This document discusses tribal development administration and management in India. It provides an overview of the major objectives of tribal development which include understanding tribal society and culture, assessing tribal development approaches and strategies, ensuring stakeholder mobilization and capacity building, and developing skills in project management and implementation. It also discusses understanding tribal development administration with a focus on ethics and values. The document outlines some key commissions and committees related to tribal development in India and sources of funding for tribal development programs. It discusses concepts like participatory development, the role of community based organizations and non-governmental organizations in tribal development.

1. 503
TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION
AND MANAGEMENT
22nd JULY 2013 NIRD, HYDERABAD
DR.V.P.SHARMA

2. The major objectives are to provide information on contemporary status of
TDAM in India. After this You will:
• Have a strong perspective and in depth understanding of tribal society
and culture, ethos, demography, levels of development and contemporary
socio-economic issues
• Be able to assess relative merits of various approaches and strategies of
tribal development
• Be well equipped to ensure mobilization and capacity building of
stakeholders
• Have adequate skills to prepare and implement integrated development
plan and projects for tribal development
• Be competent in project management and financial management
• Develop good understanding of tribal development administration with
focus on ethics and values
• Develop good communication skills and capacity in document preparation
and presentation
Lecture objectives

3. WHAT IS TRIBE?
According to Oxford Dictionary -
"A tribe is a group of people in a primitive or
barbarous stage of development acknowledging
the authority of a chief and usually regarding
themselves as having a common ancestor.

4. SOME DEFINITIONS
D.N Majumdar defines tribe as a social group with
territorial affiliation, endogamous with no specialization of
functions ruled by tribal officers hereditary or otherwise,
united in language or dialect recognizing social distance
with other tribes or castes. According to Ralph Linton tribe
is a group of bands occupying a contiguous territory or
territories and having a feeling of unity deriving from
numerous similarities in a culture, frequent contacts and a
certain community of interests.

5. SOME DEFINITIONS
L.M Lewis believes that tribal societies are small in scale
are restricted in the spatial and temporal range of their
social, legal and political relations and possess a morality, a
religion and world view of corresponding dimensions.
Characteristically too tribal languages are unwritten and
hence the extent of communication both in time and space
is inevitably narrow. At the same time tribal societies exhibit
a remarkable economy of design and have a compactness
and self-sufficiency lacking in modern society.

6. Feature of Tribes
T.B Naik has given their features in Indian context:-
• A tribe should have least functional interdependence within the
community.
• It should be economically backward (i.e. primitive means of
exploiting natural resources, tribal economy should be at an
underdeveloped stage and it should have multifarious economic
pursuits).
• There should be a comparative geographical isolation of its people.
• They should have a common dialect.
• Tribes should be politically organized and community panchayat
should be influential.
• A tribe should have customary laws.

7. Naik argues that for a community to be a tribe it should
possess all the above mentioned characteristics and a very
high level of acculturation with outside society debars it from
being a tribe.
Thus this term usually denotes a social group bound
together by kin and duty and associated with a particular
territory.
Feature of Tribes

8. THE SCHEDULED TRIBES
Constitution of India gives recognition to a category of
people designated as the Scheduled Tribes and makes
special provisions for their political representation and their
economic and social welfare.
Definition Census 1981, scheduled tribe and scheduled caste- The
Under Article 341(i) and 342(i) of constitution of India will be
notified by public notification by the President of India .
According to Home Ministry notification N0-SRO 2477A, dated
the 29th October, 1956 and the schedule tribe and scheduled
Caste orders (amendment) Act 1976(N0-108 of 1976) dated 18
September 1976 thus notified.

9. Tribal in India
These 428 communities speaking 106 different languages
have been so far notified as the scheduled tribes in 19
states and 6 union territories. They have their own socio-
cultural and economic milieu. In fact, the largest
concentration of tribal people, anywhere in the world and
except perhaps Africa is in India. About 50% of the tribal
population of the country is concentrated in the states of
Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Bihar and
Orissa. Besides, there is a sizeable tribal population in
Maharashtra, Gujarat, Rajasthan and West Bengal.

10. Q & A
WHAT IS TRIBE?
WHO ARE SCHEDULED TRIBES
?

11. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT MEANS-The
development that meets the need of the present
without compromising the ability of future
generation to meet their own needs.
Human development means- unacceptability of
biases and discrimination on the basis of
nationality, class, creed, colour and gender.
Lecture 2- Sustainable Human
Development

12. Nature and scope of
Human(tribal)development
Tribal in India, geographically and culturally, are at
widely different stages of social as well as
economic development and their problems differ
from area to area within their own groups.
The tribesman lives not only for himself alone, but
also he is an integral part of the community to which
he belongs.

13. Demographic status
There are approximately two hundred million tribal
people in the entire globe, which means, about 4%
of the global population. They are found in many
regions of the world and majority of them are the
poorest amongst poor.
According to 1981 Census, the population of
Scheduled Tribes in the country was 5.16 crores,
consisting about 7.76% of total Indian population,
which means one tribesman for every 13 Indians.

14. Among tribes, there are so many communities.
The major identified tribes in country number
about the 428 scheduled tribes in India though the
total number of tribal communities are reported to
be 642 and several of them have become extinct
or merged with other communities as the
tendency for fusion and fission among tribal
population is a continuous process.
Thus, if the sub-tribes and state tribes will be
taken into consideration, the number will be many
more.
Demography

15. 1. Forest hunting type
2. Hill cultivation type
3. Plain agriculture type
4. Simple artisan type
5. Pastoral and cattle herder type
6. Folk artist type
7. Agriculture and other labour type
8. Skilled and white collar job
type(vidyarthi1976)
Economic classification of tribe

16. The Tribal Panchsheel is a statement comprising of five guiding principles
of governance of scheduled tribes. These are:
I. People should develop along the lines of their own genius and we
should avoid imposing anything on them. We should try to encourage in
every way their own traditional art and culture.
II. Tribal rights in land and forests should be respected.
III. We should try to train and build up a team of their own people to do the
work of administration and development. Some technical people from
outside will, no doubt, be needed, especially in the beginning. But we
should avoid introducing too many outsiders into tribal territory.
Tribal Development Efforts after Independence

17. IV. We should try to train and build up a team of their own
people to do the work of administration and development.
Some technical people from outside will, no doubt, be
needed, especially in the beginning. But we should avoid
introducing too many outsiders into tribal territory.
V. We should judge results not by statistics of the amount of
money spent, but by the quality of human character that is
evolved.
Tribal Development Efforts after Independence

18. A review of the tribal situation would indicate that
the strategy for development would require an
intensive approach to the tribal problems in terms of
their geographic and demographic concentration, if
the faster development of the community is to take
place.
Tribal Development Policies and
Programmes

19. The community development efforts in the
tribal areas were taken up for supplementation
by stating a few special multipurpose tribal
development projects covering a few blocks in
1954.
The Community Development Efforts

20. A number of commissions and committees were
appointed in the recent past to look in to the
problems of developments in the tribal areas in the
country and they have recommended a number of
measures to remove the socio-economic
imbalances and also to break down their old
psychological barrier, which existed in the tribal
areas.
Commissions and Committees

21. Funding of Tribal Development Programmes
The sources of funds made available are :
1. State Plan
2. Special Central Assistance
3. Sectoral Programmes of Central Ministries/Departments
4. Institutional Finance.

22. Participatory Development
Participatory development has long been a widely discussed
concept in development debates.
Though its intellectual origins may be traced to the notion of
development conceived and popularized by Mahatma Gandhi
in India even decades before independence, various
institutions and agencies in the advanced capitalist countries
tried to offer a recipe for development in the post-war period
under various themes like “community development
programme,” “rural development,” etc. for the Third World.

23. Participatory Development
Many Third World governments also sought to
incorporate the framework of this development formula
into their socio-economic programmes and policies.
The concept of participatory development got further
momentum when the global *financial institutions and
agencies such as the World Bank promoted “Basic Needs
& Approach in Development”.

24. Participatory development
(PD)
Participatory Development seeks to engage local
populations in development projects. Participatory
development (PD) has taken a variety of forms since
it emerged in the 1970s, when it was introduced as
an important part of the “basic needs approach” to
development.
Most manifestations of PD seek “to give the poor a
part in initiatives designed for their benefit” in the
hopes that development projects will be more
sustainable and successful if local populations are
engaged in the development process.

25. Participatory development (PD)
PD has become an increasingly accepted
method of development practice and is
employed by a variety of organizations.
It is often presented as an alternative to
mainstream “top-down” development.

26. COMMUNITY BASED ORGANIZATIONS (CBOs)
The role of CBOs in tribal development is not new in the
country.
Traditionally, CBOs played a major role in taking care of
the needs of people particularly those who live in the
rural and tribal areas.
However, the planned development initiated by the
Government with the advent of independence took care
of the major responsibilities of delivering goods and
services to the people thereby marginalizing the
importance of CBOs..

27. COMMUNITY BASED ORGANIZATIONS
(CBOs
Although community development and rural
development programmes initiated by the
government have emphasized participation of
people –
The top down approach that followed and the
welfare orientation of the programme could not
enlist adequate people‟s participation in the
government sponsored development
programmes.

28. COMMUNITY BASED ORGANIZATIONS
(CBOs
CBOs include Self Help Groups (SHG), Village Education
Committees, Watershed Committees, Vana Samraksha
Samithies (VSS), Water Users Associations (WUA), Mothers
Committees, Co-operative Societies, User Groups, etc.
All these organizations are pro poor and they have ample
potential to create an enabling environment that promotes
community driven development.

29. ROLE OF CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS
(CSOs)
The development of the tribal has been the constitutional
obligation of the Government. Coupled with the provisions
spelt out in the Indian Constitution and intervention
packages, the Government had instituted numerous
Commissions and Committees from time to time to assess
the tribal situation in the country.
It was soon realized that all the activities and programmes
relating to the tribal development cannot be done single-
handedly by the Government. Civil society organizations
(CSOs) can contribute in a positive way to the development
of tribal and in the protection of their indigenous knowledge
base.

30. NON- GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS
(NGOs)
Non – governmental organizations (NGOs) refers to a legally
constituted, non-governmental organization created by the
natural or legal persons with no participation or representation
of government.
NGO‟s are a group of persons organized on the basis of
voluntary membership without state control, for the furtherance
of some common interests of its members.

31. Characteristics of NGOs
The following are the characteristics of an NGO:
(1) It is an organization initiated and governed by its own members on
democratic principles without any external control.
(2) It is registered under an appropriate act to give a corporate status to a
group of individuals so that they get a legal personality, and individual liability
may give place to group liability.
(3) It has a general body and a regularly constituted managing committee,
representing all interested men, women, professionals, public men, etc.
(4) It has definite aims and objectives and a programme in socio-economic
fulfillment of these objectives.
(5) It has considerable autonomy, flexible planning and management of its
programmes and services.
(6) It has a sense of commitment to human development/welfare.
(7) It plans and implements its own programmes thorough its own voluntary
and paid workers.
(8) It maintains its accounts and is accountable to people and the government
as far as it receives grant.

32. Q & A

33. Lecture 3 :
Funding of Tribal Development Programmes
The sources of funds made available are :
1. State Plan
2. Special Central Assistance
3. Sectoral Programmes of Central
Ministries/Departments
4. Institutional Finance.

34. Schemes & Programmes
The Ministry flows its funds through various programmes and schemes
aimed to support and supplement the efforts of other Central Ministries,
the State Governments and the voluntary organizations to fill the critical
gaps between STs and non-STs.
These Schemes are broadly categorized into Central Sector Schemes,
Centrally Sponsored Schemes and the Special Area Programmes.
The Central Sector Schemes are fully funded by the Ministry while
Centrally Sponsored Schemes are the ones which are partly funded by
the Ministry and partly by the States. Under the Special Area
Programmes, 100 per cent grant is provided by the Ministry to meet the
cost of such projects for tribal development and their economic up-
liftment.

35. Nodal agency for TD
The Ministry of Tribal Affairs is the nodal Ministry for the overall policy,
planning and coordination of programmes for development of Scheduled
Tribes (STs).
Each Central Ministry/ Department is, however, the nodal Ministry or
Department concerning its sector, assuming the primary responsibility for
promoting the interests of Scheduled Tribes.
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, for instance, takes care of their
needs pertaining to health sector and education sector is taken care of by
the Ministry of Human Resource and Development.

36. Nodal agency for TD
The Ministry of Tribal Affairs compliments and supports
the efforts made by the other Ministries by way of various
developmental interventions in critical sectors through
specially tailored schemes.
These schemes meant for economic, educational and
social development of STs, are administered by the
Ministry of Tribal Affairs and implemented through the
State Governments/Union Territory Administrations and
voluntary organizations.

37. Ministry of Tribal Affairs
• Responsible to look after :-
• National Commission for Scheduled Tribes
• Scheduled Areas & Scheduled Tribes Commission
• Issuing directions regarding initiating and executing scheme(s) essential for the
welfare of the STs in any State/UT
• Implementation of the Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955 (22 of 1955)
• Implementation of the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 (33
of 1989)
• Implementation of the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers
(Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 (33 of 1989)

38. Q & A

39. Lecture 4: PLANNING TDM
The first attempt for decentralized planning was made way back
in 1952 with the introduction of Community Development
Programme in India for which a vast decentralized network of
development administration was created by dividing the whole
country in to more than 5,000 blocks.
Preparation of production plans at village level and aggregating
them at block level to formulate block plans was done by the
development functionaries in consultation with the local people.
Since then the concept of decentralized planning could be seen in
one form or another in all Five Year Plan documents.
This exercise was discontinued after withdrawal of Central Fund
during sixties.

40. Participatory Planning
It is a process of creating enabling environment for the
people to be able to identify and prioritize their felt needs
and problems; and prepare an action plan by incorporating a
set of alternative cost effective solutions/actions, and
implement the same with the available resources to achieve
the predetermined objectives of the plan.
It ensures a deep sense of commitment, accountability,
transparency and ownership and thereby the expected
outcomes and impacts can be shared in proportionate to
their extent of participation.

41. PARTICIPATORY APPROACHES TO MICRO
PLANNING
As per the provisions of New Panchayat Raj Act, the
planning at Gram Panchayat level envisages the involvement
of people in the process of planning and implementation of
development programmes. The projects under RKVY need to
be incorporated as a separate chapter in the village / GP
planning.

42. Implementation Plan
Implementation Plan is as important as formulation of plan for the fact that
the objectives of a plan can be fully achieved only when it is implemented in
true spirit and vigor.
Participatory implementation approach is widely accepted in development
discourse as a pre-requisite for not only enhancing the effective
involvement of the beneficiaries/target groups but also achieving
anticipated outcome of the project.
The effective participation of beneficiaries in the implementation process
therefore facilitates even distribution of benefits of the projects among the
target groups.

43. PARTICIPATORY MONITORING AND
EVALUATION
Development programmes are implemented through a project approach
in order to achieve the pre-determined objectives of the programme and
also cover the targeted groups and areas in a phased manner. Every
project has specified resources, target group and a time frame. A project
can be a single activity or a set multiple activities that can be executed
simultaneously or one after another. The purpose of a programme or a
project is to convert a set of RESOURCES into desired RESULTS.

44. Monitoring
A continuous / Periodic review and surveillance by
Management, at every level of the implementation of an
activity to ensure that input deliveries, work schedules,
targeted outputs and other required actions are proceeding
according to plan.
Another way of defining Monitoring is that it is a process of
measuring, recording, collecting, processing and
communicating information to assist project management
decision-making.
To be precise and brief, “monitoring system is an information
system for management decision making”.

45. SUMMING UP
„Tribal Development Administration and Management‟ following Blocks
containing Units therein are discussed here.
Block-1 : Principles and Practices
Unit-1 : Tribal Panchsheel
Unit-2 : Sustainable Human Development
Unit-3 : Participatory Development
Unit-4 : Role of NGOs, CSOs and CBOs
Block-2 : Institutional and Administrative Arrangements at National Level
Unit-1 : Ministry of Tribal Affairs
Unit-2 : National Commission for Scheduled Tribes
Unit-3 : National Scheduled Tribe Finance and Development
Corporation
Unit-4 : Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation
(TRIFED)

46. SUMMING UP
Block-3 : Institutional and Administrative Arrangements at State
Level
Unit-1 : Tribal Research and Training Institutes
Unit-2 : Tribal Development Department
Unit-3 : Tribes Advisory Council
Unit-4 : Tribal Cooperative Development Corporations
Unit-5 : Tribal Development Finance Corporation
Block-4 : Planning for Tribal Development
Unit-1 : Planning Concepts and Approaches
Unit-2 : Participatory Approaches to Micro Planning
Unit-3 : Participatory Implementation
Unit-4 : Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation