The document summarizes housing policies and schemes in Kerala, India. It outlines Kerala's population distribution, historical housing shortage issues, and settlement patterns. Major public housing schemes are described that aim to provide housing for economically weaker sections. Key implementing agencies are the Kerala State Housing Board and various state government departments. The document evaluates factors like inadequate coverage of marginalized groups and lack of integrated development approaches. The current state housing policy vision is to ensure adequate and affordable housing for all through sustainable development.
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Salient features of a well-designed inclusive Neighbourhood (Colony) for the urban poor is characterized by a well conceptualized effort at social cohesion:
I. Housing Unit and Layouts of Cluster Housing
II. Neighbourhood Colony Layouts
III. Basic Physical Infrastructure (Water Supply, Sanitation, Drainage, Roads, Street Lighting, Solid
Waste Management, etc.)
IV. Cohesive Social Infrastructure (Community Centre, Informal Sector Market, Livelihood Centre,
etc.)
The policy of govt and public sector institutions is to support and develop housing programmes on the basis of availability of resources and on their perception of housing demand and affordability rather than on the basis of the requirements and affordability of prospective beneficiaries.
The National Housing policy of the government of India has highly laid emphasis on the need for public sector agencies to increasingly play the role of a facilitator of the housing process and create the enabling environment in which the requisite inputs would flow into the housing sector more easily than in the past.
National Urban Housing and Habitat Policy-2007JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Presentation looks at the intent, content and scope of National Housing Policy 2007; Housing Finance Institutions, PMAY(U), in the context of housing for all in urban India
I came to know regarding this competition from rediff.com
Salient features of a well-designed inclusive Neighbourhood (Colony) for the urban poor is characterized by a well conceptualized effort at social cohesion:
I. Housing Unit and Layouts of Cluster Housing
II. Neighbourhood Colony Layouts
III. Basic Physical Infrastructure (Water Supply, Sanitation, Drainage, Roads, Street Lighting, Solid
Waste Management, etc.)
IV. Cohesive Social Infrastructure (Community Centre, Informal Sector Market, Livelihood Centre,
etc.)
The policy of govt and public sector institutions is to support and develop housing programmes on the basis of availability of resources and on their perception of housing demand and affordability rather than on the basis of the requirements and affordability of prospective beneficiaries.
The National Housing policy of the government of India has highly laid emphasis on the need for public sector agencies to increasingly play the role of a facilitator of the housing process and create the enabling environment in which the requisite inputs would flow into the housing sector more easily than in the past.
National Urban Housing and Habitat Policy-2007JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Presentation looks at the intent, content and scope of National Housing Policy 2007; Housing Finance Institutions, PMAY(U), in the context of housing for all in urban India
UAPVP launched many schemes available for different segments of the society including EWS, LIG, MIG, BPL and HIG categories.
UPAVP the development agency of Uttar Pradesh know as Uttar Pradesh Awas Vikas Parishad is going to implement the government housing mission, Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana.
About 20,000 houses will be constructed in the state.
On the construction of housing units, the UPAVP will spend about Rs. 3,000 Crore and the implementation work will be started once it get the approval from the government.
The comprehensive plan for Fiscal year 2017-18 has been prepared by the agency and the houses units in these projects will be constructed under UP government Vrindavan & Awadh Vihar Yojana.
Under PMAY UP, about 2,000 houses have been registered by the government and creating further plan for the scheme, the UPAVP is planning to open the registrations for additional 3,000 houses.
National Slum Development Program (NSDP) Sumit Ranjan
National Slum Development Program (NSDP)
Housing, 8th sem, B. Arch.
amount, beneficiaries, constraints and recommendations, discription, drawbacks, facilities, financial, funding, government, housing, introduction, managerial, nature, objectives, slums, technical
While the supply side constraints for low cost and affordable housing include lack of availability of land and finance at reasonable rates, the demand drivers include the growing
middle class and urbanisation. Real estate developers, private players in particular, have primarily targeted luxury, high-end and upper-mid housing segment owing to the higher returns that can be gained from such projects.
Growth pattern of towns Natural and Planned,
Types of zoning and importance,
various road networks(Grid iron pattern, shoe string development,
Surveys for data collection, physical survey, social survey, economic survey, civic survey,
Town aesthetics, landscape architecture,
Rehabilitation of slum and urban renewal,
UAPVP launched many schemes available for different segments of the society including EWS, LIG, MIG, BPL and HIG categories.
UPAVP the development agency of Uttar Pradesh know as Uttar Pradesh Awas Vikas Parishad is going to implement the government housing mission, Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana.
About 20,000 houses will be constructed in the state.
On the construction of housing units, the UPAVP will spend about Rs. 3,000 Crore and the implementation work will be started once it get the approval from the government.
The comprehensive plan for Fiscal year 2017-18 has been prepared by the agency and the houses units in these projects will be constructed under UP government Vrindavan & Awadh Vihar Yojana.
Under PMAY UP, about 2,000 houses have been registered by the government and creating further plan for the scheme, the UPAVP is planning to open the registrations for additional 3,000 houses.
National Slum Development Program (NSDP) Sumit Ranjan
National Slum Development Program (NSDP)
Housing, 8th sem, B. Arch.
amount, beneficiaries, constraints and recommendations, discription, drawbacks, facilities, financial, funding, government, housing, introduction, managerial, nature, objectives, slums, technical
While the supply side constraints for low cost and affordable housing include lack of availability of land and finance at reasonable rates, the demand drivers include the growing
middle class and urbanisation. Real estate developers, private players in particular, have primarily targeted luxury, high-end and upper-mid housing segment owing to the higher returns that can be gained from such projects.
Growth pattern of towns Natural and Planned,
Types of zoning and importance,
various road networks(Grid iron pattern, shoe string development,
Surveys for data collection, physical survey, social survey, economic survey, civic survey,
Town aesthetics, landscape architecture,
Rehabilitation of slum and urban renewal,
Integrated crop production at bancharampur haor development and kbad projectSohel Rana
Integrated Crop Production at Bancharampur Haor Development and KBAD Project
Objectives: To analyses of Socio-economic conditions of haor fishermen a field level study at Bancharampur
To find the growing factors of Bitter Gourd in Haor areas.
Government and other agencies may take some necessary steps for buying main instruments for fishing, arranging training programs for applying haor fish culture
Natural resources are poorly managed & utilized in Bangladesh. Requires proper management of land, water, light & space for highest productivity & maximum uses.
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CURRENT SCENARIO OF AFFORDABLE HOUSING SCHEMES IN KERALAJOSIN MATHEW
Adequate shelter that provides security and safety is a fundamental need and a basic human right. • A major challenge in the 21st century is the creation of liveable urban areas, given the rapid urban growth across the world, in particular the global south. More than half the world’s population now lives in cities. • While the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development recognized the power of cities and towns which will constitute 70 per cent of the world population by 2050, SDG 11 is specifically on making cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable. • The United Nations Conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development in 2016 (Habitat III) emphasised the need for a New Urban Agenda, which would lay out the framework for how best to promote sustainable urbanisation.
Indira Awaas Yojana(IAY) By Mujeeb Ur Rehman, Jamia Millia IslamiaMujibUrRehman1155
Chapterwise decription of IYA.
IAY is a social welfare flagship program intiated by the Govenment of India, under the leadership of Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi in the year 1985.
UAPVP launched many schemes available for different segments of the society including EWS, LIG, MIG, BPL and HIG categories.
UPAVP the development agency of Uttar Pradesh know as Uttar Pradesh Awas Vikas Parishad is going to implement the government housing mission, Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana.
About 20,000 houses will be constructed in the state.
On the construction of housing units, the UPAVP will spend about Rs. 3,000 Crore and the implementation work will be started once it get the approval from the government.
The comprehensive plan for Fiscal year 2017-18 has been prepared by the agency and the houses units in these projects will be constructed under UP government Vrindavan & Awadh Vihar Yojana.
Under PMAY UP, about 2,000 houses have been registered by the government and creating further plan for the scheme, the UPAVP is planning to open the registrations for additional 3,000 houses.
Housing is one of the basic necessities of life and the right to housing and adequate shelter is guaranteed in the Directive Principles of State Policy enshrined in the Constitution of India.
The rapid pace of urbanisation in India has resulted in severe shortage of housing and basic services like potable water, well laid out drainage system, sewerage network, sanitation facilities, electricity, roads and appropriate disposal of solid waste.
National Housing and Habitat Policy,2007-IndiaJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Framing Policies remains integral part of government commitment, operations, functioning and management. Policies framed focus on critical issue facing state/country, define agenda and options for approaching them in realistic and rational manner to remove all roadblocks and create supporting/enabling environment, to achieve the goals defined in the said policies. Considering role and impotence of housing in the physical, environmental, economic and social development including employment generation, industrial growth, promoting quality of life and ensuring welfare of individuals and communities, providing adequate and appropriate housing for all has been the objective which all governments want to achieve as part of national agenda. Housing, as one of the basic/critical necessities of human living, remains most dynamic, always evolving and devolving, never static and never finite. Housing and Habitat Policy framed by the Government of India, remains the first ever housing policy which is urban centric and focuses exclusively on urban housing. Framed in the year 2007 , outlining the prevailing status of urban housing in the country including shortage of housing, policy defines the need, goal , aims besides defining the role and responsibilities of parastatal and other agencies operating at central, state and local levels to achieve the goal of -Housing for all. Policy also outlines the functions to be performed by the agencies involved in research and development of evolving appropriate construction technologies and financial institutions to ensure flow of adequate funds in the housing sector. Text also analysis, critically and objectively, the need for rationalizing the policy to make it more focused, effective and efficient.
National Housing and Habitat Policy, 2007-IndiaJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Framing Policies remains integral part of government commitment, operations, functioning and management. Policies framed focus on critical issue facing state/country, define agenda and options for approaching them in realistic and rational manner to remove all roadblocks and create supporting/enabling environment, to achieve the goals defined in the said policies. Considering role and impotence of housing in the physical, environmental, economic and social development including employment generation, industrial growth, promoting quality of life and ensuring welfare of individuals and communities, providing adequate and appropriate housing for all has been the objective which all governments want to achieve as part of national agenda. Housing, as one of the basic/critical necessities of human living, remains most dynamic, always evolving and devolving, never static and never finite. Housing and Habitat Policy framed by the Government of India, remains the first ever housing policy which is urban centric and focuses exclusively on urban housing. Framed in the year 2007 , outlining the prevailing status of urban housing in the country including shortage of housing, policy defines the need, goal , aims besides defining the role and responsibilities of parastatal and other agencies operating at central, state and local levels to achieve the goal of -Housing for all. Policy also outlines the functions to be performed by the agencies involved in research and development of evolving appropriate construction technologies and financial institutions to ensure flow of adequate funds in the housing sector. Text also analysis, critically and objectively, the need for rationalizing the policy to make it more focused, effective and efficient.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
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Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
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Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
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Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
2. BACKGROUND
Kerala lies along the coastline, to the extreme south west of the
Indian peninsula, flanked by the Arabian Sea on the west and the
mountains of the Western Ghats on the east.
POPULATION = 3,33,87,677
( AS PER 2011 CENSUS)
URBAN RURAL
1,74,55,506 1,59,32,171
% ofTotal population
47.72% 52.28%
The decadal percentage of urban
population has increased from
29.96% in 2001 to 47.72% in 2011.
This shows the high rate of
urbanization.
Numerical
shortage of
housing in
2001
Total number
of dilapidated
Houses in
2001
Housing for
newly formed
households
required
Projected
demand at
the end of
12thplan
(2012-17)
63,000 units 5.38 lakhs 4.5 lakh 6.5 lakhs new
constn. + 5.5
lakh reconstn.
According to the census figures of
2001, 68% of households lived in
permanent houses and 21.60% in
semi permanent houses. The
projected requirement for the next
five years was 10 lakhs.
The State has to undertake the
task of constructing 12 lakh
Housing units, of which around
sixty percent is meant for the
EWS
HOUSING PROFILE IN KERALA
3. SETTLEMENT PATTERN AND
HOUSINGTYPOLOGY
The settlement pattern of the State is of rural and
urban continuum and different varieties of housing
typologies with vernacular, traditional and local types.
The typologies of housing pattern have rich
architectural heritage and skylines.
Indigenous tribal settlements and the traditional
fishermen settlements have peculiar housing patterns.
High rise buildings, IT habitats, Technology Parks and
Electronic hubs are booming in the State. Most of
these types of settlements are seen to have developed
without adequate, balanced and integrated planning.
Kerala is known for its unique settlement pattern with
independent houses on individual plots scattered
across the habitable areas. Due to its distinctive social,
geographic and climatic conditions, the trend has been
to build houses in small garden lands creating
tremendous pressure on lands.
Bungalow house
Tribal tree houses
TraditionalToda Hut
Boat house
Fisherman houses
IT sector inCochin
Apartments by Kerala
Housing Board
4. 1950s
• Village housing scheme implemented with the support of the community development programme sponsored byGoI.
1971
• Kerala State Housing Board was established which took many loan-subsidy linked housing programs for EWS
1972
• One Lakh Housing scheme - it marked a remarkable change in the low-income housing situation of Kerala. It was designed for
the poor landless agricultural laborers, who have not received homesteads under the KeralaAgrarian Relations Act
Later
• housing schemes for SCs and STs were taken up in a major way integrated with the centrally sponsored employment generating
schemes of NREP, RLEGP, etc.
1987
• Kerala State Nirmiti Kendra was established which worked on cost effective and environment friendly building technology
1991
• Rajiv One Million Housing Scheme (ROMHS) for all sections by the board
1992-97
• Eighth five year plan according to National Housing Policy
1996
• IndiraAwasYojana was launched along with Mythri Housing Scheme for EWS - Under this scheme, it was proposed to construct
1,00,000 houses per annum.
2007
• The EMS Housing scheme, Housing for all
HISTORY OF PUBLIC HOUSING SCHEMES
5. KERALA STATE HOUSING POLICY- 2011
VISION- The policy envisages the promotion of sustainable development of the habitat with the
objective to ensure adequate and affordable housing for all, ensuring supply of quality basic services
with integrated livelihood mechanisms and special focus on the needs of the poor, marginalized and
disadvantaged on a rights based framework for the accomplishment of “Adequate and Affordable
Housing for All” in sustainable habitat mode, facilitating inclusive growth.
AIM- The aims of the Kerala State Housing Policy 2011 are:
(i) Creation of adequate and affordable housing stock on ownership and rental basis on a right based
framework.
(ii) Meeting the special needs of SC/ST/disabled/fishermen/traditionally employed laborers / slum
dwellers, elderly women, street vendors and other weaker and vulnerable sections of the society.
(iii) Facilitating accelerated supply of serviced land and housing with particular focus
to EWS and LIG categories.
(iv) Facilitating up gradation of existing decaying housing stock and extending the shelf life of the house.
(v) Facilitating all dwelling units to have easy accessibility to basic services of sanitation, drinking water,
power, waste disposal and social infrastructural facilities like education, health and transport.
(vi) Adopting participatory approach in the design of public housing programme taking into account
end-user concerns.
6. (vii) Promotion of larger flow of funds to meet the revenue requirements of housing and infrastructure
using innovative tools.
(viii) Forging strong partnerships between private, public and cooperative sectors to enhance the
capacity of the construction industry to participate in every sphere of housing and infrastructure.
(ix) Promoting cost effective, environment friendly technologies for modernizing the housing sector to
increase efficiency, productivity, energy efficiency and quality. The concept of Green building will be
propagated.
(x) Guiding urban and rural settlements so that a planned and balanced growth is achieved with the help
of innovative methods such as provision of urban amenities in rural areas (PURA) leading to in-situ
urbanization.
(xi) Development of cities, towns and villages in a manner which provide for a healthy environment,
increased use of renewable energy sources and pollution free atmosphere with a concern for solid waste
disposal, drainage, etc.
(xii) Skill up gradation programmes enabling the workers to move up the wage chain in
employment.
(xiii) Removing legal, financial and administrative barriers for facilitating access to tenure, land, finance
and technology.
(xiv) Facilitating, restructuring and empowering the Institutions at State and Local
Governments to mobilize land, planning and financing for housing and basic
amenities.
7. (xv) Providing disaster resistant technology, protecting housing and habitat development from natural
calamities like cyclone, flood, landslide, tsunami and earthquake.
(xvi) Encouraging small scale production units for building materials and components.
(xvii) Ensuring adequate availability of building materials, protecting and promoting our cultural
heritage, architecture, and traditional skills.
(xviii) Restructuring and strengthening the Kerala State Housing Board and Kerala State Nirmithi
Kendra (KESNIK) and network of Nirmithi Kendras.
(xix) Restructuring and strengthening of public sector organizations in the housing sector.
(xx) Removing bottlenecks and impediments related to legal, regulatory framework and revamping
the existing laws and regulations for creating and enabling environment for housing initiatives.
8. GENERAL EVALUATION OF PUBLIC HOUSING
SCHEMES
An analysis of the public housing schemes implemented reveals the following
factors:
1. Inadequate coverage of the marginalized sections of the society, destitute,
women headed households and the poorest of the poor
2. Need for more thrust in meeting the housing requirements of the landless
tribals, fishermen, and the traditionally employed, recognizing their
requirements on spatial and economic considerations
3. Inadequate supply of building material and skilled labor
4. The housing programmes implemented in a target driven mode with the
implementing agency chasing to achieve the physical and financial targets
set, with little concern for the participation of end users
5. Lack of social infrastructural facilities and poor supply of basic services to
the houses
6. Lack of holistic habitat development approach and inadequate livelihood
support programmes integral to the housing schemes.
9. CURRENT HOUSING PROGRAMMES AND
IMPLEMENTING AGENCIES
The major State government aided housing schemes for the
economically weaker sections are-
• Total Housing Scheme- It was estimated that there are 2 lakh
landless families and a total of 5 lakh houseless families in the state
as on June 2008. EMS total Housing scheme launched by
Government of Kerala aims at providing house sites to all landless
families and houses to all houseless families coming under the BPL
category
• Tribal Housing Scheme- The government has proposed
schemes for constructing houses for the tribes in Wayanad. This
includes the construction and distribution of around 270 houses for
the tribes in Sulthan Bathery in Wayanad. The construction cost for
each house is Rs 90,000. These buildings are completed and
distributed to them. The scheme also aims at providing financial
assistance of Rs.70,000 to Scheduled Tribes in three stages for the
construction of houses. Beneficiaries are selected by
Oorukoottam.(Tribal groups) application form
House under EMS total Housing
scheme
House underTribal Housing
Scheme
10. • New Suraksha Housing Scheme, schemes of SC & ST departments- In this scheme the
construction cost of one house is taken as Rs.1,00,000/- (having a plinth area of 30m2). The pattern
suggested is as follows: Share of beneficiary Rs.25,000/- Share of Voluntary organization
Rs.50,000/- Govt. Subsidy Rs.25,000/-
• Fishermen Housing Scheme- National Fishermen Welfare Fund Assisted Housing Scheme is
the programme is meant for providing housing to fishermen under the model village development
programme. The unit cost per house is Rs. 50000/-.The State Government have enhanced the unit
cost to Rs 2 lakh and is given to the beneficiary as 100% grant. The beneficiaries are registered
fishermen. The implementing agency is Department of Fisheries.
• Bhavanasree- is a micro housing loan programme initiated by Kudumbashree with the support of
banking institutions. The target group under this scheme comprises people who were members of
Kudumbashree NHGs across the state. Loan amount was issued for construction of a new house and
for repair and maintenance of existing house.
• Asraya and MN Lakshamveedu Punar Nirmana Padhathi- under the scheme , which is
named "M.N.Laksham Veedu Punarnirmana Padhathi" financial assistance for the reconstruction of
dilapidated twin houses into single units and reconstruction of single houses, is being implemented
through the Board. The Government subsidy will be 75,000/- for General Category, 1,00,000 for SC
Category and Rs.1,25,000/- for ST category. 50% of the subsidy amount will be given by Kerala State
Housing Board and the balance amount shall be met by the Local Self Government Departments.
11. BEST PRACTISES
STATE FOCUS ON SOLAR POWER IN RURAL
AREAS
First solar-enabled panchayat in Kerala-
Kochi: A small village in the outskirts of Ernakulum
is all set to become the first totally solar-enabled
panchayat in the state, with Bombay IIT's help. The
project is being implemented in a tie-up with the
Kerala State Electricity Board (KSEB) and the IIT,
Bombay.
12. CONCLUSION
• The State Government has targeted to launch housing schemes to
ensure adequate and affordable housing to all, on a sustainable
habitat development mode, integrated with livelihood support
systems and special focus on the needs of the poor and economically
weaker sections of the society on rights based approach.
• The Government has attempted to overhaul the legal, financial and
institutional framework so that the development is facilitated with
contributions from public, private, co-operatives, NGOs etc.
• The ultimate objective of the Kerala State Housing Policy is to ensure
“adequate and affordable housing for all leading to sustainable
development of human settlement, providing livelihood support
programme”.
• However, the public housing schemes in Kerala gives a rather
different picture and points towards the inefficiency of
implementation strategies with regard sustainability aspects.
