The document discusses fish nutrition and feeding technology. It covers topics such as fish feeding habits, digestion, principles of feed formulation, essential nutrient requirements, and modern feeding methods. Specifically, it describes how artificial feeding is more common for carnivorous species farmed at high densities. It also provides examples of determining the optimal protein and essential amino acid requirements for different fish species using statistical methods. Lastly, it discusses modern feeding technology that aims to precisely control feeding and minimize waste.

1. Fish nutrition and feeding technology VU -ANH TUAN, PhD Minh Hai Sub-Institute For Fisheries Research 21-24 Phan Ngoc Hien – Ca Mau City – Vietnam Tel: +84 989 575 087 Fax: +84 780 383 8722 Email: tuan_v_a@yahoo.com.vn http://www.ridzalmersing.com

2. FISH NUTRITION Scope Fish habits Fish digestion Where feed is used? Principles of feed formulation Good ingredients selection Essential nutrient requirements Feed additives Feed formulation and manufacture http://www.ridzalmersing.com

3. Sourced from Stephen Goddard (1997) Feeding habits of some fish species http://www.ridzalmersing.com Common carp, channel catfish, some tilapias Omnivores Grass carp, silver carp, some tilapias, milkfish Herbivores Japanese eel, Sea bass, Sea bream, Rainbow trout, Atlantic salmon, Yellow tail Carnivores Examples of farmed species Group

4. Fish digestion http://www.ridzalmersing.com

5. Where artificial feed is used? As a general principle, when farming carnivorous species, increasing density and yield requires more compounded feed. http://www.ridzalmersing.com Fish/shrimp stocking density feeding Exogenous or artificial Natural/pond food organisms Level of management Capital and recurring cost Susceptibility of disease Extensive Semi-intensive Intensive The diagram was modified after De Silva and Anderson (1995)

6. Principles of feed formulation Selection of right ingredients: quality (high digestibility and stability) , quantity, and price Essential nutrient balance and requirements are known: EAA, protein, energy Vitamin and mineral pre-mixture Feed additives: attractants, binders Formulating a test diet for small scale then modify prior to producing a large amount http://www.ridzalmersing.com

7. Good ingredient selection Common method is in vivo using inert markers such as chromic oxide, cholestane, and yttrium oxide Apparent digestibility http://www.ridzalmersing.com Chromic oxide Ethanolphenoxyl Stripping Sea bass

8. Example: AD for dry matters

9. Example: AD for energy

10. Example: AD for protein

11. Some common feed ingredients http://www.ridzalmersing.com Vung Tau fish meal (VN) Clam meat meal Ca Mau fish meal (VN)

12. Common feed ingredients http://www.ridzalmersing.com Corn meal Poultry by product meal Feather meal Meat and bone meal Rice bran Casava meal

13. http://www.ridzalmersing.com Different oils Fish oil Wheat flour Whole soy bean

14. Essential Amino Acid Index Essential amino acid index (EAAI) (Panaflorida (1989)) aa n : A/E ratio of a particular amino acid in the feed (A/E is a ratio of an essential amino acid by weight divide total essential amino acids plus tyrosine and cystine by weight and multiplying with 1000) AA n : A/E ratio in the whole shrimp tissue. http://www.ridzalmersing.com

15. Example 1. EAA composition of feed ingredients (g/kg in DM) Sourced from Tacon (1990) 1.33 1.13 1.97 Tyrosine 0.71 0.39 0.61 Cystine 44.4 49.1 61.3 Crude Protein 0.61 0.29 0.68 Tryptophan 1.62 1.72 2.43 Threonine 0.59 0.64 1.77 Methionine 2.00 1.79 2.4 Phenylalanine 2.76 2.72 4.70 Lysine 2.27 2.39 3.27 Valine 3.12 3.21 4.64 Leucine 2.14 1.63 2.81 Isoleucine 1.12 1.1 1.44 Histidine 3.48 3.49 3.58 Arginine Soybean meal Meat and bone meal Menhaden fish meal EAAs

16. Example 2. EAA composition of whole body tissue 1 from Wilson & Cowey. 1985; 2 from Millamena et al 1998) 1.56 6.6 Tyrosine 0.41 2.0 Cystine 0.40 1.7 Tryptophan 1.56 9.2 Threonine 1.0 5.5 Methionine 1.66 8.3 Phenylalanine 3.0 16.9 Lysine 2.04 9.5 Valine 2.91 14.6 Leucine 1.76 8.0 Isoleucine 0.98 5.25 Histidine 3.16 12.3 Arginine Black tiger shrimp 2 Channel catfish 1 EAAs

17. 0.1 ≤ EAAI ≤ 1.0 => Good ingredients having EAAI ≥ 0.9 Examples: selecting ingredients for black tiger shrimp : http://www.ridzalmersing.com Shrimp meal: 0.98 Squid meal: 0.98 Chilean fishmeal: 0.92 Soybean meal: 0.87

18. Essential nutrient requirements Optimal protein requirement is the minimum amount of dietary protein needed to produce maximum growth in a certain period (Tacon 1990). Note: Prior to determining protein requirement, EAAs in diet MUST be balanced to match the EAA in target animal tissue Statistical techniques to determine optimal protein requirement: ANOVA Broken line Polynomial regression Surface graph Protein and energy requirement http://www.ridzalmersing.com

19. Example 1: Using broken-line to predict optimal protein for fish (Kim et al. 2002)

20. Example 2: using polynomial regression to estimate optimal protein for mud crab (Tuan 2007)

21. Example 3: Total balanced essential amino acids for mud crab (Tuan 2007)

22. Example 4: Optimal ratio of protein and energy for fish (unpublished)

23. Essential fatty acid requirements There are 5 fatty acids to be considered as essential fatty acids fish species including: Linoleic acid (18:2n-6. LOA). Linolenic acid (18:3n-3. LNA). Arachidonic acid (20:4 n-6. ARA). Eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5 n-3. EPA). and Decosahexaenoic acid (22:6 n-3. DHA) Statistical techniques to determine optimal protein requirement: ANOVA Surface graph (recently) http://www.ridzalmersing.com

24. Example 1: Determine optimal LOA and LNA requirement Sourced from Tuan (2007) Sourced from Tuan (2007)

25. Example 2: Optimal ratio between lipid and EFA in diet (Glencross et al. 2002)

26. Example: EFAs sources (Modified after Tacon 1990)

27. Example: EFA requirements for warmed fish species http://www.ridzalmersing.com Source from De Silva and Anderson (1995) 0.5 18:2(n-6) Tilapias 1% 20:5(n-3) and 22:6(n-3) Sea bass 0.5% 20:5(n-3) and 22:6(n-3) or 0.5% 18:2(n-6) Red dream 0.5% 18:2(n-6) and 0.5 18:3(n-3) Japanese eel 1% 18:2(n-6) and 1% 18:3(n-3) Common carp 1% 18:3 or 0.5-0.75% 20:5(n-3) and 22:6(n-3) Channel catfish Optimal levels Species

28. Vitamin requirements 100-500 R NR hoặc 100 Vitamin 200-500 200-440 NR Inositol 50-3000 500-4000 400 Choline 0.02 NR 0.02 Vitamin B12 5-10 NR NR hoặc 5 Folic acid 1-150 29 14 Niacin 10-50 25 10-50 Pentothenic acid 1-15 4 3-20 Pyridoxine 3-30 4-10 9-20 Riboflavin 1-12 NR 1-20 Thiamin 10 NR 10 Vitamin K 30-50 80-300 50-100 Vitamin E 2400 NR 500-4000 Vitamin D (UI) 2000-15 000 1000-20 000 5500 Vitamin A (UI) Rain bow trout Common carp Channel catfish Vitamin

29. Mineral requirements Aquatic animals may utilise some dissolved minerals. When use animal protein above 5%. micro mineral is not needed. R: requirement Sourced from De Silva and Anderson (1995) R R 0.25 0.15-0.38 Selenium (mg/kg) 15.0-30.0 20.0 13.0-15.0 Zinc (mg/kg) 13.0 2.4 13.0 Manganese (mg/kg) 3.0 5.0 3.0 Copper (mg/kg) 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.05 Magnesium(%) 0.3 0.7 0.4 0.7 Phosphorus (%) 0.27 < 0.1 < 0.1 < 0.1 Calcium (%) Japanese eel Common carp Channel catfish Rainbow trout Name

30. Feed additives Attractants: Purified substances such as mixture L-amino acids glycine, alanine, proline, histidine, or betaine Others: trash fish, squid meal, mussel flesh, shrimp meal and waste, short-neck clam flesh, marine worms. Binders Starch, alginate, plant gum, agar, high-gluten wheat flour, and urea-formaldehyde are used

31. Feed formulation

32. Feed manufacture

33. FEEDING TECHNOLOGY Scope Aims of using feeding technology Introduction Traditional feeding method Modern feeding method http://www.ridzalmersing.com

34. Aims of feeding technology Uneaten feed causes pollution in aquatic environments and increasing cost. Sound management of the feeding regime to increase feed utilization and minimise food wastage. http://www.ridzalmersing.com

35. Traditional feeding method Using feed tray at shrimp farms in Vietnam http://www.ridzalmersing.com Feed tray Feed checking Commercial feed

36. Using home made fish for catfish in Mekong delta, VN http://www.ridzalmersing.com

37. Using different types of feed Suitable sizes Feed diameter of 4 mm Feed diameter of 8 mm Feed diameter of 2 mm Feed types Slow sinking feed Sinking feed Floating feed

38. Based on wet body weight for Rainbow trout (New 1987) 1.6 1.3 1.1 1.0 0.9 500.0 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.3 1.1 200.0 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 100.0 2.4 2.0 1.7 1.5 1.3 66.7 2.5 2.1 1.8 1.6 1.4 50.0 2.9 2.2 1.9 1.8 1.6 33.3 3.2 2.6 2.1 1.9 1.7 25.0 3.8 3.2 2.9 2.4 2.0 11.1 4.1 3.9 3.6 2.8 2.3 7.7 4.7 4.5 3.8 3.0 2.6 5.0 5.1 4.9 4.0 3.2 2.8 2.5 5.8 5.1 4.5 3.6 3.0 1.43 6.1 5.6 4.7 3.8 3.3 0.77 6.4 5.8 4.8 3.9 3.4 0.38 15 o C 13 o C 11 o C 9 o C 7 o C Feed amount (% of body weight) Fish sizes (g)

39. Using Auto feeder for Juvenile Sea bass (DAC, NT, Australia) Modern feeding technology

40. Using camera system to manage feed consumption http://www.ridzalmersing.com

41. Feeding system in Japan http://www.ridzalmersing.com

42. Feeding system in Japan

43. Using electrical spreader with adjustable speed and sensor control http://www.ridzalmersing.com Sources from ARVOTEC

44. Using electrical spreader http://www.ridzalmersing.com Sources from ARVOTEC

45. Centralised pipe feeding system from ARVOTEC

46. Feed monitoring

47. Thank you for your attention! http://www.ridzalmersing.com