This document provides information on the nutritional requirements of proteins and lipids in fish. It discusses the major functions of proteins, essential amino acid requirements, and sources of protein including animal, plant, and non-conventional sources. It also discusses the importance of lipids for fish, fatty acid requirements including omega-3 and omega-6, and sources of lipids from animal and plant oils. The document is submitted as part of a university course on the nutritional requirements of fish.
Nutritional requirement of cultivable fin fish: larvae, juveniles and adultsDebiprasad1997
Fish is among the healthiest foods on the planet. It is loaded with important nutrients, such as protein and vitamin D. Fish is also the world's best source of omega-3 fatty acids, which are incredibly important for human body and brain.
Manufactured feeds are an important part of modern commercial aquaculture, providing the balanced nutrition needed by farmed fish.
In the development of modern aquaculture, starting in the 1970s, fishmeal and fish oil were key components of the feeds for these species. They are combined with other ingredients such as vegetable proteins, cereal grains, vitamins and minerals and formed into feed pellets.
The global supply of fish meal and fish oil is finite and fully utilized. Alternative or nontraditional feedstuffs may differ in terms of taste, smell, texture, and color, as well as nutrient composition, from the traditional feedstuffs, which are produced largely from the natural prey of the fish being raised. Alternative feedstuffs may also contain compounds and antinutritional factors that affect digestive or sensory physiology.
Another important area of fish nutrition for the next 20 years will be larval fish nutrition. Currently, the cost and difficulty of rearing a great number of species from the first feeding to the juvenile stage are the most severe bottlenecks to the development of aquaculture production of nontraditional species.
fish nutrition and feeding of fish. different methods of feeding fish. fish feeding behavior. daily feed requirements for fish. storage and selection of quality feeds keeping records of fish feeding and feeder types for fish. FCR and Uniform growth of fish are the ultimate goals to be achieved. university of veterinary and animal sciences Lahore.
Nutritional requirement of cultivable fin fish: larvae, juveniles and adultsDebiprasad1997
Fish is among the healthiest foods on the planet. It is loaded with important nutrients, such as protein and vitamin D. Fish is also the world's best source of omega-3 fatty acids, which are incredibly important for human body and brain.
Manufactured feeds are an important part of modern commercial aquaculture, providing the balanced nutrition needed by farmed fish.
In the development of modern aquaculture, starting in the 1970s, fishmeal and fish oil were key components of the feeds for these species. They are combined with other ingredients such as vegetable proteins, cereal grains, vitamins and minerals and formed into feed pellets.
The global supply of fish meal and fish oil is finite and fully utilized. Alternative or nontraditional feedstuffs may differ in terms of taste, smell, texture, and color, as well as nutrient composition, from the traditional feedstuffs, which are produced largely from the natural prey of the fish being raised. Alternative feedstuffs may also contain compounds and antinutritional factors that affect digestive or sensory physiology.
Another important area of fish nutrition for the next 20 years will be larval fish nutrition. Currently, the cost and difficulty of rearing a great number of species from the first feeding to the juvenile stage are the most severe bottlenecks to the development of aquaculture production of nontraditional species.
fish nutrition and feeding of fish. different methods of feeding fish. fish feeding behavior. daily feed requirements for fish. storage and selection of quality feeds keeping records of fish feeding and feeder types for fish. FCR and Uniform growth of fish are the ultimate goals to be achieved. university of veterinary and animal sciences Lahore.
Modern developments in transport technology are from two levels; one is from an understanding of internal physiological mechanisms of the fish and the optimal requirements, ensuring maximum survival of fish under transport and the other is from a study of the environmental parameters of the medium in which fish are transported. Under anaesthesia fish can be transported without water even, provided the skin and gills are kept moist under low temperature. The cryopreservation of fish sperm for use at any convenient time can be referred to here, though this would concern seed production more directly than live seed transport.
Digestive physiology of herbivorous fishMahendra Pal
The knowledge of food and feeding habits and the physiology of digestion of any organism is most essential for development of artificial feed in culture practices. Fish and shellfish belong to the poikilothermous animal. The digestion process is somewhat different than the terrestrial animals. Similarly the mechanism of digestion and absorption process is quite different in fishes and shellfishes. The basic function of digestive system is to dissolve foods by rendering them soluble so that they can be absorbed and utilized in the metabolic process. The system may also function to remove dangerous toxic properties of certain food substances.
Fish generally change their feeding habits depending upon availability of food. So according to their feeding fishes are classified into different categories viz., predators, grazers, strainers, suckers and parasites.
The study of the flow and transformation of energy in and between living organisms and their environment”
Dr. K. Rama Rao
Govt. Degree College
TEKKALI; Srikakulam Dt. A. P
Phone: 9010705687
• Fish needs some extra feed
along
with
available
natural feeds in water for
their regular growth.
• This extra feed which are
provided to fish is called
supplementary feed of fish.
Rice bran
•Refined pulse and wheat roughage
•Mustard or sesame cake
•Fish-meal (fish powder)
•Blood and innards of bird or animal
•Green leaves of various vegetables
•Minerals and vitamins
•Kitchen leftovers, etc.
Broodstock And Hatchery Management Of Penaeus Monodonsush_p
Shrimp aquaculture is an important and valuable production sector that has been growing rapidly over the past two decades. Success is largely based on the quality of post larvae, particularly their health condition, thus making hatchery production of quality post larvae crucial to the sector’s sustainability. Vietnam is the leading producer of black tiger shrimp in the world with a production of 300,000 tons in 2011, followed by India and Indonesia with a production of 187,900 tons and 126,200 tons respectively.
Major contribution of the tiger shrimp to global shrimp production and the economic losses resulting from disease outbreaks, it is essential that the shrimp-farming sector invest in good management practices for the production of healthy and quality seed. The Indian shrimp hatchery industry has established a detailed guidance and protocols for improving the productivity, health management, biosecurity and sustainability of the sector. Following a brief review of shrimp hatchery development in India, the major requirements for hatchery production are discussed under the headings: infrastructure, facility maintenance, inlet water quality and treatment, wastewater treatment, biosecurity, standard operating procedures (SOPS), the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) approach, chemical use during the hatchery production process and health assessment. Pre-spawning procedures include the use of wild, domesticated and specific pathogen free/ specific pathogen resistant (SPF/SPR) broodstock, broodstock selection and holding techniques, transport, utilization, health screening, maturation, nutrition and spawning, egg hatching; nauplius selection, egg/ nauplius disinfection and washing and holding, disease testing and transportation of nauplii. Post-spawning procedures include: larval-rearing unit preparation, larval rearing/health management, larval nutrition and feed management, important larval diseases, quality testing/selection of PL for stocking, PL harvest and transportation, nursery rearing and record keeping.
Nutritional requirement of larvae and broodstock of commercially important fi...Akhila S
the presentation provides the details regarding, Tthe broodstock nutrition, essential nutrients and recent data on broodstock nutrition; also larval nutrition; the hatchery utilised live feeds in detail and also microparticulate diet, the recent knowlwdge on essential elements amd minerals in larval nutrition, like taurine, phospholipids, liposomes, waxy spray beds etc
Modern developments in transport technology are from two levels; one is from an understanding of internal physiological mechanisms of the fish and the optimal requirements, ensuring maximum survival of fish under transport and the other is from a study of the environmental parameters of the medium in which fish are transported. Under anaesthesia fish can be transported without water even, provided the skin and gills are kept moist under low temperature. The cryopreservation of fish sperm for use at any convenient time can be referred to here, though this would concern seed production more directly than live seed transport.
Digestive physiology of herbivorous fishMahendra Pal
The knowledge of food and feeding habits and the physiology of digestion of any organism is most essential for development of artificial feed in culture practices. Fish and shellfish belong to the poikilothermous animal. The digestion process is somewhat different than the terrestrial animals. Similarly the mechanism of digestion and absorption process is quite different in fishes and shellfishes. The basic function of digestive system is to dissolve foods by rendering them soluble so that they can be absorbed and utilized in the metabolic process. The system may also function to remove dangerous toxic properties of certain food substances.
Fish generally change their feeding habits depending upon availability of food. So according to their feeding fishes are classified into different categories viz., predators, grazers, strainers, suckers and parasites.
The study of the flow and transformation of energy in and between living organisms and their environment”
Dr. K. Rama Rao
Govt. Degree College
TEKKALI; Srikakulam Dt. A. P
Phone: 9010705687
• Fish needs some extra feed
along
with
available
natural feeds in water for
their regular growth.
• This extra feed which are
provided to fish is called
supplementary feed of fish.
Rice bran
•Refined pulse and wheat roughage
•Mustard or sesame cake
•Fish-meal (fish powder)
•Blood and innards of bird or animal
•Green leaves of various vegetables
•Minerals and vitamins
•Kitchen leftovers, etc.
Broodstock And Hatchery Management Of Penaeus Monodonsush_p
Shrimp aquaculture is an important and valuable production sector that has been growing rapidly over the past two decades. Success is largely based on the quality of post larvae, particularly their health condition, thus making hatchery production of quality post larvae crucial to the sector’s sustainability. Vietnam is the leading producer of black tiger shrimp in the world with a production of 300,000 tons in 2011, followed by India and Indonesia with a production of 187,900 tons and 126,200 tons respectively.
Major contribution of the tiger shrimp to global shrimp production and the economic losses resulting from disease outbreaks, it is essential that the shrimp-farming sector invest in good management practices for the production of healthy and quality seed. The Indian shrimp hatchery industry has established a detailed guidance and protocols for improving the productivity, health management, biosecurity and sustainability of the sector. Following a brief review of shrimp hatchery development in India, the major requirements for hatchery production are discussed under the headings: infrastructure, facility maintenance, inlet water quality and treatment, wastewater treatment, biosecurity, standard operating procedures (SOPS), the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) approach, chemical use during the hatchery production process and health assessment. Pre-spawning procedures include the use of wild, domesticated and specific pathogen free/ specific pathogen resistant (SPF/SPR) broodstock, broodstock selection and holding techniques, transport, utilization, health screening, maturation, nutrition and spawning, egg hatching; nauplius selection, egg/ nauplius disinfection and washing and holding, disease testing and transportation of nauplii. Post-spawning procedures include: larval-rearing unit preparation, larval rearing/health management, larval nutrition and feed management, important larval diseases, quality testing/selection of PL for stocking, PL harvest and transportation, nursery rearing and record keeping.
Nutritional requirement of larvae and broodstock of commercially important fi...Akhila S
the presentation provides the details regarding, Tthe broodstock nutrition, essential nutrients and recent data on broodstock nutrition; also larval nutrition; the hatchery utilised live feeds in detail and also microparticulate diet, the recent knowlwdge on essential elements amd minerals in larval nutrition, like taurine, phospholipids, liposomes, waxy spray beds etc
Feed formulation is the major part of aquaculture.The main objective of feed formulation is to utilize the knowledge of nutrient requirements, locally available feed ingredients and digestive capacity of fish for the development of a nutritionally balanced mixture of feed stuff…
Nutrients are substance which Nourish the body, promote growth, maintain and repair the body.
Nutrients can be divided into macro and micro nutrients which both are vital for good health.
Macronutrients such as Proteins, lipids, ash and carbohydrate are present in fishes.
Micronutrient such as Vitamins and minerals are essential dietary elements that are essential in very small quantities that mean they must be supplied from outside to body.
Fish as a food has been playing key role in providing the nutrient to many animals as well as humans.
Fish provide essential nutrients especially protein and fat with high biological value so it is often referred as ‘rich food for poor people’.
Protein and fats are the major nutrients of fish which determine the nutritional value of fish.
Fish is a food with excellent nutritive value, which provides high quality protein and a large variety of vitamins and minerals i.e. vitamin A & D, magnesium and phosphorus.
The micro and macro nutrients present in fish makes it better from other animal protein sources. Fish makes a vital contribution to the survival and health of a significant portion of the world's population.
Fish is especially important in the developing world.
In some of Asia's poorest countries (Bangladesh, Cambodia) people derive as much as 75% of their daily protein from fish. In West Africa fish accounts for 30% of animal protein intake.
Fish play an energetic role in terms of nutritional, economic, cultural and recreational activities.
Principal components of Fish
1. Water: Depending upon fish type 86-82% of water is available in fish muscles.
2. Protein
3. Lipid: Fish have a particular role as a source of the long-chainomega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which are major building stones of our neural system. These are important for optimal brain and neurodevelopment in children. Alternative sources of omega-3 fatty acids are found in many vegetable oils, but this is in the form of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), which needs to be converted into DHA. However, in our bodies the conversion from ALA into EPA and DHA is in most cases inefficient, making it difficult to rely only on vegetable oil during the most critical periods of our lives: namely, during pregnancy and the first two years of life (the 1000 day window).
4. Carbohydrates: Fish is an almost Zero- carbohydrate food, good for diabetes and other such patients.
5. Vitamins and minerals
Protein is essential biopolymer that is obtained from both animal and plants sources and these are commonly recognized as a abundant sources of nutrients needed for body growth and development.
Among a wide range of protein sources, fishes play an energetic role in terms of nutritional, economical, cultural, and recreational benefits in the human society; because these are considered to be the richest protein sources.
In developing countries, more than 60 million people rely on fishes and their by-products for income.
Role of Nutrients And their Deficiency in Fish.pptxvishal solanki
Nutrients play a crucial role in the growth, development, and overall health of fishes. Different nutrients serve specific functions, and their deficiencies can have detrimental effects on fish health and well-being. Here are some important nutrients and their roles, along with the consequences of their deficiencies in fishes:
1. Proteins: Proteins are essential for fish growth, tissue repair, enzyme production, and maintaining proper body functions. A deficiency in dietary proteins can lead to stunted growth, weakened immune system, and reduced reproductive performance in fishes.
2. Carbohydrates: Carbohydrates are a vital energy source for fishes. They provide readily available energy for metabolic processes. While fishes have a relatively low carbohydrate requirement, a deficiency can result in reduced growth rates, decreased activity, and compromised immune function.
3. Fats: Fats, including essential fatty acids, are important for energy storage, insulation, buoyancy control, and the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins. Insufficient fat intake can lead to poor growth, weakened immune response, and abnormal cell function in fishes.
4. Vitamins: Vitamins are necessary for various physiological functions, such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, and maintaining a healthy immune system. Deficiencies in specific vitamins can cause a range of problems, including poor growth, skeletal deformities, reduced reproductive success, and increased susceptibility to diseases.
5. Minerals: Minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and trace elements like iron, zinc, and copper, are critical for skeletal development, Osmoregulation, enzyme activation, and maintaining proper physiological balance in fishes. Mineral deficiencies can result in skeletal deformities, impaired growth, weakened immune system, and reduced reproductive performance.
6. Water: While not a nutrient, water is vital for fish survival. Fishes require clean and oxygenated water to maintain osmotic balance, eliminate waste products, and facilitate various metabolic processes. Inadequate water quality or availability can lead to stress, compromised immune function, and overall poor health.
It is important to note that the specific nutrient requirements and consequences of deficiencies can vary among fish species. Environmental factors, feeding habits, and life stages also influence nutrient requirements. Providing a balanced and appropriate diet tailored to the specific needs of the fish species is crucial to prevent nutrient deficiencies and promote optimal health. Regular monitoring and adjustment of the diet, water quality, and overall husbandry practices are essential for maintaining healthy fish populations.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
1. • P G DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY
• MINOR 2
• SEM4
• TOPIC: NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENT IN FISH- PROTEINS & LIPIDS.
• SUBMITTED TO: DR. DHARVINDER KUMAR
• SUBMITTED BY: VAISHALI SHARMA
• R.NO:01
2. INTRODUCTION:
•Nutrition is the biochemical and physiological
process by which an organism uses food to
support its life.
• It includes ingestion, absorption, assimilation,
biosynthesis, catabolism and excretion.
•The science that studies the physiological process
of nutrition is called nutritional science
3.
4. Some basic concepts in nutrition:
• Adequate nutrition is essential to good health.
• Nutrients in the body are in dynamic equilibrium, hence, a
deficiency or over supply of one will affect the others.
• Dietary intake and nutrient needs should be known.
• Nutrient needs vary because of factors such as age, physical
activity, body size, state of health, physiological processes like
growth, reproduction, and pathological disorders.
• Nutrient requirements are known for some nutrients only and
may differ from species to species.
5. FISH FEED:
• The diet offered to aquatic organisms needs to be appropriate to meet
these different needs.
• In other words, it should deliver an appropriate amount of different
nutrients, and be in a format that the fish can easily eat.
• A good quality prepared food will provide fish with a balanced diet. This
will include nutrients such as CARBOHYDRATES, protein (which supplies the
10 essential amino acids that most fish require), fats (for energy and as a
source of essential unsaturated fatty acids), vitamins and minerals. Some
fish foods contain pigment enhancers, to bring out the natural colours of
the fish (e.g. in the form of ingredients such as shrimp meal, Spirulina
algae, and lutein).
6. • Good nutrition is of paramount importance for economic production of healthy
and high quality product.
• In fish farming, nutrition of fish is critical because feed represents 40-50% of the
production costs.
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC
7.
8. PROTEIN:
• Proteins are long chains of amino acids linked by bonds called peptide
bonds.
• All amino acids contain nitrogen, so all proteins contain nitrogen.
• In fact, measuring nitrogen content is a method of calculating protein
content.
• Metabolism of protein for energy produces nitrogen end products.
Fish eliminate these through gills, feces and urine.
• It is the most expensive for fish feed and the most important factors that
contributing to the growth performance of cultured species (Deng et
al., 2011) [7]
9. MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF PROTEINS:
• Protein serves three purposes in the nutrition of fish:
• 1. Provide energy
• 2. Supply amino acids
• 3. Meet requirements for functional proteins- enzymes and hormones
and structural proteins
10. • The requirement for protein in fish diets is essentially a requirement for the amino
acids in the dietary proteins.
• Some amino acids the fish cannot synthesis are called indispensable or essential
amino acids
1. Arginine
2. Valine
3. Histidine
4. Isoleusine
5. Leucine
6. Lysine
7. Methionine
8. Threonine
9. Tryptophan
10. Phenylalanine
11. • The amino acid requirement given by the NRC is shown in table for
catfish, trout, salmon, carp and tilapia.
• Research evidence suggests that large differences exist among fish
species in their requirements for amino acids.
• Some of these differences are probably caused by differences in
growth rate, feed intake and the source of amino acids in the diet.
12. DIGESTABILITY:
• When proteins in most feedstuffs are properly processed, they are
highly digestible.
• For a variety of protein rich-feed stuffs, the digestibility ranges from
75 to 95 percent
• As dietary carbohydrate increases, the digestibility of protein tends
to decline.
• Also, overheating during drying or processing reduces proteins
nutritive value.
• But, insufficient heating of soybean meal decreases the availability
of protein.
13. GENERAL TRENDS IN PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS IN
FISH:
•Protein requirements for fish are considerably higher
than those for warm blooded land animals.
• CARNIVORE fish require 50% proteins in diet
•HERBIVORE fish require 30% proteins in diet
•Protein requirements of fish decline with age.
•Animal protein sources are generally considered to be of
higher quality than plant sources, but animal protein
costs more.
14. PROTEIN SOURCE:
• Animal protein sources.:
(1) fish meal - most common protein source;
(2) trash fish - no fixed nutrient composition due to variation in the types of fish it includes;
(3) shrimp meal - excellent source ;
(4) squid meal - excellent source but expensive;
(5) mussel meal - contains growth-promoting factors and attractants;
(6) poultry by-products;
(7) milk and milk by-products - essential amino acid content is close to chicken egg protein, the
"ideal food;"
(8) meat and bone meal; and
(9) toad or frog meat.
15. • Plant protein sources.
• The common plant protein sources are legumes and oil-bearing seeds. Legumes
are potentially valuable as aquaculture feed source in the tropics because of
their abundance.
• (1) soybean meal - high protein, potential partial replacement of fish meal;
• (2) peanut meal - subject to aflatoxin contamination;
• (3) sunflower meal - has no known toxins;
• (4) cottonseed meal;
• (3) copra meal - lower protein compared with other plant sources;
• (6) sesame;
• (7) safflower;
• (8) castor oil meal;
• (9) linseed oil meal; and
• (10) corn gluten meal.
SESAME
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC
BY-SA
PEANUT
16. • Non-conventional protein sources.
• There are sources that can be used for fish and shrimp feed formulations but are not
yet fully utilized at present. These are called non-conventional protein sources.
• Some of these sources are:
• (1)SINGLE CELL PROTEIN {SCP} - algae, fungi (yeasts) and bacteria;
• (2) algae (Skeletonema, Chaetoceros, Scenedesmus, Chlorella, Spirulina) - may be too
expensive as feedstuff;
• (3) seaweeds - good sources of trace minerals and Vitamin A;
• (4) Ipil-ipil leaf meal - low digestibility and contains toxic mimosine, thus level of
incorporation is limited;
• (5) earthworm meal - should be dried to inactivate toxin;
• (6) snails - should be cooked and dried;
• (7) krill;
• (8) silkworm pupae; and
• (9) fly larvae. Lipid or fat sources.
• (10)ANTS-killed and dried ants are used as feed
SEA WEED
IPIL IPIL
17.
18. LIPIDS:
• Lipids can be more formally defined as substances such as a fat, oil
or wax that dissolves in alcohol but not in water.
• Lipids contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen but have far less
oxygen proportionally than carbohydrates.
• Lipids supply about twice the energy as proteins and carbohydrates.
• Lipids typically comprise about 6-15% of fish diets, supply essential fatty
acids (EFA) and serve as transporters for fat-soluble vitamins.
19. WHY ARE LIPIDS IMPORATANT TO
FISH:
1. Lipids work with proteins as important components of the cell membrane
and mitochondria.
2. It manages cell structure, energy storage and various biological functions
3. Lipids act as compound stores that store energy in the body.
4. Lipids act as a source of fat-soluble vitamins such as A D E K.
5. Unsaturated phospholipids provide flexibility of the cell membrane.
6. The fat stored under the skin acts as thermal insulation.
20. 7. Moreover lipids play a role in the transport of fat-soluble vitamins.
8. It plays a role in keeping the body temperature stable.
9. Lipids in the myelin sheath of the nervous system of animals act as electrical insulators.
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-ND
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC
21. FATTY ACID REQUIREMENT:
• Fish typically require fatty acids of the omega 3 and 6 (n-3 and n-6)
families.
• Freshwater fish do not require the long chain HUFA, but often require an
18 carbon n-3 fatty acid, linolenic acid (18:3-n-3), in quantities ranging
from 0.5 to1.5% of dry diet.
• This fatty acid cannot be produced by freshwater fish and must be supplied
in the diet. Many freshwater fish can take this fatty acid, and through
enzyme systems elongate (add carbon atoms) to the hydrocarbon chain,
and then further desaturate (add double bonds) to this longer hydrocarbon
chain.
• Through these enzyme systems, freshwater fish can manufacture the
longer chain n-3 HUFA, EPA and DHA, which are necessary for other
metabolic functions and as cellular membrane components.
22. • Marine fish oil naturally contains high levels of omega-3 highly
unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA).
• Marine fish need omega-3 HUFA for moderate growth and health.
• The two main essential fatty acids in this group are ecosapentenoic acid
(EPA: 20: 5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid
• Freshwater fish do not need long chain HUFA but often need 16 carbon n-3
fatty acids i.e. linolenic acid.
• This acid requires 0.5-1.5% of dry food.
• Many freshwater fish cannot produce this acid, so they must be supplied with
food.
23. • Inadequate ecosapentenoic acid (EPA) in the diet can lead to certain behavioral and
physiological abnormalities, such as poor diet,
• abnormal swimming,
• low physical growth,
• increased mortality (especially in larval stage),
• swollen liver,
• bloating, and cramps
• problems with proliferation,
• abnormal color formation,
• separation of glandular epithelium,
• decreased immunity, and
• increased cortisol levels (Izquierdo, 1996).
24. This Photo by Unknown Author is
licensed under CC BY
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
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25. • Lipid or fat sources.
• Lipid or fat sources may also come from animals or plants. Some
terms associated with this nutrient group are animal tallows, lards,
and oils.
• Some examples of lipid sources are:
• (1) animal sources - cod liver oil, squid oil, other fish liver oils, beef
tallow;
• (2) plant sources - soybean oil, sunflower oil, peanut oil, corn oil, and
linseed oil.
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35. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC