Introduction to Screening Models of Anti-Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis, Screening models, In vitro models, In vivo models
Presented by
SHAIK FIRDOUS BANU
Department of Pharmacology
Introduction to Screening Models Of Anti Cancer Drugs
Need for novel anti cancer drugs, In - vitro methods, In - vivo methods, Advantages and disadvantages
Presented by
T. Niranjan Reddy
Department of Pharmacology
Preclinical Screening of Antiasthmatic DrugsShubham Kolge
Bronchial asthma is characterized by both bronchoconstriction and airway inflammation which leads to bronchial hyperresponsiveness to various stimuli. Different mediators are implicated in asthma. As the precise etiology is not known and multiple biochemical processes are triggered by different causative factors, it is difficult to have a single drug which can effectively and simultaneously act upon different mediators. This led to an intense search for potent and safe antiasthmatic drugs. This presentation intends to compile different screening methods for the evaluation of new candidate drugs with potential for the treatment of asthma. These include in vitro, in vivo, receptor binding and enzymatic methods.
In this slide contains diabetics, classification, symptoms, complication, invivo and invitro screening models of anti diabetics.
Presented by: GEETHANJALI ADAPALA (Department of pharmacology).
RIPER, anantapur
Screening Methods for behavioural and muscle Coordinationpradnya Jagtap
Screening Methods for behavioural and muscle Coordination
A. Motor activity and behaviour
1. Method of intermittent observation
2.Open field test
3.Hole board test
4.Combined open field test
B.Test for muscle coordination
1.Inclined plane method
2.Chimny test
3.Grip strength
4.Rotarod method
Introduction to Screening Models of Anti-Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis, Screening models, In vitro models, In vivo models
Presented by
SHAIK FIRDOUS BANU
Department of Pharmacology
Introduction to Screening Models Of Anti Cancer Drugs
Need for novel anti cancer drugs, In - vitro methods, In - vivo methods, Advantages and disadvantages
Presented by
T. Niranjan Reddy
Department of Pharmacology
Preclinical Screening of Antiasthmatic DrugsShubham Kolge
Bronchial asthma is characterized by both bronchoconstriction and airway inflammation which leads to bronchial hyperresponsiveness to various stimuli. Different mediators are implicated in asthma. As the precise etiology is not known and multiple biochemical processes are triggered by different causative factors, it is difficult to have a single drug which can effectively and simultaneously act upon different mediators. This led to an intense search for potent and safe antiasthmatic drugs. This presentation intends to compile different screening methods for the evaluation of new candidate drugs with potential for the treatment of asthma. These include in vitro, in vivo, receptor binding and enzymatic methods.
In this slide contains diabetics, classification, symptoms, complication, invivo and invitro screening models of anti diabetics.
Presented by: GEETHANJALI ADAPALA (Department of pharmacology).
RIPER, anantapur
Screening Methods for behavioural and muscle Coordinationpradnya Jagtap
Screening Methods for behavioural and muscle Coordination
A. Motor activity and behaviour
1. Method of intermittent observation
2.Open field test
3.Hole board test
4.Combined open field test
B.Test for muscle coordination
1.Inclined plane method
2.Chimny test
3.Grip strength
4.Rotarod method
In vivo evaluation techniques, for Antifertility agent/activityswapniltirmanwar
"Here are a few techniques that can be used for in vivo study of antifertility drugs in an invoice format.""Here are a few techniques that can be used for in vivo study of antifertility drugs for study ."
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
2. Prevent fertility by interfering with reproductive mechanism
Ideal contraceptive:
100 % effective
Safe
Easy to use
Reversible
Affordable
Appropriate to use at all stages of reproduction
3. Inhibition of ovulation
Prevent fertilization
Interfere with ova transport
Interfere with implantation
Distraction of early implanted embryo
5. Rationale: HCG induces follicular maturation and spontaneous
ovulation after 2 days
Procedure: Immature female albino rats(24- 26 day)
Immature rats do not ovulate spontaneously and do not show cyclical
change in vaginal epithelium
6. Albino rats: test drug in various dose
HCG
2 days later: rats sacrificed and ovaries
dissected.
Histopathology compared with control
7. Rabbit - reflex ovulator
Ovulate few hours after mating
mechanical stimulation of vagina
Presence of male
Female albino rabbit – 3-4 kg
8. Isolate rabbit for 21 days
Test drug
24 Hr later
1%Cupric acetate 0.3 ml/kg IV in
0.9% NS
Sacrifice after 24 hr
Number of ovulation points recorded
Histopathology of ovaries and uterus
9.
10. Estrogen in immature albino rats(21 day old) – vaginal
opening occurs
Test and standard given IM in
cotton seed oil
Time of complete vaginal
opening observed
11. Estrogen- increase uptake and retention of water
Peak at 6 hr
Ovariectomized rat used
Test compound given in cotton seed oil SC
Sacrifice 5 hr after treatment
Excise uterus; weight; dry weight after drying
in oven at 100 degree for 24 hr; compare with
control
12. Estrus cycle: cascade of hormonal behavioral event and
highly synchronized and repetitive
Estrogenic drugs change animal to estrus stage
15. Rats with regular estrus cycle are ovariectomized
Test and standard drug given In cotton seed oil oral
or SC for 4 days
Vaginal smear examined for cornified cell, leucocytes,
epithelial cell
Twice a day for 4 days
MODIFICATION: direct application of drug to vagina
16. 7 day old chick
Inject test twice daily for 6 days SC
Sacrifice and weight of body and oviduct
compare ratio of oviduct weight to body weight of
control(0.02mcg- 0.5 mcg estradiol)
Estrogen - proliferation of oviduct in chicks
17. Estrogen along with antiestrogen given
Estrogen dose is that which is required to produce 50% of
maximum response
Water uptake, utero-trophy, cornification seen
In vitro:
Aromatase inhibition: Compound which inhibits aromatase
(estrogen synthase) possess anti- estorgenic activity
18.
19. Ovariectomy done on 8th day of pregnancy
Standard and test drug are given for 13 days
along with estradiol
Rats killed on day 21
Average of Living fetus at end of experiment
counted
20. Prime with estradiol(0.5mcg/ml) daily
for 7 days
Test drug for 5 days
Sacrifice after 24 hours
Uteri dissected, histology done
21. Linear relation between progesterone and carbonic anhydrase activity
Immature female albino rats
Primed with estradiol
Test and standard drug given
Sacrifice, uterus remove,
Evaluate carbonic anhydrase activity in
endometrial extract by calorimetry
22. Principle: tumor formation by progesterone in ovariectomized rats
Ovariectomized rat primed with 1 mcg estradiol for 4
days
Test drug for 9 days
Day 5 – 1mg of histamine dihydrochloride injection in
lumen of uterine horn
Sacrifice
Horn cut off
Weight and histology compared
23. IV Oxytocin on day 30 of pregnancy – abortion
Prior progesterone – prevent it
Test drug
24 hr later 10U oxytocin IV day 30
Prevent abortion
Control will abort in 2- 30 min
24. PRINCIPLE: Competitive binding of labeled & unlabeled
progesterone on progesterone receptors.
Progesterone competitively displace labeled progesterone in
a concentration dependent manner from progesterone
receptor
25. Albino rats in pre estrous or estrous phase
mated
Male: female= 1:3
Examine vaginal smear every morning for
spermatozoa
Day1 pregnancy – when sign of mating seen;
separate them then
Test drug
Day 10 of pregnancy- laparotomy done,
implants in uterus and uterine horn counted
number of corpus luteum
Complete pregnancy : count litter if any
26. Pre implantation loss: number of CL on D10 – number of implantation on D10
Post implantation loss: number of implant on D10 – number of litters delivered
% Implantation loss:
𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝐿 −𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝐿
× 100
%Post implantation loss
𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 −𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡
× 100
% Antifertility activity
𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝐿 −𝑛𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝐿
× 100
27. Confirm pregnancy by palpation after day 12
Intra amniotic and intra placental injection
under anesthesia on day 20
Effect: vaginal bleed
Weight change
Palpation
28. Interference with spermatogenesis without loss of libido &
secondary sexual characteristics
In vivo
1.Cohabitation
2.Fertility test
3.Subsidiary test
In vitro
1.Spermicidal activity
2.Immobilization assay
3. Non specific
aggregation estimation
29. Male female in 2:1 ratio kept for mating
Till both female deliver
Date of mating – from date of parturition
Time interval for litter production after placing
treated males with 2 females is calculated
30. Anti-fertility agents negatively affect average litter size
Male female paired in 1:3 ratio
Vaginal smear daily – for presence of
sperm
Mated animal kept separately
Average litter size =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑
31. Determine changes in spermatozoa count with drug
Rats kept in cage with artificial or
animal vagina
Ejaculates diluted with saline
containing traces of formalin
Suspension counted on
hemocytometer
32. Spermicidal drugs diluted in saline & serial
dilkution made in 0.2 ml of human seminal fluid
with 1ml of spermicidal sol.
Mixture incubated at 37oC for 30 min
A drop placed on slide & at least 5 fields were
observed under 400X for assessment of sperm
morphological change & motility
33. Human sample from 10 normal subjects after 72-96
hrs. of sexual abstinence subjected to routine semen
analysis count >100 million/ml & viability > 60% taken
for test
mixed in 1:1 ratio with different conc. of drugs
drop of mixture placed on a slide & at least 5 field
were microscopically observed under 400X for
assessment of motility.
34. Diff. conc. of drug mixed with ram sperm
suspension in1:1 ratio & kept at 37oC for 1 hr
Then from bottom of centrifuge tube, one
drop of sediment sperm placed on a slide &
% aggregation examined under 400X
the non-aggregated spermatozoa will remain
in supernatant, it collected & turbidity
determined spectrophotometrically at 545nm
Aggregation is indirectly proportional to sperm viability.
35. 1.CHICKEN COMB METHOD
PRINCIPLE: Growth of cap on comb by androgenic compounds
PROCEDURE:
Sum of length plus height of each comb determined with mm ruler
Capons inj. daily IM for 5 days with solution of test & standard drug in
1ml olive oil
24 hrs after last inj. comb re-measured
Compared statistically
36. PRINCIPLE: Androgen affect secondary sexual characters
PROCEDURE:
Orchidectomy of Immature male rats of weight 50gm done
Animals treated with test drug in different doses in 0.2 ml sesame oil
daily for 10 days
In standard methyl testosterone given SC in 0.25, 1.5, 5 mg per
animals
Control given vehicle only
On 11th day animals scarified & seminal vesicles, ventral prostrate &
musculus levator ani dissected & weight & compared
37. . CHICKEN COMB METHOD
PRINCIPLE: Inhibition of growth of capon by anti-androgenic comp.
PROCEDURE:
1-3 day old male white Leghorn chicks used
Feed from day 1 on testosterone mixed in finely ground chick starting
mash at conc. of 80mg/kg food
Test comp. dissolved in sesame oil & 0.1 ml inj sc daily for 4 day
Control chicks receive only vehicle
24 hr after last inj. Animals scarified & comb removed & weighed rapidly
& compare
38. 2. ANTAGONISM OF EFFECT OF TESTOSTERONE ON
WEIGHT OF VENTRAL PROSTARTE, SEMINAL
VESICLE & MUSCULUS LEVATOR ANI
PROCEDURE:
Same as for androgenic activity with addition of test drug
given simultaneously SC dissolved in sesame oil at a
separate site for 7 days.
39. S.K. Gupta Drug screening methods
H. Gerhard Vogel (Ed.) Drug Discovery and
Evaluation
Editor's Notes
Excess estrogen inhbit lh fsh prevent ovulation
Normal pregnant rats have an average of 11 implanta- tion sites and about 10 live embryos.
PRINCIPLE: Female rabbits primed with estradiol & followed by adm. of progestational comp. lead to proliferation of endometrium & converted into secretary phase.
Drug having Progestational activity prevent abortion