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Turkey's Economic History
Turkey has experienced significant economic growth and transformation over the past decades. Some key points: - Turkey has the 18th largest economy in the world and has seen strong GDP growth in recent years, though it remains heavily dependent on imports. - Agriculture was historically a leading sector but now others like automotive, consumer durables, and tourism are major drivers of growth. - Recent economic reforms have aimed to liberalize trade, encourage foreign investment and privatization, and stabilize public finances. However, unemployment and current account deficits remain challenges. - While Turkey has a large, young population, regional disparities in development exist and it still lags behind many European countries on measures of prosperity and welfare. EU
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Turkey's Economic History
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- 4. Economic History • During1913-1915 the Ottoman Empire; • No industrialization, • Huge economic debt, • Capitulations, • Half-mandated, • Transportation was terrible, • WW1 blocked Trade.
- 5. Economic History • In1920 • Population was 13 million • Veterans • Seniors • Children and women • Feudal Ruling • Only agriculture • Negative economic status from the Ottoman Empire
- 6. Economic History • During1923-1929 • Turkish Republic • Independence War • Liberalism • Protectionism • Statism
- 7. Economic History • During1923-1929 • Cost of WW1 85 million Golden Liras • Lausanne Treaty • Subsidies • Agriculture • During 1923-1929 • Main Goals; • Developing Economy • No luxury • Foreign investment • Tax system • Subsidies • New Banks • Cabotage • Syndicates • Worker Act
- 8. Economic History • During1930 - 1939 • Statism • Planned industrialization • Raw materials • State-owned factories • Sectors; • Textile • Metallurgy • Paper • Chemicals • Land Related
- 9. Economic History • Statism; •Private enterprises • State aid • Promotion • Encourage • If enterprises are weak government will do it!
- 10. Economic History • WW2 •After 1946 • Marshal Plan • IMF, World Bank, NATO, EEA • Wrong Investments • Populism • Sectors • Welfare
- 11. Economic History • From1954 • Exports decreased to 10% • Food queues • Consumption goods • Black market • Irregular urbanization • Devaluation of Lira 2.2 times agains USD
- 12. Economic History • 1960s •Protectionism • Imported technologies and machinery • Social Republic • 1970s • Wrong monetary policies • 1$- 9 Liras than 1$ - 15 Liras • Attracting USD • Less inflation
- 13. Economic History • 1980s •Bad investments • Political Power • Liberalization of Economy • Floating Exchange Rate • 1990s • Customs Union • Russian Crisis, 2 devastating earthquakes • IMF Aids
- 14. Economic History • 1990s •Privatizations • Smaller size government • Free market economy • Open economy • Export led growth • Iraq War
- 15. Economic History • 2000s •Small size government • Privatization • Invisible hands • 18th Largest Economy
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- 18. Sectors • An estimatedUSD 1,557 billion in 2008 • Agriculture has always been one of the leading sectors in the Turkish economy, largely for natural reasons: the rich soil sources, biological diversity, good climate and geographical conditions. • Agriculture • 27% of GDP • Agriculture; wheat, barley, corn, rice, rye, lentils, beans, chickpea • Industrial plants; tobacco, sugar beat, cotton, tea, poppy, kevlar • Oil Crops; sunflower, olive, soybean, peanut, sesame • Fruits; grape, apple, fig, hazelnut, citrus, banana, pistachio, banana, apricots, almonds • Vegetables
- 19. Agriculture • Livestock • Cattle;cow, buffalo, sheep, goat • Poultry • Apiculture • Sericulture • Fishery • Forestry
- 20. Agriculture • The share of agricultural production in Turkey’s GDP was 8.3 percent in 2009 • Total land utilized for agriculture in Turkey is 39,122 thousand hectares, 16,460 thousand hectares of which is sown. • The average area occupied by a Turkish farm is 61 decares. • Turkey is the top producer of hazelnuts, figs, apricots and cherries by far; second in melons, leeks and sour cherries and third in 14 other products such as spices, chillies and peppers, strawberries, chestnuts, chick peas, pistachios, walnuts, vetches, lentils, green beans, cucumbers, watermelons and natural honey. • Turkey’s agricultural imports in 2009, excluding processed food, amounted to USD 4.6 billion (3.3 percent of the total imports) and exports were USD 4.5 billion (4.4 percent of the total exports).
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- 25. Automative Industry • Theautomotive sector has become the country’s leading exporter, with total exports of USD 16.9 billion in 2009, which constituted 17.4 percent of Turkey’s total export revenues. • During 2009, 869,605 units were produced, with over 85 percent of this figure by four main manufacturers alone. • Exports, which comprise the majority of production, fell by 30.9 percent due to weakness seen in the European markets in 2009. • There are currently 15 passenger and commercial vehicle manufacturers in the country, in addition to seven tractor manufacturers. • The four main producers are Ford Otosan (US; mainly Transit commercial vehicles); Oyak-Renault (France; passenger cars only); Tofas, a joint-venture between Fiat (Italy) and the Koc Holding conglomerate (mainly LCVs and also passenger cars); and Toyota (Japan; passenger cars).
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- 33. Chemicals Industry • Thechemicals industry is a global enterprise with revenues of nearly EUR 2.1 trillion1 in 2008 and is a keystone for the global economy, converting raw materials (oil, natural gas, air, water, metals, minerals) into more than 70,000 different products. • Major product groups which make use of chemical inputs include rubber and plastic products, textiles, apparel, petroleum refining, pulp and paper, and primary metals. • The industry comprises 11 publicly quoted companies, with a total market capitalization of around USD 3.2 billion (August 2010).
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- 36. Energy Industry • Turkeyis a major energy importer, as the increase in its energy consumption has outpaced domestic production. • The energy consumption in Turkey has reached a level of 102 million tons of oil equivalent • The Turkish electricity market is one of the fastest growing in the world. • Turkey’s domestic oil and gas production meets less than 3 percent of its energy requirements, making the country a major importer of oil and gas.
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- 43. Environmental Techs • Totalenvironmental expenditures in Turkey were USD 9.9 billion in 2008. • Turkey ranks 5th for the potential of geothermal resources and 7th for the utilization of these resources in the world. • Solar energy is mainly utilized as flat plate solar collectors for domestic hot water production despite the huge potential for electricity generation in Turkey.
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- 50. Financial Services Industry •Turkey’s ISE100 index grew by 102.5 percent in USD terms during 2009, the fourth best performance globally after Brazil, Russia and China. • The Banking Regulation and Supervision Authority (BDDK) was established on 23 June 1999 as an independent financial authority.
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- 52. Food & BeveragesIndustry
- 53. Food & BeveragesIndustry • The food and beverage industry is highly fragmented, with the top ten companies in 2007 accounting for only 12.9 percent of the global market. • Turkey ranks in 5th place according to the CEE Business Environment Ratings prepared by BMI.
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- 56. Healthcare Industry • Globalhealthcare spending in 2009 was USD 5,460 billion, representing a 3 percent decline compared to the previous year, and it is estimated to recover to USD 5,788 billion in 2010. In the same year, 2009, healthcare spending represented 10.1 percent of global GDP • Turkey ranks as the 16th largest pharmaceutical manufacturer worldwide and the 6th largest pharmaceutical market in Europe, after Germany, France, the UK, Italy and Spain. • The Turkish medical devices market, a promising component of the healthcare industry, is ranked within the top 30 largest markets in the world. In 2010, the Turkish medical equipment and supplies market is calculated to be worth USD 2.1 billion.
- 57. Food & BeveragesIndustry
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- 59. Home Appliances Industry •The home appliances sector in Turkey earned a revenue of USD 8 billion in 2008. • The home appliances sector in Turkey earned a revenue of USD 8 billion in 2008. Total production was 16 million white goods, of which approximately 70 percent were exported.
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- 63. ICT Industry • TheTurkish ICT sector is a fast growing sector with a CAGR of 14 percent between 2005 and 2009
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- 65. Metal Industry • Turkeyperformed impressively with a 87 percent increase in production, reaching 26.7 million tons in 2008. • Turkey has moved up to 10th place in the world’s largest steel producing countries as of May 2010 • Turkey ranks 14th in the world and 5th in Europe in regards of casting production, and has 1.4 percent market share in total global production.
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- 71. Real Estate Industry •Istanbul is ranked as the third most attractive real estate investment market among all European Cities.
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- 73. Tourism • Turkish tourismsector has been one of the most important drivers behind Turkey’s economic development over recent decades. • In 2009, combined with the travel sector, the industry generated TL 95.3 billion of economic activity (approximately 10.2% of Turkey’s GDP) with an employment of approximately 1.7 million people (7.2% of total employment). • Germany, the United Kingdom and the Russian Federation are the top sources of tourists to Turkey, together comprising approximately 36% of all international arrivals.
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- 77. Transportation Industry • TheCustoms Union agreement between Turkey and the EU that came into force in 1996 and potential EU membership are important opportunities encouraging new investments in this industry.
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- 84. Effects of EuropeanCrisis
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- 123. "There are contradictoryemotions at the cultural level and there are still important differences at the welfare level. The demographical conditions cannot be matters of comparison. But if you were to ask me, I would say Turkey's EU membership would be an economic success." Joseph Stiglitz