A transformer works on the principle of mutual induction to convert alternating current from one voltage to another. It consists of two coils - a primary coil and secondary coil - wound around an iron core. As current flows through the primary coil, it produces a changing magnetic field that induces a voltage in the secondary coil through electromagnetic induction. This allows electrical energy to be transferred between the coils without a direct connection. Transformers can step voltages up or down and are used widely in power transmission and distribution systems.

1. Transformer Working
Lecture Notes by Dr.R.M.Larik 1
What is the working of a transformer?
A transformer is an electrical apparatus designed to convert alternating current from one voltage to
another. It can be designed to "step up" or "step down" voltages and works on the magnetic induction
principle.
A transformer is a passive electrical device that transfers electrical energy from one electrical circuit to
another, or multiple circuits. A varying current in any one coil of the transformer produces a
varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core, which induces a varying electromotive force across any
other coils wound around the same core. Electrical energy can be transferred between separate coils
without a metallic (conductive) connection between the two circuits. Faraday's law of induction.
A transformer consists of two electrically isolated coils and operates on Faraday's principal of “mutual induction”,
in which an EMF is induced in the transformers secondary coil by the magnetic flux generated by the voltages and
currents flowing in the primary coil winding.
The working principle of the single phase transformer is based on the Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction.
Basically, mutual induction between two or more windings is responsible for transformation action in an
electrical transformer.
Basically, according to Electronics, a transformer is a device which is used to either raise or lower voltages and
currents in an electrical circuit. In modern electrical distribution systems, transformers are used to boost voltage
levels so as to decrease line losses during transmission.
Magnetomotive force (mmf), Fm = NI ampere-turns (At), where N = number of conductors (or turns) and I =
current in amperes.

2. Types of Transformer
Lecture Notes by Dr.R.M.Larik 2
•Step Up Transformer and Step Down Transformer.
•Three Phase Transformer and Single Phase Transformer.
•Electrical Power Transformer, Distribution Transformer and
Instrument Transformer.
•Two Winding Transformer and Autotransformer.
•Outdoor Transformer and Indoor Transformers.
Uses of Transformer
Step up for transmission of electricity
Step down for distribution and utilization
Single Phase for small scale applications (Toys, power supply)
Three Phase use at Large scale (Transmission, Industrial etc)
Power Transformer used in Electrical Grids for step up purposes usually
rated in MVAs
Distribution Transformer to fed 1-phase and 3-phase loads
Instrument Transformer for relayin, protection metering purpose
Autotransformer for dealing with EHV
Indoor (present inside substation) covered area
Outdoor distribution transformer (PMT)

3. Ampere Turns Magneto Motive Force
Lecture Notes by Dr.R.M.Larik 3
Flux density is simply the total flux divided by the cross
sectional area of the part through which it flows - B = Φ
/ Ae teslas. Thus 1 weber per square metre = 1 tesla. Flux
density is related to field strength via the permeability. B
= μ × H

4. Ideal transformer
Lecture Notes by Dr.R.M.Larik 4
an an ideal transformer, it is assumed that entire amount of flux get linked with secondary
winding (that is, no leakage flux). 100% efficiency: An ideal transformer does not have any
losses like hysteresis loss, eddy current loss etc. So, the output power of an ideal
transformer is exactly equal to the input power.

5. Single Phase Transformer working
Lecture Notes by Dr.R.M.Larik 5

6. Leakage Flux of Transformer
Lecture Notes by Dr.R.M.Larik 6

7. Core and Shell type Transformers
Lecture Notes by Dr.R.M.Larik 7
In core type transformer both the primary and the secondary windings are placed on the side
limbs whereas, in shell type transformer, the windings are placed on the central limbs of
the transformer. The core type transformer has two magnetic circuits whereas the shell type
transformer has one magnetic circuit.
In core type transformer the core surrounds the windings whereas in shell type transformer the winding
surrounds the core of the transformer.

8. Losses of transformer
Lecture Notes by Dr.R.M.Larik 8

9. Hysteresis Loop
Lecture Notes by Dr.R.M.Larik 9
Depends on material
of core

10. Eddy current loss
Lecture Notes by Dr.R.M.Larik 10
Depends on
thickness of core

11. Power Transformer
Lecture Notes by Dr.R.M.Larik 11
Used in Electrical
Grids for large
power handling

12. Distribution Transformer
Lecture Notes by Dr.R.M.Larik 12
PMT (Pole Mounted
Transformer)
Used for utilization of
electricity

13. Auto Transformer
Lecture Notes by Dr.R.M.Larik 13
PMT (Auto Transformer
where electrical
isolation is not needed)
Taps are available to
obtain desired voltage