This document discusses the various ingredients that are used in fish and crustacean feeds. It outlines 10 main categories of ingredients: 1) grasses, 2) legumes, 3) miscellaneous fodder plants, 4) root crops, 5) cereals, 6) oil-bearing seeds and oil cakes, 7) animal products, 8) milk by-products, 9) eggs, and 10) miscellaneous feed stuffs. Within each category, it provides examples of specific ingredients and highlights their nutritional composition and value as aquaculture feed ingredients.

1. PREPARED BY- SWEETY SINGH
M.F.Sc.
Department of Aquaculture
Fisheries College and Research Institute
Tuticorin
Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Jayalalitha Fisheries University

2. FEED INGREDIENTS
 Animal and fish feed ingredients are for the most part
by products from the human food processing
industry .. •
 Feed ingredients are produced following the extraction
of high value food from raw materials which are
considered unsuitable for human consumption. •

3. Cont...
 A wide variety of ingredients are available for use in fish
and crustacean feeds, they are
 1. Grasses
 2. Legumes
 3. Miscellaneous fodder pants
 4. Fruits and vegetables
 5. Root crops
 6. Cereals
 7. Oil-bearing seed and oil cakes
 8. Animal products
 9. Miscellaneous feed stuffs
 10. additives

4. 1. Grasses
 Grasses are normally
utilized either fresh or
in the form of hay or
silage.
 Grasses are added very
limited in fish foods.
Dried grass used in
shrimp feeds as a source
of carotenoids.
 Grasses are of limited
value in fish feeds
except for herbivorous
fish.

5. 2. Legumes
 The leaves and stems of
legumes are not much use in
aquaculture, except the plants
like alfalfa, ipil-ipil etc...
 Legumes are rich in protein
(20-50%) and minerals.
 Leguminous seeds are rich in
lysine but poor in
methionine..
 Eg: acacia, clover, lucerne,
ground nut(peanut) gram,
lentil, locust beans, chickpea,
guar, ipil-ipil, beans, field
peas, mug peas, soya beans
etc...

6. 3. Miscellaneous fodder plants
 The leaves and other areal
part of many plants, other
than those specifically
grown for fodder are
classified as miscellaneous
fodder.
 These parts are washed
and dried and used as leaf
meal.
 These feeds have an
advantage that it can not
deteriorate the water
quality.

7. 4. Root crops
 Root crops , with some
exceptions , are very deficient
in protein, calcium,
phosphorous and vitamins.
 Waste from root crops can be
utilised in small quantities in
compound feeds, but generally
many required heat treatment
to destroy the toxins they
contain.
 Some root crops have an extra
important in aquaculture that
is , they give stability to feed in
water.
 So they use as binders...
 Eg: potato, cassava, yams,
carrots

8. 3. Cereals
 cereals and cereal by
products , despite their
high carbohydrate content
form an important
component in fish feeds
.they act as a good binder.
 Cereals also rich in protein
and lipid content of diet .
 Though deficient in some
amino acid (eg: lysine) .
 They can be used to
balance high animal and
vegetable protein content .

9. 4. Oil bearing seed by-products
 Many plants are farmed
specifically for oil extraction,
and a vast quantity of by
products are coming from the
vegetable oil industry.
 These are used widely in animal
feed production like
aquaculture.
 They are high in protein and low
in protein , so potential content
for aquaculture feed
formulation.
 Eg: soya bean, groundnut,
mustard, sunflower, palm,
coconut, sesame, poppy, cotton
etc...

10. 7. Animal by products
 1. fish meal-
 The fish meal as marketed
in India is pulverised dry
fish.
 Most of this powder is
prepared from beach
dried miscellaneous fish
and crustaceans, often
termed trash fish.
 The protein content of
fish meal often range
from 50 to 65%.

11. 2. Fish solubles
 Fish solubles are the
water material
remaining after the
oil is removed from
the liquid pressed
out during the
manufacture of fish
meal.
 It is very high in B
group of vitamin.

12. 3.Fish silage
 It is prepared from ground
trash fish, waste fish head,
viscera prawn waste, small
crabs and mixed with a
mixture of acids such as
HCl/ H2SO4 and propionic
or formic acid to cause
liquifaction and to prevent
bacterial decomposition.
 The resulting liquid used as
a ingredient for fish feed.

13. 4. Crustacean meals
 Source- small prawns,
prawn heads, mantis
shrimp, crabs and krill.
 They are good attractants
for prawns.
 Crude protein level varies
from 30 to 50% depending
upon size and species.
 Good source of cholestrol,
carotenoids, chitin, calcium,
iron, mangnese, choline,
niacin, pantothenic acid.

14. 5. Molluscan meals
 Source- small squids,
cuttle fish, clams,
mussels, snails.
 Excellent attractants and
growth promoting
properties.
 Good source of essential
amino acid and fatty
acids vitamin and
minerals.

15. 6.Poultry feather and by-product
meals
 Source- poultry viscera,
feet, heads and
undeveloped eggs has
crude protein in the
range of 45 to 60%.
 Good source of essential
amino acids, calcium,
phosphorus, iron, zinc,
choline, niacin,
pantothenic acid
riboflavin and
cyanocobalamin.

16. 7. Slaughter house waste
 Source- dried
pulverised or spray
dried blood meal, meat
meal, bone meal, liver
meal.
 Containing 75-85%
crude protein.

17. 8. Milk by products
 Whole milk powder and
skimmed milk powder
have essential amino
acids.
 Containing 13% crude
protein.
 good diets for
salmonids.

18. 9. Chicken egg
 Having 46% crude
protein, 43%lipid and
4% ash.
 Good source of essential
amino acid,
pantothenic acid,
cyanocobalamin,
riboflavin, iron and
zinc.

19. 10. Silkworm pupae
 High in
chitin and
the lipid
which is
prone to
rancidity
pose
problems.

20. 8. Miscellaneous feed stuffs
 Many ingredients have
potential use in
aquaculture feeds,
however their value has
not yet been fully
assessed.
 Some of these
ingredients are
conventional or non
conventional.
 The conventional .
These are include the
sugarcane molasses, leaf
protein concentrate,
minerals , sea weeds
etc...

21. Thank you