Trigger Point Therapy Presentation 29.09.18

@Physiocouk #manchesterphysio facebook.com/physiocouk

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Welcome
Trigger point therapy & soft tissue release for sports and
massage therapists
With Kate McNally and Zoe Killian

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Who are we?
Kate’s LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/kate-mcnally-
96430311b/
Twitter: @KateMcPhysio
Zoe’s LinkedIn: www.linkedin.com/in/zoe-killian
Twitter: @ZoePhysiocouk

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Let’s connect
Website: www.physio.co.uk / Massage.physio.co.uk
Twitter: @physiocouk
Facebook: www.facebook.com/physiocouk

Aims of today
✓ Learn the theory of a trigger point
✓ Learn the theory of trigger point therapy
✓ Practice the trigger point technique to muscle groups
✓ Use other soft tissue release techniques alongside TP release

Itinerary
10.00 - 10.30 - Induction / Arrival
10.30 - 10.50 - Quiz – What do you know about trigger point therapy
10.50 -11.30 - Theory: Trigger point therapy
11.30 -12.00 - Indications/ outcome measures
12.00 - 12.30 - Lunch
12.30 - 13.00 - Theory: Trigger pointing technique
13.00 - 14.00 - Practical: Muscle groups
14.00 - 14.30 – Practical: STR techniques
14.30 - 15.00 - Case Studies/Quiz answers

Quiz…What do you know about trigger point therapy?

Question 1
What is a trigger point?

Question 2
How would patients describe Trigger Point
pain?

Question 3
Name some indications for Trigger Point
Therapy?

Question 4
Name 3 benefits of Trigger Point Therapy

Question 5
Name some contraindications for Trigger
Point Therapy

Question 6
Where is the Trapezius muscle found?

Question 7
Where is the Sternocleidomastoid muscle
found?

Question 8
What muscle group does Vastus Lateralis
belong to?

Theory:
Trigger Point Therapy

What are trigger points?
• Trigger points are hyperirritable areas of
contracted muscle fibres that form a palpable
nodule
• On a microscopic level, the contracted muscle
fibres accumulate into a small thickened area
causing the rest of the fibre to stretch
• The areas of contracted muscle restrict blood flow
within the tissue causing an accumulation of waste
products and reduced levels of nutrients available.

Brief History
• 1930s -Dr Hans used sclerometer to prove that tender areas in muscles are 50%
harder than surrounding areas.
• 1940s- Janet Travell developed trigger point injection therapy and termed the
“tender areas” described by Dr Hans “Trigger points”.
• Travell's therapy called for the injection of saline (a salt solution) and procaine (also
known as Novocaine, an anesthetic) into the trigger point.
• Travell mapped what she termed the body's trigger points and the manner in which
pain radiates to the rest of the body.
• Travell's work came to national attention when she treated President John F.
Kennedy for his back pain.
• Travell co-authored several books with David Simons which are considered the
definitive reference for trigger point therapy.
• Travell & Simons' Myofascial Pain and Dysfunction: Upper half of body
• Travell & Simons' Myofascial Pain and Dysfunction: The Trigger Point Manual
• Myofascial Pain and Dysfunction: The Trigger Point Manual, Volume 2

Brief History
• 1976- Bonnie Prudden, a physical fitness and exercise therapist
developed Travells trigger point therapy. She found that applying
sustained pressure to a trigger point using thumbs, knuckles and
elbows produced superior results to those treated with injections
when followed by corrective movements and stretching. Prudden
later went on to author two books:
• Myotherapy: Bonnie Prudden’s Complete Guide to Pain Free Living
• Pain Erasure the Bonnie Prudden Way

Different types of trigger points
• Trigger points are described according to location, tenderness and
chronicity.
• The main types of trigger points are:
• Central/ primary trigger points
• Satellite/ secondary trigger points
• Active trigger points
• Latent/inactive trigger points

Central/ primary trigger points
• These are the most well-established and painful points
• Pain is felt by the individual when they are active, and are usually what
people refer to when they talk about trigger points
• Central trigger points exist at a neuromuscular point, which is the meeting
place of a nerve and muscle

Satellite/ secondary trigger points
• These trigger points are “created” as a response to the central trigger
point in neighbouring muscles that lie within the referred pain zone.
• The primary trigger point is still the key to trigger pointing intervention:
the satellite trigger points often resolve once the primary point has been
effectively rendered inactive.
• Satellite points may also prove unresponsive to treatment until the
primary central focus is weakened. This is often the case in the
paraspinal and/or abdominal muscles.

Active trigger points
• This can apply to central and satellite trigger points.
• A variety of stimulants, such as forcing muscular activity through
pain, can activate an inactive trigger point.
• This situation is common when activity is increased after trauma i.e a
road traffic accident, where multiple and diffuse trigger points may
have developed.
• This trigger point is both tender to palpation and elicits a referred pain
pattern.
• Pain can limit range of movement.

Latent/Inactive trigger points
• This applies to lumps and nodules that feel like trigger points. These can
develop anywhere in the body and are often secondary.
• These trigger points are not painful, and do not elicit a referred pain pathway.
• The presence of inactive trigger points within muscles may lead to increased
muscular stiffness and tension. They can build up for years.
• It has been suggested that these points are more common in those who live a
sedentary lifestyle (Starlanyl & Copeland 2001)
• These points are “potential” trigger points and may reactivate if the central or
primary trigger point is (re)stimulated
• Reactivation may occur following trauma and injury

Symptoms of Trigger Points
Active trigger point referral symptoms
•Dull ache
•Deep
•Pressing pain
•“Stabbing”
•Burning
•Referred pain
•Common reports of headaches, dizziness and pins and needles

Referral Pain Guide
Sternocleomastoid and Masseter

Referral Pain Guide
Trapezuis

Referral Pain Guide
Pectorals

Referral Pain Guide
Quadratus Lumborum

Referral Pain Guide
Piriformis

Referral Pain Guide
Glute maximus, medius and minimus

Referral Pain Guide
TFL

Referral Pain Guide
Vastus Lateralis

Referral Pain Guide
Hamstrings

Other Symptoms
A sensation of:
•Numbness
•Fatigue
•Weakness
•Burning
A loss of:
•Flexibility
•Range of movement
•Muscular power and strength

Why are they present?
• Repetitive overuse injuries (using the same body parts in the
same way hundreds of times on a daily basis)
from activities such as typing/mousing, handheld
electronics, gardening, home improvement projects,
work environments, etc.
• Sustained loading e.g heavy lifting, carrying babies,
briefcases, boxes or lifting bedridden
patients.

Why are they present?
•Poor posture due to our sedentary lifestyles, de-conditioning,
poorly designed furniture and technology.
•Muscle clenching and tensing due to mental/emotional stress.
•Direct injury such as a strain, break, twist or tear e.g car
accidents, sports injuries, falling down stairs.
•Trigger points can even develop due to inactivity
such as prolonged bed rest or sitting .

Formation of a Trigger
point
• Deep within muscles are spiral shaped nerve fibres called muscle spindles.
• When muscles are excessively stretched muscle spindles activate and send
signals to the brain to promote a protective muscular contraction- stretch
reflex arc.

point
• The problem occurs when the muscle spindle becomes
sensitised.
• Injury or overuse can over stimulate muscle spindles which can
cause contraction within the muscle and subsequently forming
localised muscular spasm…. A Trigger point.

point
• Prolonged muscular contractions restrict
blood flow through the area.
• This causes a build-up of waste products and
toxins within the area and a reduction in
fresh, nutritious blood flowing through.
• If the muscle spindle is active for prolonged
periods of time the length of the muscle can
shorten.
• Subsequently patients may experience a
reduction in ROM.

Where are they formed?
• Trigger points are found all
over the body.
.
• Trigger points are located
within each sarcomere
often where the nerve
enters the muscle.
• The motor end plate.

Trigger point pain
• Chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors are stimulated to send messages
to the brain which results in the sensation of pain.
• The brain stimulates decreased movement into these muscles which
further tightens the structure.

Indications and Outcome
Measures
Indications Outcome measures
Pain NRS scale & subjective symptoms
Reduced AROM Active range of movement
Muscle tightness Palpation
Muscle weakness Oxford rating scale

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Outcome measure:
Numerical rating scale
• Simple and easy
• Before, during and after massage
• Record change
• Use with patient to see reduction in pain over
the progression of treatments

Outcome measure:
Range of movement
• Pre and post measurements
• Goniometer or visual
• Standardise to produce reliable results
• Review each session
• Used to distinguish areas to treat and
techniques types
• Valuable in the success of treatment

Outcome measure:
Muscle testing
• Measure nerve conduction and muscle
recruitment.
• Compare both sides.
• If strengthening exercises are used alongside
massage treatment patients will be able to feel
a progression here.

Outcome measure:
Palpation
Use palpation as a measure using “the four T’s”
• Temperature
Is the tissue hot? This could indicate presence of inflammation.
● Texture
Swelling (acute-hard, chronic – “boggy”, congested)
healthy tissues should have an even texture
Adhesions feel like tissues are “stuck” and less mobile
“audible crunching”.

Outcome measure:
Palpation
● Tenderness
Pain can be indicated through response. NRS can be
used here.
● Tone
Tissues may be tense, always compare to other side to
see what is normal for the patient.

Lunch

Theory:
Trigger Pointing Therapy

How to treat a Trigger Point
Assessment
•Find the most painful TP using patient response and Numeric Rating Scale.
•Treat the highest rated point and radiate out from this point
•Once the points are found – a good amount of pressure is applied (perform with
precaution - keep communication with patient)
•Initial pain is stimulated and you hold the pressure until the pain has eased completely
or in some cases reduced slightly
•Re-apply pressure onto the same point until the pain eases off quicker or it isn’t felt
anymore (roughly 3 times)
•Thumbs/elbows or tools can be used

How to treat a Trigger Point
Guidelines
Application of direct pressure onto the trigger points for around 30 seconds
or until the patient’s pain has decreased to at least 3/10 NRS score.
The applied pressure help to break-up the adhesive fibre connections within
the trigger points and push out blood containing waste products and toxins.
After 30 seconds, the pressure is released allowing a rush of fresh blood
containing nutrients to circulate the trigger point.
Repeat 3 times in conjunction with deep massage strokes.
This can vary on the severity of pain/ how deep or superficial the TP is –
subjective and variable to each patient

The Benefits
• Reduced pain
• Increased range of motion
• Decreased muscle stiffness and tension
• Reduction in headaches
• Improved flexibility
• Improved circulation
• Fewer muscle spasms

Precautions
• High pain scales
• Patient Anxiety
• Acute/ Inflammatory stage of healing
• Hypersensitivity
• Pregnancy
• Epilepsy
• Asthma
• Hypertension
• Prescribed medication

Contraindications
General Local
Acute conditions requiring medical attention Acute flare-up of inflammatory arthritides
Acute pneumonia Aneurysms deemed life-threatening (may be
general contraindication depending on location)
Advanced kidney, respiratory or liver failure Local contagious condition
Diabetes with complications such as gangrene,
advanced heart or kidney disease or very unstable
or high blood pressure
Local irritable skin condition
Hemorrhage Malignancy
Severe atherosclerosis Open wound or sore
Severe and unstable hypertension Recent burn
Shock Undiagnosed lump
Systemic contagious or infectious condition

Manual Handling and Body
Position
• Posture
– Bed height
– Stance
– Patient position
• Use different parts of your hands/ arms to apply pressure
• Keep arms straight to utilise body weight when applying
pressure/resistance.
• Move from the hips and knees as much as possible
• Oil (or cream)- only needs to be a little bit, if any.
Look after yourself before you look after the patient!

Post Treatment Irritation
Very common for people to experience irritation for up to 72
hours after treatment.
Side effects can include:
• Bruising
• Redness
• Tenderness/Increased Sensitivity
• Increased symptoms
• Aching similar to DOMS

Post Treatment Irritation
Causes
• The release of toxins/waste products from muscular tissue
• Neurological sensitisation
• Increased blood flow and micro trauma can lead to bruising and
redness
Advice
•Reassure the patient it's a normal response to be
sore after soft tissue treatment
•Recommend they drink water to keep hydrated

Practical:
Trigger pointing muscles
• UFT
• Sternocleomastoid
• Rhomboids
• QL
• TFL
• Vastus Lateralis
• Gastrocnemius

Trapezius
The trapezius can be separated into three
muscles:
•The upper trapezius
•The middle trapezius
•The lower trapezius
Anatomy: All three trapezius muscles originate
along the spine to T12 and extend laterally to
attach to the shoulder girdle.
Function: Each muscle has a different direction
of pull. Movements facilitated include scapula
elevation, depression, retraction, upwards and
downward rotation.

Trapezius
The whole trapezius muscle creates various
movements of the shoulder blade, neck, and head.
To move your arm above your head you need
muscular contraction pulling in opposite directions.
Muscular contraction in both lower and upper fibre
traps to upwardly rotate the scapula.
This type of complexity makes it easy for trigger
point activity to spread quickly through the muscle
group as a whole.

Trapezius Trigger Points
Four primary trigger points in the
trapezius muscle group; two trigger
points in the upper fibers, and one each
in the middle and lower fibers.
• The anterior trapezius trigger point
• The upper trapezius trigger point
• The middle trapezius trigger point
• The lower trapezius trigger point

Trapezius Pain
Causes
● Poor posture- shoulders, neck and back
● Stress
● Carrying heavy handbags/ laptop bags on one side
● Dysfunction/ pathology within the shoulder complex
Symptoms
● Ache and tightness in shoulders and neck
● Tension headaches
● Upper cross syndrome
● Struggle to look over shoulder

RX: UFT
• Tip: squeezing UFT between finger and thumb can be very effective with
upper and anterior trigger points.

Sternocleidomastoid
Anatomy:
● Originates from the mastoid process.
● The sternal division runs diagonally downward to attach to the
sternum.
● The clavicular division attaches right behind it on the medial
clavicle.
Function:
● Turn head towards opposite side and bilaterally side flex the neck.
● Control and monitor the head’s position in space. Proprioceptive
feedback from the SCM is essential to being able to maintain one’s
balance.

Sternocleidomastoid Trigger Points
• The sternal division typically has 3-4
trigger points spaced out along its
length, while the clavicular division
has 2-3 trigger points.
• Trigger points are usually present in
both left and right SCM muscles as
they work together to control the
head.

Sternocleidomastoid Pain
Each SCM division has a separate and distinct referred pain pattern:
• The sternal division’s referred pain is felt deep in the eye socket (behind the eye),
above the eye, in the cheek region, in the back of the head, and on the top of the
head.
• The clavicular division’s referred pain is felt in the forehead, deep in the ear,
behind the ear, and in the molar teeth on the same side.
Causes/ symptoms:
•Sore Neck
•Tension Headaches
•“Heavy head”
•Poor head posture
•Poor exercise technique (sit ups)

RX: Sternocleidomastoid
• Locating and releasing these trigger points can be complicated due to their
proximity to many blood vessels and nerves in the neck region.
• Caution: do not massage somewhere you can feel a pulse.
• Tip: Rotate head to side to find muscle but rotate back to neutral to treat.

Rhomboids
Anatomy:
● The rhomboid muscle group originates
from the spinous process of C6-T4 and
inserts onto the medial border of the
scapula.
● It is separated into rhomboid
major and rhomboid minor muscles.
Function:
● scapula retraction and slight elevation

Rhomboid Trigger Points
3 primary trigger points
• The rhomboid minor trigger point lies just medial to the inside edge of the scapula,
level with the scapular spine.
• The rhomboid major trigger points lie one above the other, along the lower part of the
scapular border.
•Referred Pain: The pain concentrates in
the region between the spine and the
shoulder blade.

Rhomboid Pain
Causes
•Poor posture
•Rhomboid weakness
•Scapular instability
•Winging scapula
Symptoms:
•Pain Between the Shoulder Blades
•Pain is usually felt at rest and not typically affected my
movement.
•Patients may hear snapping or grinding noises from the
region around the shoulder blade during movements of the
arm.

RX: Rhomboids
● Make sure that you have released any trapezius trigger points first
otherwise they may block you from reaching rhomboid trigger points.
● Try in both prone lying and side lying position.
Tips:
• Placing hand behind back can help to lift scapula out of the way.
• Side-lying position to allow more forward movement of the scapula.
• Prone to allow more pressure to be applied.

Have a go!

QL – Quadratus Lumborum
Anatomy:
• Originates from the iliac crest and runs upwards and
medially to attach onto the 12th rib and transverse
process of L1-L4.
Function:
• Stabilise movement of spine and pelvis.
• Control a upright posture.
• Produce extension and side flexion of the lumbar spine.

QL Trigger points
• If one muscle develops trigger point activity, the muscle on the other side will
become overloaded and develop trigger points as well.
• From a clinical perspective, you should always address the trigger points in both
the left and right QL muscles, even if the pain is limited only to one side.

QL Trigger points
There are four potential trigger points in the
QL muscle:
• The upper QL trigger point is found just
lateral to where the lumbar paraspinal muscles
and the twelfth rib meet.
•The middle or deep QL trigger points lie
closer to the spine next to the third and fourth
lumbar vertebrae.
•The lower QL trigger point lies deep in the
region where the paraspinal muscles meet the
iliac crest.

QL Pain
Causes
● Carrying children on hip
● Sitting with poor posture for prolonged periods of
time
● Poor manual handling technique
● Poor workstation ergonomics
Symptoms:
• Usually described as an intense, deep ache
• Occasionally can produce a sharp, knifelike symptoms
particularly during movement.
• Ache pain into small of back.
• Pain when bending down.

RX: QL
• The first step in the effective treatment
of the QL trigger points is being able to
accurately locate and contact the
trigger points.
• Try in both Prone and a extended side-
lying position.
• Tips: Angle inwards towards spine
rather than directly posterior.

TFL - Tensor Fasciae Latae
Anatomy:
•Originates from outer aspect of the Iliac Crest and Anterior
Superior Iliac Spine (A.S.I.S) it runs through illiotibial band
which inserts onto lateral epicondyle of tibia.
Function:
• Its function is primarily to control movement of the leg
during the stance phase of walking.
•Assist with hip abduction, flexion and internal rotation on
the hip.

TFL Trigger Point
• There is only one trigger point found in the TFL and it is located in the upper
region of the muscle just below where it attaches to the A.S.I.S.
• The referred pain pattern covers the entire hip joint and extends down the
outside aspect of the thigh, sometimes nearly to the knee joint.

TFL Pain
Causes
•Over foot pronation
•Valgus knee position
•Weakness in gluteus/ trendelenburg sign
•Poor squatting/ lunging techniques
•Poor landing biomechanics
Symptoms:
• Pain in the hip joint (greater trochanter) and down the
outside thigh during movement of the hip.
• Pain when sitting in low chair or flex their hip more than
90°.
• Unable to lie on the affected hip during sleep and unable
to lie on the unaffected side during sleep without a pillow
between their knees.
• Pain and limited ROM in hip adduction.

RX: TFL
Tips: Find ASIS drop fingers down
and laterally.
• If struggling can ask pt to flex and
medially rotate hip joint to feel
contraction.

Vastus Lateralis
Location: The quadriceps femoris muscle group
form the thigh musculature found on the front of
the upper leg. The group is comprised of four
muscles:
• The Vastus Lateralis
• The Rectus Femoris
• The Vastus Medialis
• The Vastus Intermedius

Vastus Lateralis
Anatomy:
•Vastus lateralis originates lateral aspect of the superior
femur bone and runs down the outside of the thigh to
attach to the lateral aspect of the patella.
Function:
•The vastus lateralis is the largest muscle in the group.
•Contraction of this muscle produces extension of the
lower leg at the knee.
•Helps to stabilise the patella in patellofemoral groove.

Vastus Lateralis Trigger Points
There are two sets of trigger points in the vastus lateralis muscle:
• The upper vastus lateralis trigger points are located in mid-thigh region on the outside
aspect of the leg. They refer pain all along the outside of the thigh and knee.
• The lower vastus lateralis trigger
points are found just above and to the
outside of the knee joint. They refer pain
around the outside aspect of the knee
joint and below it.

Vastus Lateralis Pain
Causes
● Weakness in gluteus
● Over pronated feet
● Valgus knee position
● Overload from gym routine
● Skiing activities
Symptoms:
● Pain on outside of thigh
● Pain into and behind the knee
● Pain on resisted knee extension
● Anterior knee pain
● Stuck patella
● Crepitus
● functional limitations.

RX: Vastus Lateralis
Tips: try sliding thumbs up the outside of thigh until you feel the resistance of the
trigger points.

Gastrocnemius
Anatomy:
● Largest muscle in the calf
● Originates from the achilles tendon and splits
into two heads to attach onto the medial and
lateral condyles of the femur.
Function:
● plantarflexion of the foot and assists with
knee flexion.

Gastrocnemius trigger
points
Gastrocnemius may contain up to four
trigger points.
•Two medial trigger points found in the
medial head. One just below the knee
crease and the other an inch down.
•Two lateral trigger points mirror the
medial trigger points except they are
slightly more distal.

Gastrocnemius Pain
Causes
•Prolonged wearing of high heels can leave
gastroc in a shortened position
•Achilles tendinopathy
•foot pronation
•Sudden increases in training programmes
•Prolonged immobilisation e.g. cast
•Sleeping on front for prolonged periods
Symptoms
•Pain in calf
•Pain behind the knee
•Pain when standing on top toes
•Pain going upstairs
•Suffer from calf cramp regularly

RX: Gastrocnemius
• Tip: try using your elbow to trigger point.

Supporting Evidence

Effectiveness of Myofascial Trigger Point Manual Therapy Combined With a Self-
Stretching Protocol for the Management of Plantar Heel Pain: A Randomized
Controlled Trial
Renan-Ordine et al, (2011)
•Aim: to assess the effect of trigger point therapy and stretching or stretching alone in the
treatment for plantar heel pain.
•Method: 60 patients with plantar heel pain were divided into 2 groups a)self-stretching b) self-
stretching and trigger point therapy.
•Outcome measures: assessed at baseline and at a 1-month follow up.
– Physical function and pain assessed using a quality of life questionnaire.
– pressure pain thresholds were assessed over affected gastroc, soleus muscles and over the
calcaneus using a mechanical pressure algometer.
•Results: trigger point therapy and self-stretching is superior to stretching alone in the treatment of
patients with plantar heel pain.
•Link: http://www.jospt.org/doi/full/10.2519/jospt.2011.3504

Comparative study on effects of manipulation treatment and transcutaneous
electrical nerve stimulation on patients with cervicogenic headache
Li et al, (2007)
•Aim: To compare the effects of trigger pointing and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
(TENS) on patients with cervicogenic headache.
•Method: 70 patients with cervicoigenic headaches were randomly allocated to receive trigger
pointing or TENS every other day for 40 days.
•Outcome measures: Taken 2 weeks pre-treatment and 4 weeks post-treatment.
– headache degree, frequency and lasting time using a numeric rating scale
– ROM of cervical spine.
•Results: Trigger pointing was superior to TENS in headache frequency, lasting time and ROM
scores. Response rate of trigger pointing treatment was 94.5%, significantly higher than 64.5% of
TENS treatment.
•Link: http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/17631795

Immediate effect of activator trigger point therapy and myofascial band therapy on
non-specific neck pain in patients with upper trapezius trigger points compared to
sham ultrasound: A randomised controlled trial
Blikstad and Gemmell, (2007)
•Aim: To determine the immediate effect of activator trigger point therapy and myofascial band
therapy compared to sham ultrasound on non-specific neck pain
•Method: 45 patients with non-specific neck pain of at least 4 on an 11-point numerical rating scale
and upper trap trigger points, decreased cervical lateral flexion away from the active trigger points
participated. Participants were assigned to one of three treatment groups; trigger point therapy,
myofascial band therapy or sham ultrasound.
•Outcome measures: assessed before and 5 min after treatment
– pain levels assessed using numerical scale
– cervical ROM using goniometer
– pain perceived thresholds using pain pressure algometer.
•Results: For the primary outcome measure of pain reduction the odds of a patient improving with
activator trigger point therapy was 7 times higher than a patient treated with myofascial band
therapy or sham ultrasound.
•Link: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1479235407001083

Effect of myofascial trigger point therapy with an inflatable ball in
elderly with chronic non-specific low back pain.
Oh S, Kim M, Lee M, Kim T, Leed D, Yoon B
Journal of Musculoskeletal Rehab (2018) 6;31(1):119- 126
Aim: To investigate the effects of myofascial trigger point with an inflatable ball for elderly individuals
with chronic lower back pain.
Measure: 50 elderly patients with CNSLBP were evaluated for pain, pressure sensitivity and physical
function at baseline, week 1, week 3 and week 6.
Outcome measure: Visual Analogue scale (VAS) and pressure pain threshold (PPT) were used to
measure pain intensity and severity. Straight leg raise test and range of movement in the back was
also used to assess physical function.
Result: Significant differences were observed between the 3- and 6-week VAS scores baseline and 1-
week (7%), 1- and 3-week (14%), and 3- and 6-week PPTs (18%); 3- and 6-week BROMs (Flexion, 7.1%;
Extension, 41%); baseline and 1-week (6.9%), 1- and 3-week (3%) 3- and 6-week active SLR test scores
(7%); and baseline and 1-week (2.6%), 1- and 3-week (8.34%), and 3- and 6-week passive SLR test
scores (5.3%).
CONCLUSION:Myofascial trigger point therapy with an inflatable ball relieved pain and improved
physical function in the elderly with chronic non-specific lower back pain.

The use of other STR
•Helps warm up an area
•Removes waste products
•Increases oxygenation
•Increases new blood flow
•Further breaks down collagen
•Helps sooth an area after deep pressure has been applied
•Nice, relaxing end to a treatment

Effleurage
• Technique used to warm up or warm down the tissues
• Tensile force, works as a mechanical pump
• Increases fluid flow encourages venous and lymphatic return
• Increases tissue mobility
• Dilation of capillaries
• Can increase or decrease tone depending upon speed

Petrissage
• Examples of petrissage- Kneading, wringing & skin rolling
• A group of deep style techniques that are applied with
pressure and compress the underlying muscles
• Movements should be slow and repetitive with pressure in
order to loosen the muscles and increase blood flow to the
area
• Promotes relaxation
• Increases fluid flow
• Increases mobility of fibrous tissue
• Decreases tone

Why should you stretch post-massage?
• Excessive tension may still remain
post-massage.
• It takes up to two days post-massage
to experience full effects.
• Essential to use other techniques to restore good functioning
and reduce tension.
• need to stretch the collagen fibres that have been “knotted” to
allow them to regain their full length.

Post treatment stretches
Passive static stretching
•Involves taking the muscle belly to its outer
range until you can feel a gentle stretch.
•Static stretches are usually held for at least 30
pain free seconds.
•Research suggests static stretches should be repeated from 2 to 4 times.
As further repetitions do not promote any further muscle elongation
(Bandy, 1997).

Practical:
Other STR techniques

Supporting Evidence:
Other STR techniques

Therapeutic evaluation of lumbar tender point deep massage
for chronic non-specific low back pain
Zheng et al, 2012
•Aim: To investigate the effects of lumber traction along and in combination with deep
tissue massage in patients with chronic low back pain.
•Method: 64 patients with LBP were divided to two groups A) lumber traction and deep
tissue massage or B) lumber traction who both received treatment twice a week for 3
weeks.
•Outcome measures: tissue hardness meter/algometer and VAS pain scores.
•Results: Patients receiving deep tissue massage and traction experienced significant
decreases in muscle hardness and pain intensity when compared to those who received
lumber traction alone.
•Link: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0254627213600667

Massage therapy as an effective treatment for carpal tunnel
syndrome
Elliott and Burkett, 2013
•Aim: To investigate the effects of massage therapy as the
treatment for carpal tunnel syndrome.
•Method: 21 participants received 30 min of massage including
trigger point therapy twice a week for 6 weeks.
•Outcome measures: Carpal tunnel questionnaires, Phalen and
Tinel test assessment.
•Results: Participants experienced a significant reduction in
symptom severity and improvements in physical function.
•Link:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1360859212002434

Case Studies

Case Study: Shoulder
pain
PC/HPC -21 year old female with an gradual onset of ache pain in shoulders over
past 1/12 rating 4/10 on VAS scale. The pain is aggravated by sitting at a desk for
long hours and eased with the application of heat.
SH- final year art student with a sudden increase in workload as final project is
due in 2/12. Carry heavy art portfolio to and from university. Attends a LBP class
at the gym 1 x a month.
PMH- nil to note
DH- paracetamol when needed

pain
Objective signs
• Increased UFT tone
• Reduced cervical lateral flexion due to UFT tightness
• TOP of L and R UFT and Rhomboids
• Active Trigger points in R and L Rhomboids
• No neurological symptoms

pain

Case Study: Lower back pain
PC/HPC – 39 year old male 8/10 sharp pain in R lower back. Pain began suddenly
when after lifting heavy box up which sent shooting pains down R leg. Aggravated
by bending down and putting shoes on and eased by lying down flat.
SH- full time receptionist, doesn’t perform regular exercise.
PMH- history of lower back pain
DH- analgesics

Objective signs
•Limited Lumber range of movement
•Increase in pain during flexion and L lateral flexion
•Pain eased during extension.
•PALP – pain on palp of QL and L3 spinous process

Case Study: Calf pain
PC/HPC – 35 year old male runner. Felt a 6/10 sharp pain in R calf towards
the end of a 5K run 2/52 ago. Had to stop running. No swelling or bruising
was present. Pain reduced since 3/10 ache pain, tried running again but still
feels painful.
SH- work in a warehouse, on feet all day up and down ladders.
PMH- prev R lateral ankle sprain 12/12 ago
DH-nil to note

Objective signs
•Increased calf bulk L side
•Thickening of R Achilles tendon
•Reduced dorsiflexion of R ankle
•Reduce muscular strength in R resisted plantarflexion
•Reduced R calf length
•PALP- pain on palp of medial gastroc
•-ve Thomas test

Case Study: Buttock pain
PC/HPC- 25 year old male 5/10 pain in L buttock. 1/12 ago increased pain
following legs gym session, gradually worsening since. Aggravated by
climbing multiple flights of stairs at work. Eased by resting.
SH- Started going to the gym 1/12 ago after a 5 year break. Doesn’t do any
stretching because he doesn’t know how to. Works on the 8th floor of a
office building.
PMH- over pronate both feet, especially bad in L side.
DH- nil to note

Objective signs
•Over pronation in L > R foot
•Valgus position of knees
•Poor hamstring flexibility on 90/90 test in L>R legs
•No neurological symptoms during SLR
•PALP: tension L>R hamstring, glutes and piriformis
•Very tender on PALP of piriformis

Diagnosis?
How would treat this?

Quiz…
Answers

Question 1
What is a trigger point?
• Trigger points are hyperirritable areas of contracted muscle
fibres that form a palatable nodule
• On a microscopic level, the contracted muscle fibres accumulate
into a small thickened area causing the rest of the fibre to
stretch
• The areas of contracted muscle restrict blood flow within the
tissue causing an accumulation of waste products and reduced
levels of nutrients available.

Question 2
How would a patient describe trigger point pain?
• Dull ache
• Deep
• Sharp
• Pressing pain
• Stabbing
• Burning
• Travelling pain
• Head pain

Question 3
Name some indications for Trigger point therapy
• Pain
• Reduced AROM
• High muscle tension or tone
• Muscle tightness

Question 4
Name some benefits of Trigger point therapy
•Reduced pain
• Increased range of motion
• Decreased muscle stiffness and tension
• Reduction in headaches
• Improved flexibility
• Improved circulation
• Fewer muscle spasms

Question 5
Name some contraindications for Trigger point
therapy
General Local
Acute conditions requiring medical attention Acute flare-up of inflammatory arthritides
Acute pneumonia Aneurysms deemed life-threatening (may be
general contraindication depending on location)
Advanced kidney, respiratory or liver failure Local contagious condition
Diabetes with complications such as gangrene,
advanced heart or kidney disease or very unstable
or high blood pressure
Local irritable skin condition
Hemorrhage Malignancy
Severe atherosclerosis Open wound or sore
Severe and unstable hypertension Recent burn
Shock Undiagnosed lump
Systemic contagious or infectious condition

Question 6
Where is the Trapezius muscle found?
The trapezius can be separated into three
muscles:
•The upper trapezius
•The middle trapezius
•The lower trapezius
Anatomy: All three trapezius muscles originate
along the spine to T12 and extend laterally to
attach to the shoulder girdle.

Question 7
Where is the Sternocleomastoid muscle
found?
Anatomy:
● Originates from the mastoid process.
● The sternal division runs diagonally downward to attach
to the sternum.
● The clavicular division attaches right behind it on the
medial clavicle.

Question 8
What muscle group does
Vastuslateralis belong to?
The quadriceps muscular group.
Anatomy:
•Vastus lateralis originates lateral aspect of the
superior femur bone and runs down the outside
of the thigh to attach to the lateral aspect of the
patella.

129
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Trigger Point Therapy Presentation 29.09.18

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Trigger Point Therapy Presentation 29.09.18