This document summarizes research on using leguminous trees to reclaim degraded land. It discusses how trees improve soil fertility through nutrient cycling and adding organic matter. Case studies from Brazil show using nitrogen-fixing legume trees successfully reclaimed mining and erosion degraded lands by restoring soil organic matter and biodiversity. The document concludes that planting leguminous trees inoculated with rhizobia is an efficient strategy to accelerate soil reclamation and initiate natural succession on severely degraded areas.
Soil health for sustainable production intensification some perspectivesSri Lmb
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Limiting factors for pasture and cereal production in marginal soils of the s...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Typical soils of Southwestern Buenos Aires Province were evaluated to determine quality and capability for cereal and forage production having in mind potential improvements due to amendment with organic residual from agroindustrial wastes process. Studied soils from Mollisol order were, Argiudoll and Argiustol suborder, of marginal area of Pampa Argentina. The organic matter content of those soils corresponded to weakly humic soils which shows the transition from the Pampas zone to the semi-arid zone and indicates a major limiting factor. Granulometric analyses were similar, with a sandy loam texture for the Tres Arroyos soil and a borderline sandy silt loam for the Cabildo soil. Anycase the results were below the limit that indicates salinity problems. Low availability of essential micronutrient like Copper and Molibdenum were another limiting factor of the Tres Arroyos soil, where the cultivation of winter grains, such as wheat and barley is very important for regional economy. The availability of the micronutrients Zn and Cu are strongly dependent on the soil pH; therefore, the more alkaline the conditions (such as for the Cabildo soil), as a limiting factor mainly for cereals sensitive to Cinc deficiencies like maize and sorghum. Soils from this marginal areas of the Pampas (Argentina), could be improved with respect to the factors that limit soil quality and productivity.
Soil health for sustainable production intensification some perspectivesSri Lmb
Prof Amir Kassam provided insights on soil health and related it to the sustainable production at Regional Review and Planning Workshop 2017, Hanoi, Vietnam
Limiting factors for pasture and cereal production in marginal soils of the s...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Typical soils of Southwestern Buenos Aires Province were evaluated to determine quality and capability for cereal and forage production having in mind potential improvements due to amendment with organic residual from agroindustrial wastes process. Studied soils from Mollisol order were, Argiudoll and Argiustol suborder, of marginal area of Pampa Argentina. The organic matter content of those soils corresponded to weakly humic soils which shows the transition from the Pampas zone to the semi-arid zone and indicates a major limiting factor. Granulometric analyses were similar, with a sandy loam texture for the Tres Arroyos soil and a borderline sandy silt loam for the Cabildo soil. Anycase the results were below the limit that indicates salinity problems. Low availability of essential micronutrient like Copper and Molibdenum were another limiting factor of the Tres Arroyos soil, where the cultivation of winter grains, such as wheat and barley is very important for regional economy. The availability of the micronutrients Zn and Cu are strongly dependent on the soil pH; therefore, the more alkaline the conditions (such as for the Cabildo soil), as a limiting factor mainly for cereals sensitive to Cinc deficiencies like maize and sorghum. Soils from this marginal areas of the Pampas (Argentina), could be improved with respect to the factors that limit soil quality and productivity.
Soil Health Initiative - Doug Peterson, Natural Resources Conservation Service, from the 2015 Missouri Pork Expo, February 10 - 11, 2015, Columbia, MO, USA.
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Soil Health Initiative - Doug Peterson, Natural Resources Conservation Service, from the 2015 Missouri Pork Expo, February 10 - 11, 2015, Columbia, MO, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2015-missouri-pork-expo
Presentation by Steve Diver from the 2012 Resilient Farmer Workshop at the Kerr Center's Cannon Horticulture Plots in Poteau, Oklahoma. Cover crops, soil organic matter, soil food web
VAST-2 - Tracking effects of land management on veg condition over time at si...Richard Thackway
Presentation given to a workshop on “Developing a strategic revegetation and restoration recovery plan for the Brigalow. University of Queensland, Brisbane 14-15 May 2012.
Each technological age has been marked by a shift in how the industrial platform enables companies to rethink their business processes and create wealth. In the talk I argue that we are limiting our view of what this next industrial/digital age can offer because of how we read, measure and through that perceive the world (how we cherry pick data). Companies are locked in metrics and quantitative measures, data that can fit into a spreadsheet. And by that they see the digital transformation merely as an efficiency tool to the fossil fuel age. But we need to stretch further…
Development of wasteland under social forestry programmejaimangal tirkey
Development of Wasteland under Social Forestry Programme
The problem of wasteland has become a serious issue and it has increased with the development of technology for increasing the agricultural production (Swaminathan, 1997). The natural disturbances including the man-made problems, i.e. industrialization and urbanization, contribute to increasing trend of wastelands in various ways. The requirement by the increasing human population and cattle population and also the natural disasters cause the loss of natural resources and land degradation (Hegde, 1993).According to Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO, 1992), the various forms of land degradation such as soil erosion, chemical poisoning, stalinization and loss through building or mining is of 5 to 7 million hectares from good cultivable lands
Wasteland
Wastelands include degraded forests, overgrazed pastures, drought-struck pastures, eroded valleys, hilly slopes, waterlogged marshy lands, barren land etc.
Types of Wastelands:
(a) Cultivable Wastelands
(b) Uncultivable Wastelands
Ameliorative potential of rice hull and straw in the ecological restoration o...Open Access Research Paper
Rice hull and straw are renewable wastes contain 28-30% of inorganic and 70-72% of organic compounds. Its ameliorative potential in enhancing the physicochemical properties of mine degraded soils was investigated. Soils collected from Backfill Material/Overburden (BM) and desilted materials (DM) from settling ponds of Carrascal Nickel Corporation (CNC) were used following six treatments. BM and DM from settling ponds were treated with rice hull and rice straw with 2:1 ratio by weight, respectively. After ameliorating soils from overburden and silted materials from CNC with rice straw and rice hull, observations showed that there are no significant differences in pH, % Organic Matter (OM) and phosphorous (P) between treatments; there is high significant difference (p<0.01) in potassium (K) between treatments except between treatment 3 (soil 1 with rice straw) and treatment 6 (soil 2 with rice hull) where there is no significant difference noted; and the concentrations of Ca, Mg, S and Zn in soils with rice hull did not differ with soils before amelioration, but differed to soils with rice straw, while results in soil texture exhibited otherwise. Therefore, rice straw and rice hull have ameliorative properties that will improve the physico-chemical characteristics of mine degraded soils. It is recommended that rice straw and rice hull will be allowed to decompose in mine degraded soils to enhance its physico-chemical properties. It is also recommended to conduct studies on the response of different crops to mine degrade soils ameliorated with rice straw and rice hull.
Hawai‘i Low Land Mesic Forest Restoration Manual (May 2015)HHFplanners
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Effects of salinity stress on growth, Water use efficiency and biomass partit...Innspub Net
Future crop production is predicted to face significant challenges from salinity stress due to secondary salinization. Therefore future-proofing crop production in these conditions is an essential path towards addressing food security. We evaluated the effect of irrigation with water of 0, 4 and 8 ppt salinity on growth, biomass partitioning, WUE and chlorophyll fluorescence of Vernonia hymenolepis A.Rich as ameliorated by fertilization with three levels of NPK20:10:10. Data were analysed for variance using the General Linear Model ANOVA procedure, after positive tests for normality and homogeneity of variance. Means were separated through the Dunnett test. Pearson Correlation was done to determine relationship between variables and these were spatially projected using the Factor Analysis procedure, without rotation. Under fertilization at 8 g NPK20:10:10 per plant, growth was stimulated by salinity increase to 4 ppt (35.43cm) compared to 30.43cm for control plants. Fertilizer application significantly improved all the biomass fractions of plants irrigated with water of 4 ppt relative to the control, while root:shoot ratios were highest for unfertilized plants indicating resource re-allocation to roots for better foraging. Chlorophyll fluorescence ranged between 0.716 and 0.727 and did not differ significantly across treatments. These values indicate that all treatments were under stress, including control plants. Values of WUE and RGR indicate that fertilization of plants irrigated with water of 4ppt salinity enhances growth and Harvest Index of V. hymenolepis, in spite of the registered stress. This is significant to future food security.
Inoculation of (Prosopis Laevigata) by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Differ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The mesquite tree (Prosopis laevigata), besides its conventional uses, has a high potential to recover agricultural areas with salinity problems. It improves the physical and chemical properties of the soil, and in the rehabilitation of degraded arid and semi-arid zones, or those tending to desertification.The aim of this research was to test the effect of organic fertilization and inoculation with Glomus sp. on mesquite trees. We did the experiment under greenhouse conditions. The effect of applying Glomus sp. and organic matter in different doses during the growth of shoots and roots was evaluated in 13 agronomic variables in mesquite seedlings grown in Lithosols and Xerosols soils. We used a complete randomized block design with three replications. After 180 days, we analyzed the data using Statistical Analysis Software (SAS) version 9.2. We observed a positive and significant effect on the growth of the agronomic variables studied under greenhouse conditions, and inoculation with Glomus sp. The organic matter factor presented significant differences (p ≤ 0.05). We determined that the ideal dose was 55 g per experimental unit. According to the soil used, positive effects (p ≤ 0.05) were observed for 50% of the agronomic variables in the Xerosols soil with relation to the Lithosols soil. We concluded that the inoculation of Prosopis laevigata with Glomus sp., and adding organic matter favors the growth of both the shots and the roots of the plant.
Title-Role of forestry in restoration of degraded lands.pptxSagar Chaudhary
The word "land degradation" refers to the state of land resources such as water, soil, and vegetation that has changed to an unfavorable one. Land degradation is mostly caused by mining, deforestation, intensive farming practices, and overgrazing. An estimated two billion hectares of forests worldwide are considered degraded and in need of restoration. Numerous limitations and difficulties hinder the repair efforts. When it comes to land restoration, forestry is frequently seen as a sensible and sustainable choice. It exposes the right kind of restoration work to do and what makes a program successful. By reclaiming degraded land, one can plant appropriate tree species and transform sterile, barren wasteland into one that is fruitful and fit for farming and habitation. The restoration of degraded and wasteland areas is accomplished by a variety of management strategies and methodologies, such as forest interventions, agroforestry systems, and reforestation techniques.
Free webinar on " Agroforestry to soil and Water conservation "
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Purpose:
The purpose of this webinar is to bring new knowledge on soil and water conservation under changing climate. Best management practices must be revised and developed to expected changes in climate.
A closer look at wasteland and their reclamationSagar Chaudhary
The reclamation of wasteland and development measures in general includes land clearing, soil and water conservation, enhancing nutrient status, provision of irrigation facilities and so on. However, the existing status of wastelands shows wide variation across different regions of the country in terms of their suitability for cultivation. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out a scientific assessment of the existing status; fertility, erosion levels, soil conditions, water potential, suitable cropping system, etc. of the waste lands spread over different agro-climatic zones of the state so as to prepare a realistic reclamation-cum-development plan for the wastelands. Thus rehabilitation of the wasteland through the sustainable management serves as a better cover to the soil and aids regeneration of forests.
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2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
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Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
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2. INTRODUCTION
Agroforestry systems have the potential to
make use of marginal and degraded lands
through the soil improving effects of trees.
Underlying all aspects of the role of
agroforestry in maintenance of soil fertility
is
the fundamental proposition that trees
improve soils. It would be useful to have
guidelines on which properties of a tree or
shrub species make it desirable for the
point
of view of soil fertility.
3. How Do We Know That Trees
Improve Soils
1. The soil that develops under natural forest and woodland is
fertile. It is well structured, has a good water-holding capacity
and has a store of nutrients bound up in the organic matter.
Farmers know they will get a good crop by planting on cleared
natural forest.
2. The cycles of carbon and nutrients under natural forest
ecosystems are relatively closed, with much recycling and low
inputs and outputs.
3. The practice of shifting cultivation demonstrated the power of
trees to restore fertility lost during cropping.
4. Experience of reclamation forestry has demonstrated the
power of trees to build up fertility on degraded land.
4. Case Studies
In Brazil there have apply the nitrogen-fixing legume tree species for
the reclamation of severely degraded lands (Chaer et. al, 2011).
The main challenges faced in the reclamation of severely degraded
lands are in the management of the systems and finding plant species
that will grow under the harsh conditions common in degraded soils.
This is especially important in extremely adverse situations found in
some substrates from mining activities or soils that have lost their
upper horizons.
Under these conditions, recolonization of the area by native vegetation
through natural succession processes may be extremely limited. Once the
main
physical and chemical factors restrictive to plant growth are corrected or
attenuated, the introduction of leguminous trees able to form symbioses
with
nodulating N2-fixing bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi constitutes
an
efficient strategy to accelerate soil reclamation and initiate natural
succession.
5. Continue…
These symbioses give the legume species a
superior capacity to grow quickly in poor
substrates and to withstand the harsh
conditions presented in degraded soils. In the
article it was describe several successful
results in
Brazil using N2-fixing legume tree species for
reclamation of areas degraded by soil erosion,
construction and mining activities, emphasizing
the
potential of the technique to recover soil
organic
matter levels and restore ecosystem
biodiversity
6. Continue…
Research on legume tree nodulation
started in
the mid- 1960s (Döbereiner 1967) with
strain
selection and field response of Mimosa
caesalpiniifolia, a native species from the
Brazilian Caatinga (dry forest biome). This
species is certainly one of the most
frequently
planted legume tree species in Brazil
today,
7. Production of legume
seedlings for land reclamation
Production of legume tree seedlings
consists
of several steps, which start with the
harvest
of seeds from selected mother plants.
Selection of mother plants is important to
ensure that seeds originate from healthy
plants
containing superior phenotypic
characteristics,
and maximum genetic variability, so they
should be collected from a range of
individual
8.
According to a study by local watershed committees, this
form of erosion is the principal cause of the accelerated
silting up of the Paraíba do Sul River, which is the main
source of water to nine million people living in the
metropolitan area of the city of Rio de Janeiro. In this case
study we report the use of FGLTs to recover a gulley in a rural
site in Pinheiral, south of the State of Rio de Janeiro (Figure
1). The gulley had an area of ~1000 m2, 10 m depth and a
volume of approximately ~10,000 m3 (equivalent to 2000
truckloads of sediment). (Chaer et. al, 2011)
Figure 1. Location of case study areas. (A) Revegetation of
erosion gullies, Pinheiral, Rio de Janeiro State (22°31’27”S,
43°59’08”W, average height of 420 m asl). (B) Revegetation of
iron mining overburden, Mariana-Ouro Preto districts, Minas
Gerais State (20°15′28′′S, 43°30′35′′W, average height 1000 m
asl). (C) Revegetation of areas degraded by piçarra extraction,
Rio Grande do Norte State (average height 50 m asl). (D)
Carbon accumulation in soils reclaimed with legume trees,
Angra dos Reis, Rio de Janeiro State (23°02′30′′S, 44°11′30′′W,
100–200 m asl).
9. Continue…
The intervention was started in 2000 with the
construction of terraces at the upper and lower ends of the
gulley, and walls of bamboo and tires were positioned in the
inner part to trap sediments. Seedlings of several legume
trees, inoculated with selected rhizobia and AMF, were
planted along the gulley into holes cut into the walls with 2 m
× 2 m spacing. The success of the intervention was
measured by the growth of the trees and by the amount of
sediments collected in sediment tanks.
The species A. mangium, Mimosa artemisiana, M.
caesalpiniifolia and Pseudosamanea guachapele showed the
best survival and development after 170 days. The species A.
auriculiformes, Acacia angustissima, Albizia
lebbek, Enterolobium contortisiliquum and Samanea saman
showed low indices of survival, sometimes because of their
lower resistance to drought, or their position in the gulley
where water was not retained, or because they suffered from
attack by leaf-cutting ants.
10. Land reclamation and the
process of plant succession
The primary objective of reclaiming severely degraded
areas is to promote fast plant colonization of the area in
order to protect the soil against erosion, and to input
new biomass/carbon to the system.
The planting of FGLTs inoculated with selected rhizobium
strains and AMF is a strategy that has proved to be very
efficient in achieving these objectives. These species can
add
large quantities of organic matter and N to the soil through
litterfall in a relatively short time, improving nutrient cycling
and
the rehabilitation process.
11.
Increasing SOM is very important in degraded land rehabilitation
projects, since, according to Francis and Read (1994), it enhances the
capacity of the system to support a more complex community. Macedo
et al. (2008) also showed that the N increase derived from BNF was
directly related to C incorporation, as indicated by the strong
correlation of soil C and N in all areas in this study (r = 0.78, P <
0.0001, n = 50). Owing to their ability to fix nitrogen, legume species
have been used as an N source in several tropical agroecosystems,
including pastures (Fisher et al. 1994, Tarré et al. 2001), no-till fields
(Sisti et al. 2004, Boddey et al. 2010), tree plantations (Resh et al.
2002, Balieiro et al. 2008) and agroforestry (Handayanto et al. 1995).
In these diverse systems, soil N content and SOM stocks were
found to increase. Organic matter is very important in tropical soils
since it plays a crucial role in the formation and maintenance of soil
structure, fertility, and nutrient and water availability (Bayer et al. 2001,
Craswell and Lefroy 2001, Six et al. 2002). It seems that in pasture,
forest or arable systems under no-till, where soil is not regularly
disturbed by ploughing, etc., N2-fixing legumes can play a very
important role in increasing soil carbon (i.e., sequestering atmospheric
CO2), especially in degraded areas where C stocks start at a very low
level (Boddey et al. 2009).
12. Conclusion
In conclusion, the tree-cropping system for reclamation of
problem soil is the system that often practiced to keep maintains
the good condition of soil in the long term. It reclaiming severely
degraded areas and to promote fast plant colonization of the area
in order to protect the soil against erosion, and to input new
biomass to the system.
Since the nitrogen is one of the main sources for
fertilizer requirement, the leguminous crop as beneficial plant
which bacteria Rhizobium do nitrogen fixation in the plant are
required to help in establishment of tree-copping system to
reclaims the soil problem especially for the problem of soil
erosion that often occur when rainy season by colonization of the
leguminous crop on the problems area.
13. REFERENCES
Döbereiner, J. 1967. Efeito da inoculação de sementeiras de sabiá (Mimosa caesalpiniifolia) no
estabelecimento e desenvovimento das mudas no campo. Pesqui. Agropecu. Bras. 2:301–305.
Francis, R. and Read, D.J. 1994. The contributions of mycorrhizal fungi to the determination of plant
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Macedo, M.O., Resende A.S., Garcia, P.C. Boddey, R.M. Jantalia, C.P. Urquiaga, S. Campello E.F.C. and
Franco, A.A.. 2008. Changes in soil C and N stocks and nutrient dynamics 13 years after recovery of
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Fisher, M.J., Rao, I.M. Ayarza, M.A. Lascano, C.E. Sanz, J.I. Thomas R.J. and Vera, R.R. 1994. Carbon
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Tarré, R.M., Macedo, R. Cantarutti, R.B. Resende, C.P. Pereira, J.M. Ferreira, E. Alves, B.J.R.Urquiaga S.
and Boddey, R.M. 2001. The effect of the presence of a forage legume on nitrogen and carbon levels in
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of the South of Bahia, Brazil. Plant
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Sisti, C.P.J., Santos, H.P. Kohhann, R.A. Alves, B.J.R. Urquiaga S. and Boddey, R.M. 2004. Change in
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tillage in southern
Brazil. Soil Till. Res. 76:39–58.
Resh, S.C., Binkley D. and Parrotta, J.A. 2002. Greater soil carbon sequestration under nitrogen-fixing
trees compared with Eucalyptus species. Ecosystems 5:217–231.
Handayanto, E., Cadisch, G. and Giller, K.E. 1995. Manipulation of quality and mineralization of tropical
legume tree prunings by varying nitrogen supply. Plant Soil 176:149–160.
Bayer, C., Martin-Neto, L. Mielniczuk, J. Pillon C.N. and Sangoi. L. 2001. Changes in soil organic matter
fractions under subtropical no-till cropping systems. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 65:1473–1478.
Boddey, R.M., Alves, B.J.R. Soares, L.H.D.B. Jantalia C. and Urquiaga, S. 2009. Biological nitrogen
fixation and the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions. In Nitrogen Fixation in Crop Production. Eds.
D.W. merich and H.B. Krishnan. ASA-CSSA-SSSA, Madison, WI, pp 387 413.