
7. Treatment components
Patient education
Diet and exercise
Pharmacological therapy
Treat comorbidities
Screen for complications
11. Sulfonylureas
Taken before food, OD
Side effect:
Hypoglycemia
Weight gain
Can cross placenta
Disulfiram like reaction with alcohol
Caution in renal and hepatic failure patients
12. Meglitinides
Repaglinide (0.5-16mg/day), Nateglinide (180-360mg/day)
Same mechanism as sulfonylureas
Short acting – to be taken just before meals (1- 10 minutes)
Act on beta cells to increase insulin release
Hypoglycemia risk
Can cause weight gain
13. Biguanides
Metformin (500mg-1g BD)
Act on mitochondrial respiration: ￬ATP & ↑ AMP ➝ Activation of AMPK
Stimulation of fatty acid oxidation
Non oxidative glucose metabolism
Increase glucose uptake by muscle
Inhibit gluconeogenesis
Suppress lipogenesis
Slows absorption of glucose form GIT
Promote binding of insulin to its receptor
15. First line in T2DM
Preferred in obese patient
Cost effective
No risk of hypoglycemia
Assess renal function before starting, monitor annually
Biguanides
16. Thiazolidinediones
Pioglitazone (15- 45 mg/ day OD)
PPAR agonist- this increases insulin sensitivity and
decrease resistance to insulin (insulin sensitizers)
Decrease gluconeogenesis
Increase GLUT-4 transporter
Onset is slow:1- 3 months to achieve euglycemia
17. Increase HDL
Decrease Triglycerides
Weight gain and edema (fluid retention)
Anemia due to hemodilution
Hepatotoxic
High incidence of heart failure
Pioglitazone is associated with bladder cancer
Avoid in osteoporosis
Thiazolidinediones
18. Alpha glucosidase inhibitors
Acarbose (25- 100mg), Miglitol (25- 100mg), Voglibose
Inhibit Alpha glucosidase enzyme which is responsible for digestion
of complex starch and hence prevents absorption of glucose
Increase release of GLP-1
Prevent post prandial hyperglycemia- Before meal dosing
Side effect
Diarrhea
Flatulence
Pain abdomen
19. Incretin mimetics
Exenatide (5-10mcg BD), Liraglutide (0.6-1.8mg OD), Albiglutide (30-50 mg weekly),
Dulaglutide
Increase glucose dependent insulin secretion
Control PP
Side effect
Nausea
Anorexia – weight loss
Pancreatitis
Only injectables –SC
No risk of hypoglycemia
20. DPP IV inhibitors
Sitagliptin, Vildagliptin (50 mg OD/BD), Saxagliptin (100mg/day), Linagliptin (5mg/day),
Alogliptin (25mg/day)
Inhibit metabolism of incretins (GLP1, GIP)
DPP IV enzyme is responsible for metabolism of incretins
which increase insulin release.
No effect on weight
Increase risk of heart failure with saxagliptin
21. Amylin mimetics
Pramlintide ( 60-120 mcg/day)
Act on amylin receptor in hind brain
Inhibit glucagon secretion
Delay gastric emptying
Decrease appetite
Subcutaneously before meals
Added to decrease insulin requirement
Should not be mixed in same syringe - different pH
Risk of hypoglycemia with insulin
22. SGLT 2 inhibitors
Dapagliflozin (8-10mg/day), Canagliflozin (100-300mg/day), Empagliflozin (10-25mg/day)
Inhibit glucose reabsorption thereby increasing glucose
excretion
Urinary tract infection
Sodium loss in urine
Low risk of hypoglycaemia
Increase risk of fracture – affect PTH, vitamin D
23. Insulin in Type 2 DM
Newly diagnosed HbA1c >10 or FBS> 260
Onset before 30 years age
Long standing diabetes
Complications
Pregnancy
Surgical procedures
Failure following oral therapy
26. Available insulin
Short acting
Regular
Ultra short acting
Lispro
Aspart
Glulisine
Intermediate
acting
NPH
Long acting
Glargine
Detemir
Onset of action 30- 60 minutes 5-15 minutes 2-4 hours 2-4 hours
Duration of
action
8-10 hours 2- 5 hours 18- 24 hours Glargine – 24
hours
Detemir - 12 hour
Route SC/IV/IM SC/IV/IM SC SC
Dosing 30- 45 min
before meal
15 min before meal OD at bedtime OD
Dose: 0.6-0.7 IU/kg – 40% basal, rest premeal insulin
27. • Combination
therapy (2) ±
insulin
• 3 drugs
therapy ±
insulin
• Monotherapy or
Low dose
combination Or
insulin
• Diet and
exercise
Initial
treatment
HbA1c 6.5-
7.5
HbA1c 7.5- 9
HbA1c >9
Asymptomatic
patient
If poor response even after 3 drugs
HbA1c >9 symptomatic patient
Complications
Insulin
28. Individualize therapy
To reduce PP hyperglycemia DPP IV inhibitor
Alpha glucosidase inhibitors
Meglitinides
Liraglutide
Renal failure Repaglinide
DPP 4 inhibitors
Glitazones
Metformin( if GFR <30 ml/min),
Sulfonylurea contraindicated
Hepatic disease Avoid metformin , Glitazones and
DPP-4 inhibitors
CAD GLP-1 agonist preferred
Avoid – Glitazones
29. Basal insulin
Single dose long acting insulin like NPH Glargine, degludec,
detemir before breakfast (hepatic glucose production) with
Oral drug (PP hyperglycemia)
30. Basal bolus regimen
• Increase 2-5 units every 3 day
till pre dinner sugar normal
•Regular insulin is added to long
acting insulin
•Day profiling is done
• 5-10 units regular insulin added
to morning dose
If pre lunch high
• Regular insulin given before
dinner
If hyperglycemia at bedtime
• Add NPH at bedtimeNext morning hyperglycemia
Day profiling
Fasting
Before lunch
Before dinner
Bed time
