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Land 
use 
and 
mobility 
Marco 
te 
Brömmelstroet 
TU 
Munich 
19-­‐11-­‐2014
Who 
am 
I? 
Dr. 
Marco 
te 
Brömmelstroet 
• Assistant 
professor 
in 
Urban 
Planning 
– University 
of 
Amsterdam 
– Land 
use 
and 
Mobility 
• Research 
– Knowledge 
technologies 
for 
strategymaking 
processes 
– Deep 
uncertainty 
– Urban 
cycling 
• I 
came 
by 
bicycle 
-­‐> 
airplane 
-­‐> 
S 
Bahn 
-­‐> 
U 
Bahn. 
And 
you?
Land 
use 
and 
mobility 
?
Table 
of 
Content 
è Why 
is 
mobility 
so 
important? 
è Double 
challenge 
for 
transport 
and 
land 
use 
planning 
è Influences 
between 
land 
use 
and 
mobility 
è New 
opportuniJes 
for 
integrated 
planning 
è Amsterdam, 
as 
example 
è Instruments 
for 
planners 
è Take 
home 
lessons
Importance = mobile society 
with very dispersed activities 
accessible through mobility 
(Reijndorp et al.)
A mobile society: dispersed 
production processes, connected 
through mobility networks (Philips in 
NWE) 
(Boelens)
(Allen, 
1997)
So: 
Mobility 
is 
important: 
to 
connect 
dispersed 
acJviJes 
of 
people 
and 
businesses 
AND 
to 
create 
the 
necessary 
condiJons 
for 
this
(WBCSD)
(WBCSD)
Mobility 
is 
important 
but 
also 
very 
expensive, 
and 
not 
sustainable 
a 
classic 
dilemma
Dilemma: mobility vs. sustainability 
What 
are 
possible 
strategies? 
Encourage 
mobility 
(1970) 
didn’t 
work… 
Discourage 
mobility 
(1990) 
didn’t 
work 
either… 
Is 
there 
a 
third 
way?
3) 
Coping 
with 
the 
dilemma: 
Reciprocal 
relaJons 
between 
land 
use 
and 
mobility
System 
thinking: 
The 
chicken 
and 
the 
egg 
Eggs 
Chicken 
+ 
+ 
etc. 
Time 
Population 
Reinforcing feedback 
+ 
loop
The 
chicken 
and 
the 
egg 
Time 
System 
thinking: 
Population 
Eggs 
Chicken 
+ 
+ 
Stabilising feedback 
+ 
loop 
# 
Road 
crossings 
+ 
-­‐ 
etc. 
-­‐
Mobility system 
(networks) 
slow 
direct 
Accessibility Activities 
Land use 
system 
(locations) 
Socio-demografic, 
economic and 
cultural factors 
Regional demand 
Available land 
Land use policy 
Infrastructue investments 
Mobility policy 
fast 
slow 
fast
Mobility system 
(networks) 
Accessibility Activities 
Land use 
system 
(locations) 
Cheap 
land 
on 
edge 
of 
city 
Living 
far 
away 
from 
jobs 
Highway 
system 
cheap 
gas 
BeMer 
Car 
Acessibility 
ANALYSIS
DESIGN 
1 
Accessibility Activities 
ConcentraSons 
around 
staSons/stops 
Living 
far 
away 
from 
jobs 
Public 
transport 
systems 
BeMer 
transit 
accessibility 
Mobility system 
(networks) 
Land use 
system 
(locations)
DESIGN 
2 
Accessibility Activities 
Compact 
and 
diverse 
ciSes 
and 
neighbourhoods 
Living 
close 
to 
jobs 
Cycling 
and 
walking 
systems 
BeMer 
accessibility 
by 
cycling/walking 
Mobility system 
(networks) 
Land use 
system 
(locations)
Who 
is 
to 
blame? 
Urban 
Planner? 
Transport 
Planner?
‘The 
quarreling 
couple’ 
+ 
+ 
She: 
Is 
nagging 
He: 
goes 
to 
the 
bar 
+ 
He: 
I 
am 
going 
to 
the 
bar 
because 
you 
are 
nagging 
at 
me. 
She: 
I 
am 
nagging 
at 
you 
because 
you 
always 
go 
to 
the 
bar 
ISOLATED 
PROBLEM 
SOLVING 
FAILS
New 
possibiliSes 
for 
integrated 
land 
use 
and 
mobility 
The 
balancing 
planner
Finding 
a 
balance 
• “To 
make 
mobility 
sustainable, 
we 
have 
to 
improve 
the 
accessibility… 
…while 
prevenJng 
negaJve 
social-­‐, 
environmental-­‐, 
and 
economic 
problems 
that 
are 
larger 
than 
the 
added 
value 
of 
the 
intervenJon” 
(WBCSD, 
2001)
“improving 
accessibility” 
Ü Mobility 
is 
not 
a 
goal 
in 
itself, 
but 
a 
means 
to 
take 
part 
in 
relevant 
acJviJes 
(it 
is 
a 
derived 
demand) 
Ü Increase 
the 
number 
and 
diversity 
of 
acJviJes 
within 
an 
acceptable 
travel 
Jme/travel 
costs 
î Increase 
travel 
speeds 
î Network 
form 
î Land 
use 
densiJes 
î FuncJonal 
mix
“prevent 
negaJve 
effects” 
Ü With 
as 
lidle 
use 
of 
non 
renewable 
resources 
as 
possible 
(also, 
money,noise,air 
quality)… 
î Efficient 
transport 
modes 
î Decrease 
average 
travel 
distance 
Ü Transport 
planner 
needs 
to 
work 
together 
with 
other 
domains.
Zevensprong 
byVerdaas 
To 
solve 
a 
mobility 
problem, 
follow 
seven 
steps 
in 
the 
following 
order: 
1. Develop 
a 
proper 
spaJal 
vision. 
2. Use 
pricing 
mechanisms 
for 
mobility 
3. Explore 
possibiliJes 
of 
mobility 
management 
4. OpJmize 
public 
transport 
5. Use 
exisJng 
infrastructure 
beder 
6. Adapt 
exisJng 
infrastructure 
7. Develop 
substantaJon 
for 
new 
infrastructue
The 
new 
transport 
planner 
(Banister)
Willson, 2001
Balancing 
& 
opJmize 
Three 
useful 
instruments 
for 
the 
balancing 
planner 
A. Mobility 
environments 
B. Node 
Place 
Model 
(staJons) 
C. Accessibility 
maps
Link 
Activities 
Without 
mobility 
Walking, 
cycling 
Transit 
Car 
Divers cities/ 
neighbourhoods 
Facilitate 
(infrastructure) 
Concentration 
Around stations 
Extra speed, 
flexibility 
Multifunctional 
housing/offices 
ICT infrastructure 
Selective use 
(pricing) 
Balans 
in region 
A. 
Mobility 
environments 
Land use 
mobility 
Mobility 
policy
World 
ciJes: 
modal 
split 
(1995) 
Car (% all 
trips) 
Public 
transport (% 
all trips) 
Biking and 
walking (% all 
trips) 
Per capita 
transport 
emissions (kg/ 
p 
Per capita 
transport CO2 
emissions (kg/ 
p) 
Per capita 
metropolitan 
income (USD) 
North American 88,5 3,4 8,1 265 4.405 31.386 
Rich Asian 41,6 29,9 28,5 37 825 31.579 
Western 
European 
49,7 19,0 31,3 98 1.269 32.077 
Amsterdam 38 1.035 28.322 
31,3 
17,2 51,4
Modal 
split 
Amsterdam 
city 
parts 
Bike 53% 
PT 21% 
Car 27% 
Bike 40% 
PT 24% 
Car 36% 
Bike 22% 
PT 25% 
Car 53% 
(dIVV Amsterdam)
Bicycle- walking environment (historic city: ‘within ring)
Car environments (highway corridors)
Link 
Activities 
Without 
mobility 
Walking, 
cycling 
Transit 
Car 
Divers cities/ 
neighbourhoods 
Facilitate 
(infrastructure) 
Concentration 
Around stations 
Extra speed, 
flexibility 
Multifunctional housing/ 
ICT infrastructure offices 
Selective use 
(pricing) 
Balans 
in region 
A. 
Mobility 
environments 
Land use 
mobility 
Mobility 
policy
Modal 
split 
ring 
line 
(commuters) 
Bike 9% 
PT 51% 
Car 40% 
(dIVV Amsterdam)
Transit environments (station areas)
Sloterdijk 
Bijlmer Arena 
Zuid Wtc
Bijlmer Arena as new activity center
B. 
Node-­‐Place 
model 
Balancing 
the 
#acSvites 
(demand) 
Around 
transit 
nodes 
with 
#transit 
services 
Node 
value 
(#PT, 
hiërarchie,…) 
Place 
value 
(#jobs, 
#inhabitants) 
Stressed 
node 
underuJlized 
Node
C. 
Accessibility 
maps
Take home lessons 
Ü Henry 
Ford 
is 
the 
most 
influenJal 
urban 
planner 
Ü Le 
Corbusier 
is 
the 
most 
influenJal 
transport 
planner
Take home lessons 
Ü Mobility 
system 
and 
land 
use 
system 
are 
strongly 
interdependent 
Ü Land 
use 
needs 
to 
be 
aligned 
with 
desired 
accessibility 
Ü Transport 
planners 
need 
to 
be 
holisJc 
Ü Transport 
planners 
need 
to 
be 
communicaJve 
Ü Difficult 
in 
pracJce, 
but 
higly 
needed 
Ü Coherence 
in 
policy 
packages 
(and 
in 
Jme) 
is 
crucial
Ü InternaJonal 
Master 
on 
Metropolitan 
Transport 
Planning 
Ü Summer 
School 
on 
Planning 
the 
Cycling 
City 
Ü brommelstroet@uva.nl 
Ü www.twider.com/fietsprofessor 
Ü +31 
20 
5254149
Tum2014 november

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Tum2014 november

  • 1. Land use and mobility Marco te Brömmelstroet TU Munich 19-­‐11-­‐2014
  • 2. Who am I? Dr. Marco te Brömmelstroet • Assistant professor in Urban Planning – University of Amsterdam – Land use and Mobility • Research – Knowledge technologies for strategymaking processes – Deep uncertainty – Urban cycling • I came by bicycle -­‐> airplane -­‐> S Bahn -­‐> U Bahn. And you?
  • 3. Land use and mobility ?
  • 4.
  • 5. Table of Content è Why is mobility so important? è Double challenge for transport and land use planning è Influences between land use and mobility è New opportuniJes for integrated planning è Amsterdam, as example è Instruments for planners è Take home lessons
  • 6. Importance = mobile society with very dispersed activities accessible through mobility (Reijndorp et al.)
  • 7.
  • 8. A mobile society: dispersed production processes, connected through mobility networks (Philips in NWE) (Boelens)
  • 10.
  • 11.
  • 12. So: Mobility is important: to connect dispersed acJviJes of people and businesses AND to create the necessary condiJons for this
  • 15. Mobility is important but also very expensive, and not sustainable a classic dilemma
  • 16. Dilemma: mobility vs. sustainability What are possible strategies? Encourage mobility (1970) didn’t work… Discourage mobility (1990) didn’t work either… Is there a third way?
  • 17. 3) Coping with the dilemma: Reciprocal relaJons between land use and mobility
  • 18. System thinking: The chicken and the egg Eggs Chicken + + etc. Time Population Reinforcing feedback + loop
  • 19. The chicken and the egg Time System thinking: Population Eggs Chicken + + Stabilising feedback + loop # Road crossings + -­‐ etc. -­‐
  • 20.
  • 21. Mobility system (networks) slow direct Accessibility Activities Land use system (locations) Socio-demografic, economic and cultural factors Regional demand Available land Land use policy Infrastructue investments Mobility policy fast slow fast
  • 22.
  • 23. Mobility system (networks) Accessibility Activities Land use system (locations) Cheap land on edge of city Living far away from jobs Highway system cheap gas BeMer Car Acessibility ANALYSIS
  • 24. DESIGN 1 Accessibility Activities ConcentraSons around staSons/stops Living far away from jobs Public transport systems BeMer transit accessibility Mobility system (networks) Land use system (locations)
  • 25. DESIGN 2 Accessibility Activities Compact and diverse ciSes and neighbourhoods Living close to jobs Cycling and walking systems BeMer accessibility by cycling/walking Mobility system (networks) Land use system (locations)
  • 26. Who is to blame? Urban Planner? Transport Planner?
  • 27. ‘The quarreling couple’ + + She: Is nagging He: goes to the bar + He: I am going to the bar because you are nagging at me. She: I am nagging at you because you always go to the bar ISOLATED PROBLEM SOLVING FAILS
  • 28. New possibiliSes for integrated land use and mobility The balancing planner
  • 29. Finding a balance • “To make mobility sustainable, we have to improve the accessibility… …while prevenJng negaJve social-­‐, environmental-­‐, and economic problems that are larger than the added value of the intervenJon” (WBCSD, 2001)
  • 30. “improving accessibility” Ü Mobility is not a goal in itself, but a means to take part in relevant acJviJes (it is a derived demand) Ü Increase the number and diversity of acJviJes within an acceptable travel Jme/travel costs î Increase travel speeds î Network form î Land use densiJes î FuncJonal mix
  • 31. “prevent negaJve effects” Ü With as lidle use of non renewable resources as possible (also, money,noise,air quality)… î Efficient transport modes î Decrease average travel distance Ü Transport planner needs to work together with other domains.
  • 32.
  • 33. Zevensprong byVerdaas To solve a mobility problem, follow seven steps in the following order: 1. Develop a proper spaJal vision. 2. Use pricing mechanisms for mobility 3. Explore possibiliJes of mobility management 4. OpJmize public transport 5. Use exisJng infrastructure beder 6. Adapt exisJng infrastructure 7. Develop substantaJon for new infrastructue
  • 34. The new transport planner (Banister)
  • 36. Balancing & opJmize Three useful instruments for the balancing planner A. Mobility environments B. Node Place Model (staJons) C. Accessibility maps
  • 37. Link Activities Without mobility Walking, cycling Transit Car Divers cities/ neighbourhoods Facilitate (infrastructure) Concentration Around stations Extra speed, flexibility Multifunctional housing/offices ICT infrastructure Selective use (pricing) Balans in region A. Mobility environments Land use mobility Mobility policy
  • 38. World ciJes: modal split (1995) Car (% all trips) Public transport (% all trips) Biking and walking (% all trips) Per capita transport emissions (kg/ p Per capita transport CO2 emissions (kg/ p) Per capita metropolitan income (USD) North American 88,5 3,4 8,1 265 4.405 31.386 Rich Asian 41,6 29,9 28,5 37 825 31.579 Western European 49,7 19,0 31,3 98 1.269 32.077 Amsterdam 38 1.035 28.322 31,3 17,2 51,4
  • 39. Modal split Amsterdam city parts Bike 53% PT 21% Car 27% Bike 40% PT 24% Car 36% Bike 22% PT 25% Car 53% (dIVV Amsterdam)
  • 40. Bicycle- walking environment (historic city: ‘within ring)
  • 42. Link Activities Without mobility Walking, cycling Transit Car Divers cities/ neighbourhoods Facilitate (infrastructure) Concentration Around stations Extra speed, flexibility Multifunctional housing/ ICT infrastructure offices Selective use (pricing) Balans in region A. Mobility environments Land use mobility Mobility policy
  • 43. Modal split ring line (commuters) Bike 9% PT 51% Car 40% (dIVV Amsterdam)
  • 46. Bijlmer Arena as new activity center
  • 47. B. Node-­‐Place model Balancing the #acSvites (demand) Around transit nodes with #transit services Node value (#PT, hiërarchie,…) Place value (#jobs, #inhabitants) Stressed node underuJlized Node
  • 49. Take home lessons Ü Henry Ford is the most influenJal urban planner Ü Le Corbusier is the most influenJal transport planner
  • 50. Take home lessons Ü Mobility system and land use system are strongly interdependent Ü Land use needs to be aligned with desired accessibility Ü Transport planners need to be holisJc Ü Transport planners need to be communicaJve Ü Difficult in pracJce, but higly needed Ü Coherence in policy packages (and in Jme) is crucial
  • 51. Ü InternaJonal Master on Metropolitan Transport Planning Ü Summer School on Planning the Cycling City Ü brommelstroet@uva.nl Ü www.twider.com/fietsprofessor Ü +31 20 5254149