1.4 revised tribal development in india

Tribal Development in India
Dr. Rajeev Kumar
MSW (TISS, Mumbai)
M.Phil (CIP, Ranchi)
UGC-JRF.,
Ph.D. (IIT Kharagpur)

Recap of previous class:
• एलएलबी की पढ़ाई-
•
प्रफे सर: अगर तुम्हें किसी िो संतरा देना हो तो क्या बोलोगे?
छ़ात्र: यह संतरा लो।
प्रफे सर: नह ं, एि विील िी तरह बोलो।
छात्र: मैं एतद् द्वारा, अपनी पूर रुचि व होशो-हवास में और बबना किसी िे दबाव
में आए इस फल, जो कि संतरा िहलाता है, और जजस पर मैं पूरा माललिाना हि
रखता हूं, िो उसिे छछलिे , रस, गूदे और बीज सहहत आपिो देता हूं और इसिे
साथ ह आपिो इस बात िा सम्पूर्ण व बबना शतण अचििार भी देता हूं कि आप
इसे िाटने, छीलने, किज में रखने या खाने िे ललये पूर तरह स्वतंत्र हैं। आप यह
अचििार भी रखेंगे कि आप किसी भी अन्य व्यजक्त िो यह फल इसिे छछलिे ,
रस, गूदे और बीज िे बबना या उसिे साथ दे सिते हैं। मैं घोषर्ा िरता हूं कि
आज से पहले इस संतरे से संबंचित किसी भी प्रिार िे वाद-वववाद, झगडे िी
समस्त जजम्मेदार मेर है और अब िे बाद मेरा किसी भी प्रिार से इस संतरे से
िोई सम्बन्ि नह ं रह जाएगा।

Lessons from those
• Small discussion
• Move on to present class

Tribal development in India
• Before we learn about tribal development or
any other schemes for minorities and
disadvantageous group, we need to
understand few concepts: Inequality, equality,
equity, and justice.

Inequality and equality
Inequality and equality
What is Inequality?
It is an unequal access to
opportunities and resources
due to some factors.
What is equality?
It is even distribution of tools,
assistance, resource, and
opportunities.

Equity and Justice
Difference between equity and
Justice
Equity
To provide such a tool, so that
person can avail the benefit of
equality. Because just a equality
is not enough.
Social Justice
Bring correction in the system,
so that each one of us can avail
the opportunity equally ---
without need of equity and
assistance.

Who are tribal ?
• In India the tribes have been designated as “Scheduled Tribes” under the
Constitution.
• There is a procedure for including tribal groups in the Scheduled list. Communities
are notified as Scheduled Tribes under Article 342 of the Constitution based on the
characteristics such as – primitive traits, geographically isolated, distinct culture,
and shyness of contact with community at large, and economically backward.
• When labelled “scheduled tribe” the community becomes entitled for some
constitutional protections and developmental programs designed to end their
marginalization and help assimilate into mainstream society.
• A similar protection is available to Hindu “low-caste” communities which have
historically faced discrimination and exclusion at the hands of “upper-caste”
people.
• They are labelled “Scheduled Caste.”
• These group need equity and justice, so that they can attain equality, and come to
mainstream of society.

Difference between scheduled tribe
and scheduled caste
• The Schedule Caste people are the one who were
previously untouchables. According the Hindu mythology,
this is the fifth category in the Varna System.
They are called Ati Shudras (Untouchables) and were
condemned for all dirty and polluting jobs.They named
themselves as Dalits or Harijans (son of God)
On the other hand, Schedule Tribes are community of
people who lived in tribal areas (mainly forest). They make
up to 7-8% of Indian population. They have traditionally
been marginalized and not in the mainstream of the
society. They are also known as Adivasis.

How many tribes are in India?
• There are 573 different tribal communities spread all over India. As per
official data, only 258 tribal communities speaking about 106 different
languages are notified as “Scheduled Tribes”.
• About 80 percent of tribal populations are to be found along the Central
India belt and the rest 20 percent are in the North‐Eastern States,
Southern States and Island groups.
• The numerically strong Scheduled tribe groups include Santhals, Gonds,
Bhil, and Oraon. Smaller tribal groups are to be found in A&N Islands
(Andamanese, Onges) and Kerala‐Tamil Nadu (Paniyans and
Kattunaickens).
• 75 tribal groups have been categorized as Particularly Vulnerable Tribal
Groups (PVTG) (Earlier known as Primitive Tribal Groups (PTG)) for special
development assistance.

Tribal population in India
• Tribal Population in India Year
Year tribal pop % in pop growth rate
1951 19,111,498 5.29 41.19
1961 30,130,184 6.86 33.84
1971 38,015,162 6.94 24.80
1981 51,628,638 7.83 24.69
1991 67,658,638 8.08 23.79
2001 84,326,240 8.20 22.70
2011 10,43,000,00 8.61 23.70

Definition of schedule tribes
• Elwin Committee (1959) was constituted to examine the
functioning of Multi-Purpose Development Blocks, the basic
administrative unit for all tribal development programmes.
• U.N. Dhebar Commission, constituted in 1960 to address the
overall situation of tribal groups, including the issue of land
alienation in tribal areas.
• The Lokur Committee (1965) was set up to look into criteria for
defining Schedule Tribes. The Committee recommended five
criteria for identification, namely, primitive traits, distinct culture,
geographical isolation, shyness of contact with the community at
large, and backwardness.
• The Shilu Ao committee, 1966, like the Elwin committee, addressed
the issue of tribal development and welfare.

Committees and their work for
schedule tribe
• Tribal Sub-Plan approach of the government emerged on the
recommendations of several committees constituted during 1970s.
• The Bhuria Committee (1991) recommendations paved the way for the
enactment of the PESA Act, 1996. (Panchayat Extension of Schedule
areas).
• Bhuria Commission (2002-2004) focused on a wide range of issues from
the Fifth Schedule to tribal land and forests, health and education, the
working of Panchayats and the status of tribal women.
• Mungekar Committee (2005) examined issues of administration and
governance.
• The issues that the above mentioned Committees have dealt with fall
broadly into two categories: development and protection. And yet, on
both these issues, the outcome for tribal communities has been mixed.
• Bandopadhyay Committee (2006) looked at development and governance
in Left-Wing Extremist areas.

Constitutional provisions for scheduled
tribes
• Article 342 lays down that the President may by
public notification, specify the tribes or tribal
communities or part of or groups within tribes or
tribal communities or parts which shall for the
purpose of this Constitution deemed to be
Scheduled Tribes
• According to this provision, President of India has
specified these communities through
Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) order, 1950
S.R.0.570

Constitutional provision
• Article 164 provides for a Ministry of Tribal Welfare in each of
the State of Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa which
have large concentration of Scheduled Tribes population.
• These Ministries are required to look after the welfare of the
Scheduled Tribes in their respective States.
• Article 244 provides for the inclusion of a Fifth Schedule in the
Constitution for incorporating provisions for the
administration of Scheduled Areas and Tribes of the States
which have sizeable tribal population (other than those of
Assam)
• Fifth schedule of constitution deals with administration and
control of schedule area and schedule tribe residing in any
state ( except Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram).

Tribes Advisory Council
• The Fifth Schedule of the Constitution provides for the setting up a
Tribes’ Advisory Council in each of the States having Scheduled
Areas.
• According to this provision, Tribes’ Advisory Councils have been set
up so far in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh,
Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan and West Bengal.
• The duty of these Councils is to advise the Government on such
matters concerning the welfare of Scheduled Tribes and
development of Scheduled Areas.
• Advisory Boards for the Scheduled Tribes have been set up in
Assam, Kerala and Mysore to advise the State Governments.
• Tribes’ Advisory Committees have also been formed in the Union
Territories of Andaman and Nicobar Island, Himachal Pradesh,
Manipur and Tripura.

Continued
• Article 275 provides for the grant of special
funds by the Union Government to State
Government for promoting the welfare of
Scheduled Tribes and providing them with a
better administration.
• Under Article 330 and 332 of the Indian
Constitution, seats have been reserved for
Scheduled Tribes in Lok Sabha and state
Vidhan Sabhas.

Commissioner for the Scheduled
Castes and Tribes
• Under Article 338 of Indian Constitution a
Commissioner has been appointed by the President of
India.
• National Commission for Schedule Caste
• National Commission for Schedule Tribe
• The main duty of the Commissioner is
• (i) to investigate all matters relating to the safeguards
for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes under the
Constitution and
• (ii) to report the President on working of these
safeguards.

Duties and Functions of the
Commission:
• Constitution of India under Article 338 has assigned
the following duties and functions to the Commission.
• To investigate and monitor all matters relating to the
safeguards provided for the Scheduled Castes under
the Constitution or under any other law for the time
being in force or under any order of the Government
and to evaluate the working of such safeguards;
• to inquire into specific complaints with respect to the
deprivation of rights and safeguards of the Scheduled
Castes;

Welfare Department in the States
• Under Article 164 (i) of the Constitution there is a
provision of Welfare Department in the States of
Indian Union.
• In Bihar, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa,
Welfare Departments in the charge of a Minister
have been set up.
• Welfare Departments have been set up in these
States as well us in Andhra Pradesh, Assam,
Kerala; Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Punjab, Rajasthan,
Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Himachal Pradesh,
Manipur and Tripura.

Tribal development in five years plans
In the Five Year Plans, the programmes for the welfare of
the schedule tribes aim at:
• 1. Raising the productivity levels in agriculture, animal
husbandry, forestry, cottage and small-scale industries
etc., to improve the economic conditions.
• 2. Rehabilitation of the bonded labour.
• 3. Education and training programmes.
• 4. Special development programmes for women and
children.

First fiver year plan
• priority to the welfare and development of Scheduled
Tribes right from the beginning of the country's
developmental planning, launched in 1951.
• The First Five Year Plan (1951-56) clearly laid down the
principle that `the general development programmes
should be so designed to cater adequately to the
Backward Classes
• and special provisions should be used for securing
additional and more intensified development'.

Second five year plan
• The Second Five Year Plan (1956-61) envisaged
that the benefits of economic development
should accrue more and more to the relatively
less privileged classes of society in order to
reduce inequalities.
• As for the Scheduled Tribes, `Welfare Programs
have to be based on respect and understanding
of their culture and traditions and an
appreciation of the social, psychological and
economic problems with which they are faced'.

continued
• they are faced'. This was in tune with "PANCHSHEEL" -the Five
Principles of Tribal Development -enunciated by the first Prime
Minister, Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru.
• An important landmark during the Second Plan was the creation of
43 Special Multi-purpose Tribal Blocks (SMPTBs) later called Tribal
Development Blocks (TDBs).
• Each was planned for about 25,000 people as against 65,000 in a
normal Block.
• An amount of Rs.15 lakh per SMPTB was contributed by the Central
Government.
• The Committee on SMPTBs set up under the Chairmanship of
Verrier Elwin (1959) studied the working of these Blocks and found
that they were providing very useful services.

Panchsheel
9th October, 1958 Jawaharlal Nehru
(From the Foreword to the Second Edition of the book 'A Philosophy
for NEFA' by Verrier Elwint is evolved.
• (1) People should develop along the lines of their own genius
and we should avoid imposing anything on them. We should
try to encourage in every way their own traditional arts and
culture.
• (2) Tribal rights in land and forests should be respected.
• (3) We should try to train and build up a team of their own
people to do work of administration and development. Some
technical personnel from outside will, no doubt, be needed,
especially in the beginning. But we should avoid introducing
too many outsiders into tribal territory.
• (4) We should not over-administer these areas or over-whelm
them with multiplicity of schemes. We should rather work
through, and not in rivalry to, their own social and cultural
institutions.
• (5) We should judge results, not by statistics or the amount of
money spent, but by the quality of human character that is
evolved

Third
• The Third Five Year Plan (1961-66) advocated the
principle to establish greater equality of opportunity'
• and to bring about reduction in disparities in income
and wealth and a more even distribution of economic
power.
• While appraising the programmes of the Third Plan the
Shilu Ao Study Team remarked that
• `if progress is to be judged by what remains to be
done to bring the tribes at par with the rest of the
populations.

Fourth
• The Fourth Five Year Plan (1969-74) proclaimed that the
`basic goal was to realize rapid increase in the standard of
living of the people
• through measures which also promote equality and social
justice'.
• An important step was setting up of six pilot projects in
Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa in 1971-
72 as Central Sector Scheme
• with the primary objective of combating political unrest
and Left Wing extremism.
• A separate Tribal Development Agency was established for
each project.

Fifth
• The Fifth Five Year Plan (1974-78) marked a shift in the approach as
reflected in the launching of Tribal Sub-Plan (TSP) for the direct
benefit of the development of Tribal.
• The TSP stipulated that funds of the State and Centre should be
quantified on the population proportion basis, with budgetary
mechanisms to ensure accountability, non-divert ability and
utilization for the welfare and development of Scheduled Tribes.
• With this thrust the concept of Tribal Sub-Plan came into action
during the Fifth Plan.
• There has been a substantial increase in the flow of funds for the
development of Scheduled Tribes under this arrangement, resulting
in the expansion of infrastructure facilities and enlargement of
coverage of the target groups in the beneficiary oriented
programmes.

Sixth
• The Sixth Five Year Plan (1980-85) was sought to ensure a
higher degree of devolution of funds so that at least 50 per
cent of tribal families were provided assistance to cross the
poverty line.
• Emphasis was on family-oriented economic activities
rather than infrastructure development schemes.
• A "Modified Area Development Approach" (MADA) was
devised for pockets of tribal concentration with population
of 10,000, at least half of them being Scheduled Tribes, and
245 MADA pockets were delineated.
• Also, 20 more tribal communities were identified as
"primitive", raising the total to 72.

Seventh
• In the Seventh Five Year Plan (1985-90), there was substantial increase in
the flow of funds for the development of Scheduled Tribes,
• resulting in the expansion of infrastructural facilities and enlargement of
coverage.
• Emphasis was laid on the educational development of Scheduled Tribes.
• For the economic development of SCs and Scheduled Tribes,
• two national level institutions were set up viz.,(i) Tribal Cooperative
Marketing Development Federation (TRIFED) in 1987 as an apex body for
State Tribal Development Cooperative Corporations; and (ii) National
Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Finance and Development
Corporation (NSFDC) in 1989.
• The former was envisaged to provide remunerative price for the Forest
and Agriculture Produce of tribal while the latter was intended to provide
credit support for employment generation.

Eight
• In the Eighth Five Year Plan (1992-97), efforts were intensified to
bridge the gap between the levels of development of the Scheduled
Tribes and those of other sections of the society so that by the turn
of the century,
• these disadvantaged sections of the population could be brought
on par with the rest of the society.
• The Plan not only emphasized elimination of exploitation but also
paid attention to the special problems of suppression of rights, land
alienation, non-payment of minimum wages and restrictions on
right to collect minor forest produce etc.
• Attention, on priority basis, continued to be paid for the socio-
economic upliftment of Scheduled Tribes.

Ninth
• The main objective of the Ninth Five Year Plan (1997-2002) was to
intensify the efforts to bridge the gap between Scheduled Tribes
and the rest of the population.
• Literacy states is one of the key indicators of socio-economic
development and the relative employment opportunities largely
depend on the level of education,
• for this purpose strengthened of infrastructure facilities like
construction of school building, additional classrooms, laboratory
buildings, provision of lab equipment, computers, furniture and
play material, up gradation of school's at all levels, opening of
residential schools, construction of vocational training centers,
provisions of basic amenities like toilets, drinking water etc.

Tenth
• In the Tenth Five Year Plan (2002-07)Guided by the conclusions that were
recorded in the Mid-Term Appraisal of the Ninth Five Year Plan (1997-
2002) stating that
• ‘A small bunch of bureaucratic programmes had done little to avert the
precipitous pauperization, exploitation and disintegration of tribal
communities
• and therefore, most of the persistent problems like poverty, indebtedness,
land alienation, displacement, deterioration of forest villages and the
tribes living therein, shifting cultivation etc., continue to persist even till
today as the ‘Unresolved Issues of Tribal Development’,
• the Tenth Five Year Plan lays down its first priority in finding solutions to
these very Unresolved Issues.
• Solutions to this effect can best be found only when the deprivation and
exploitation of tribes is eradicated.
• The Tenth Plan will, therefore, adopt eradication of
deprivation/exploitation of tribes as the centre-point in its approach,
while pursuing

Eleventh (2007-2012)
• The Eleventh Plan has experienced a paradigm shift with
respect to the overall empowerment of the tribal people,
keeping the issues related to governance at the centre.
• The operational imperatives of the Fifth Schedule, Tribal
Sub Plan 1976, PESA 1996 (panchayat extension of
schedule areas).
• The desirability of a tribal-centric, tribal-participative and
tribal-managed development process; and the need for a
conscious departure from dependence on a largely under-
effective official delivery system will be kept in view during
this shift.

Continued
• Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-2012)--
The EleventhPlan's inclusive growth approach is
synonymous with social justice as it primarily addresses
the issues of exclusion, exploitation, marginalization,
unrest and governance
concerning tribals and tribal areas.
• Twelfth Five year plan (2012-2017): focussed on
Post metric scholarship, hostels for boys and girls,
free coaching, ashram schools, education of ST
girls, Tribal research institutes, controlling
displacement of tribes, curbing naxalism.
MNREGA etc.

Forest right act 2006
 The law concerns the rights of forest dwelling
communities to land and other resources, denied to
them over decades as a result of the continuance of
colonial forest laws in India.
 Supporters of the Act claim that it will redress
the "historical injustice”.
 It will provide a legal right for
communities themselves to protect the forest.
 Opponents of the law claim it will lead to
massive forest destruction and should be repealed.
 They see it as a ‘land redistribution exercise’.

Continued
 The Law as passed in 2006 has the following basic
• points. 1) Types of Rights 2) Eligibility Criteria
• 3) Process of Recognition of Rights 4)
Resettlement for Wildlife Conservation
 Any corresponding law for mineral and rights over
• other kind of resources yet to be formulated.
 Mechanism needed to divert benefits to people
rather than government machinery or private
sector.

Present scenario
 India is not the only country where mining and
industrialization in tribal areas is linked with retarded
economic performance.
 Resource curse.
 Blame on institutional weakness and political
economy.
 People embrace Naxalism due to present model of
development.
 It gains popularity by focusing on attainment of
tribal self determination and control over local
resources.
 Crisis of political empowerment.

Continued
 Naxalites have attacked both private companies
• and government institutions.
 The government has acted in a stubborn manner,
myopically seeing it as only a ‘internal security
threat’.
 Need to recognize the failure of governance,
understand the basic reasons and to have political
will to institutionalize alternative policies.
 To give people and communities the right to say
• ‘no’ to a developmental project.

Social consequence of development
 Depletion of forest resources.
 Furthermore, developmental projects have seen
large scale immigration of people from outside, in
search of employment, thus distorting
demographics.
 Often tribals become minorities in their own
traditional living areas.
 Sometimes it has also lead to oppression of
indigenous populations.
 The benefits of large scale expansion of industries
• and infrastructure, never reaches these tribals .

continued
 Employment opportunities
are denied to them.
 Overall development of
tribal areas has had a
deleterious effect on
tribals. They are
increasingly subjected to
oppression and
exploitation.
 This has contributed to rise
of Naxalite movements .
 The above policies have
also led to environmental
destruction.

Social consequence
 The Developmental policies drastically
altered the relationship of tribes with
natural environment and resources.
 Changed the pattern and methods of
ownership and usage.
 Land and forest most exploited,
• fundamentally altering the tribal way of
life.
 Land made a saleable private property.
 Unscrupulous methods used. Modern
communication and transport
technologies hastened the process.
 High migrations and uprooting.
 The dissatisfied tribals now turn to
Naxalites

1.4 revised tribal development in india

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1.4 revised tribal development in india