The document discusses fish nutrition and feeding technology. It covers topics such as fish feeding habits, digestion, principles of feed formulation, essential nutrient requirements, and modern feeding methods. Specifically, it describes how artificial feeding is more common for carnivorous species farmed at high densities. It also provides examples of determining the optimal protein and essential amino acid requirements for different fish species using statistical methods. Lastly, it discusses modern feeding technology that aims to precisely control feeding and minimize waste.

1. Fish nutrition and feeding technology VU -ANH TUAN, PhD Minh Hai Sub-Institute For Fisheries Research 21-24 Phan Ngoc Hien – Ca Mau City – Vietnam Tel: +84 989 575 087 Fax: +84 780 383 8722 Email: tuan_v_a@yahoo.com.vn http://www.ridzalmersing.com

3. Sourced from Stephen Goddard (1997) Feeding habits of some fish species http://www.ridzalmersing.com Common carp, channel catfish, some tilapias Omnivores Grass carp, silver carp, some tilapias, milkfish Herbivores Japanese eel, Sea bass, Sea bream, Rainbow trout, Atlantic salmon, Yellow tail Carnivores Examples of farmed species Group

4. Fish digestion http://www.ridzalmersing.com

8. Example: AD for dry matters

9. Example: AD for energy

10. Example: AD for protein

11. Some common feed ingredients http://www.ridzalmersing.com Vung Tau fish meal (VN) Clam meat meal Ca Mau fish meal (VN)

12. Common feed ingredients http://www.ridzalmersing.com Corn meal Poultry by product meal Feather meal Meat and bone meal Rice bran Casava meal

13. http://www.ridzalmersing.com Different oils Fish oil Wheat flour Whole soy bean

14. Essential Amino Acid Index Essential amino acid index (EAAI) (Panaflorida (1989)) aa n : A/E ratio of a particular amino acid in the feed (A/E is a ratio of an essential amino acid by weight divide total essential amino acids plus tyrosine and cystine by weight and multiplying with 1000) AA n : A/E ratio in the whole shrimp tissue. http://www.ridzalmersing.com

15. Example 1. EAA composition of feed ingredients (g/kg in DM) Sourced from Tacon (1990) 1.33 1.13 1.97 Tyrosine 0.71 0.39 0.61 Cystine 44.4 49.1 61.3 Crude Protein 0.61 0.29 0.68 Tryptophan 1.62 1.72 2.43 Threonine 0.59 0.64 1.77 Methionine 2.00 1.79 2.4 Phenylalanine 2.76 2.72 4.70 Lysine 2.27 2.39 3.27 Valine 3.12 3.21 4.64 Leucine 2.14 1.63 2.81 Isoleucine 1.12 1.1 1.44 Histidine 3.48 3.49 3.58 Arginine Soybean meal Meat and bone meal Menhaden fish meal EAAs

16. Example 2. EAA composition of whole body tissue 1 from Wilson & Cowey. 1985; 2 from Millamena et al 1998) 1.56 6.6 Tyrosine 0.41 2.0 Cystine 0.40 1.7 Tryptophan 1.56 9.2 Threonine 1.0 5.5 Methionine 1.66 8.3 Phenylalanine 3.0 16.9 Lysine 2.04 9.5 Valine 2.91 14.6 Leucine 1.76 8.0 Isoleucine 0.98 5.25 Histidine 3.16 12.3 Arginine Black tiger shrimp 2 Channel catfish 1 EAAs

19. Example 1: Using broken-line to predict optimal protein for fish (Kim et al. 2002)

20. Example 2: using polynomial regression to estimate optimal protein for mud crab (Tuan 2007)

21. Example 3: Total balanced essential amino acids for mud crab (Tuan 2007)

22. Example 4: Optimal ratio of protein and energy for fish (unpublished)

24. Example 1: Determine optimal LOA and LNA requirement Sourced from Tuan (2007) Sourced from Tuan (2007)

25. Example 2: Optimal ratio between lipid and EFA in diet (Glencross et al. 2002)

26. Example: EFAs sources (Modified after Tacon 1990)

27. Example: EFA requirements for warmed fish species http://www.ridzalmersing.com Source from De Silva and Anderson (1995) 0.5 18:2(n-6) Tilapias 1% 20:5(n-3) and 22:6(n-3) Sea bass 0.5% 20:5(n-3) and 22:6(n-3) or 0.5% 18:2(n-6) Red dream 0.5% 18:2(n-6) and 0.5 18:3(n-3) Japanese eel 1% 18:2(n-6) and 1% 18:3(n-3) Common carp 1% 18:3 or 0.5-0.75% 20:5(n-3) and 22:6(n-3) Channel catfish Optimal levels Species

28. Vitamin requirements 100-500 R NR hoặc 100 Vitamin 200-500 200-440 NR Inositol 50-3000 500-4000 400 Choline 0.02 NR 0.02 Vitamin B12 5-10 NR NR hoặc 5 Folic acid 1-150 29 14 Niacin 10-50 25 10-50 Pentothenic acid 1-15 4 3-20 Pyridoxine 3-30 4-10 9-20 Riboflavin 1-12 NR 1-20 Thiamin 10 NR 10 Vitamin K 30-50 80-300 50-100 Vitamin E 2400 NR 500-4000 Vitamin D (UI) 2000-15 000 1000-20 000 5500 Vitamin A (UI) Rain bow trout Common carp Channel catfish Vitamin

31. Feed formulation

32. Feed manufacture

36. Using home made fish for catfish in Mekong delta, VN http://www.ridzalmersing.com

37. Using different types of feed Suitable sizes Feed diameter of 4 mm Feed diameter of 8 mm Feed diameter of 2 mm Feed types Slow sinking feed Sinking feed Floating feed

38. Based on wet body weight for Rainbow trout (New 1987) 1.6 1.3 1.1 1.0 0.9 500.0 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.3 1.1 200.0 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 100.0 2.4 2.0 1.7 1.5 1.3 66.7 2.5 2.1 1.8 1.6 1.4 50.0 2.9 2.2 1.9 1.8 1.6 33.3 3.2 2.6 2.1 1.9 1.7 25.0 3.8 3.2 2.9 2.4 2.0 11.1 4.1 3.9 3.6 2.8 2.3 7.7 4.7 4.5 3.8 3.0 2.6 5.0 5.1 4.9 4.0 3.2 2.8 2.5 5.8 5.1 4.5 3.6 3.0 1.43 6.1 5.6 4.7 3.8 3.3 0.77 6.4 5.8 4.8 3.9 3.4 0.38 15 o C 13 o C 11 o C 9 o C 7 o C Feed amount (% of body weight) Fish sizes (g)

39. Using Auto feeder for Juvenile Sea bass (DAC, NT, Australia) Modern feeding technology

40. Using camera system to manage feed consumption http://www.ridzalmersing.com

41. Feeding system in Japan http://www.ridzalmersing.com

42. Feeding system in Japan

43. Using electrical spreader with adjustable speed and sensor control http://www.ridzalmersing.com Sources from ARVOTEC

44. Using electrical spreader http://www.ridzalmersing.com Sources from ARVOTEC

45. Centralised pipe feeding system from ARVOTEC

46. Feed monitoring

47. Thank you for your attention! http://www.ridzalmersing.com