Travel Behaviour & Motivations (MBA)

Travel Behaviour
&
Motivations
By
Amit Tiwari
Assistant. Professor
Indian Institute of Tourism and Travel Management
(An autonomous body under Ministry of Tourism,
Govt. of India)
1

Origin of Travel Motivation
● Motivation is an important travel determinant to influence the behavior of
tourists at the time of selection of destinations and services. The primary
objective of motivation is to understand the concept of human needs.
Theories on motivation focus on identifying varied needs that are defined
and analyzed from several aspects of human life. Thus, the study of
motivation is immensely useful to help tourism organizations examine
tourists’ travel needs.
2
Amit Tiwari Asst. Professor IITTM

Travel Motivation
● Something that stimulates interest or causes a
person to act in a certain way.
3

Travel Motivation
● Needs and wants of tourists are seen as the
driving force that causes an individual to travel.
(Cook, 1999), simply explained travel
motivation as the drive to travel.
4

Evolution of Travel Motivation
● Old travel accounts are testimonies to the history of travel.
● References about the reason for travel in the past are found at several
historical and archaeological sites.
● Historically , the elite and affluent class people in the Roman Empire
frequently visited health resorts in the hilly, mountainous regions, and the
beaches.
● Subsequently, during the Medieval Period, there was a rising interest to
travel in order to visit pilgrimage places. This became an essential
component of travel motivation . Ancient travelers visited various religious
pantheons irrespective of the distance they needed to cover in order to
seek blessings from various Gods.
5

Changing Pattern of Travel
Motivation
● In recent years, India’s urban population has become increasingly
wealthier. This has resulted in upgrading of lifestyles to include extensive
pleasure travel. In addition to increase in wealth levels, the other major
factors affecting travel motivation are internal factors such as age, family,
work pressure, media, social status, and health and external factors like
easy travel formalities, good communication system, reasonable
transport, room tariffs, and insurance.
6

Types of Travel Motivation
● Positive Motivational factors
● Negative Motivational factors
7

Positive Motivational Factors
● Motivational factors can be categorized as positive and negative.
Positive factors encourage tourism and include history and culture,
good weather, friendly people, good hygienic and sanitary
conditions and good communication system.
8

Negative Motivational Factors
● Negative factors discourage travelling and include terrorism, communal
riots, indifferent attitude of local people, insurgency, natural calamity,
pollution, price rise, traffic congestion, poor mode of transportation and
accommodation etc.
9

Basis of travel need
● Relaxation, Rejuvenation, Adventure and Knowledge
● Internal and External Forces
● Basic Needs and Higher Needs
● Internal and External Forces
● A Necessity
● Visiting Family and Friends
10

Need for Travel- Relaxation, Rejuvenation,
Adventure and Knowledge
● The nature of travelling is to provide relaxation and mental rejuvenation.
Travelling is also a medium for enrichment of knowledge. Thus, tourism is
a human activity that is solely driven by motivational forces.
11

Need for Travel- Internal and
External Forces
● Motivation is a combination of internal and external
forces, including psychological or biological needs and
wants that stimulate, direct, and assimilate a persons
behavior and activity. Both lead to satisfy the needs
and wants for travel at different times and situations.
12

Need for Travel- Basic Needs and
Higher Needs
● The basic needs for travel are based on physiological factors that consist
of hunger, thirst, rest, and safety and security. Similarly, the needs for
belongingness and love include social relationships, affection, bondage,
fellow feeling, and camaraderie as basic needs. On the other hand, higher
needs for travel, which comprise self-esteem and self-actualization,
mostly motivate people to travel in order to be recognized in society.
13

Need for Travel- A Necessity
● While tourism and travel was regarded as fulfilling people’s higher needs
in the Grand Tour Era, subsequently; luxury has become a necessity. For
example, alternative health care and medical tourism is flourishing in
Kerala and foreign nationals who do not have access to good quality
health care at low costs in their home countries visit Kerala to get their
need fulfilled.
14

Need for Travel- Visiting Family
and Friends
● At time, people undertake travel solely for meeting
friends and relatives and may plan their visit around
nearby places of tourist interest. For instance, if the
purpose of a tour is a motivation like visiting friends
and relatives (VFR) , the core psychological motivation
may be a need for love and belongingness.
15

Demonstration Effect
● Another motivation to travel is the demonstration effect.
● People are influenced by the lifestyle of others. One also gets influenced
by new-age tourists who have hefty incomes and no family obligations
because of which they can travel freely and extensively thereby gaining
new experiences.
● For example, the frequency of travelling for leisure, pleasure, recreation,
and relaxation is relatively more in case of the urban population in India
than the rural population, as the former is more influenced by the lifestyle
travel of their neighbours.
16

Meaning of Motivation and
Behaviour
● A number of studies explain the meaning and nature of motivation. Motive
relates to the fulfillment of emotional and cognitive needs.
● Iso-Ahola (1982) opined that motivation is divided into seeking and
escaping dimensions as a part of anthropological dimension and socio-
psychological points of view.
● MacCannell (1977) studied the theory of motivation from an
anthropological perspective that tourists are motivated to escape the
routine of everyday life and seek authentic experiences.
● Thus , motivation is related to psychological or biological need and wants,
including integral forces that arouse, direct, and integrate a person’s
behaviour and activity. For example, special- interest tourists are primarily
motivated to escape from the routine of everyday life. 17

Cont..
● Horner and Swarbrooke (1996) state that consumer behaviour is the study
of why do people buy the product and how do they make their decisions.
● Similarly, the definition by Engel, Blackwell and Miniard (1995) states that
consumer behaviour is an activity directly involved in obtaining ,
consuming and disposing of pre-cuts and services, including the decision
processes that precedes and follows these actions.’
● Based on empirical research, Krippendorf (1987) outlined important travel
motivational features such as escape, recuperation and regeneration,
compensation and social integration, communication, freedom and self-
determination, self- realization, happiness, and broadening of the mind.
18

Different Motives to Travel
● Most people desire to travel. However, they are vague about how, when and why
they intend to travel.
● It is pertinent to note that the study of travel motivation is related to the general
study of consumer behavior , which includes the concept of the decision making
approach, tourist satisfaction.
● Tourists undertake travel for the fulfillment of motives, which include spirituality,
enhancement of social status, escape, rest, relaxation, and cultural enrichment.
● Tourists choice of travel destinations depends on their motivation.
● Tourists’ travel motivation may be caterorized as pleasure and recreation, art and
culture, nature and wildlife, training and education, health and medical, spirituality
and religion, sports and adventure, VFRs, and MICE (meetings, incentives,
conventions and exhibitions)
19

Different Travel Motives can be
Categorized as
● Pleasure & Recreation
● Art & Culture
● Nature & Wild life
● Training & Education
● Health & Medical
● Spirituality & Religion
● Sports & Adventure
● Visiting friend and relatives
● MICE
20

Pleasure and recreation
● Pleasure and recreation are two
important motivations that make people
travel. Pleasure travelers are those who
travel for the purpose of relaxation and
recreation.
21

Art and Culture
● The desire to learn and understand art and culture, two of the finest
attractions, pull tourists to host destinations. Culture is one of the prime
motivations that allow tourist to see and experience fairs and festivals,
social functions, dance, music, cinema, theatre, and cuisine. Historic sites,
museums, and art galleries exhibit art and art facts to enlighten visitors
about the richness of the country in terms of culture and heritage. People
also travel to visit forts and palaces to learn about and experience the
lifestyles of royalty.
22

Nature and Wildlife
● Interest in nature and wildlife gives ample scope to tourists to enjoy the
serenity in the natural environs. Nature lovers and wildlife enthusiasts are
motivated by natural scenic beauty. People experience outdoor activities
in the form of walking in the jungle and undertaking safari tours.
23

Training and education
● Education is an integral part of tourist
motivation. Tourism fosters a number of
exchange programs across communities
through direct interaction between the
host and the guest.
24

Health and Medical
● Maintaining good health has
become an increasingly
important factor in people’s
lives.
25

Spirituality and Religion
● Religion is a prime travel motivation from
time immemorial. Travelling for the
fulfillment of religious obligations is one
of the major motivations that make
people visit holy shrines and places.
26

Sports and adventure
● Participation in sports events or watching them as spectator in now an
important travel motivation. Adventure sports is another important travel
motivation. Some adventure sports are bungee jumping, sky diving,
snorkeling, trekking, mountaineering, rock climbing, parasailing,
ballooning, skiing, river rafting, mountain cycling, and driving in the desert.
These activities are exciting and attractive for adventure tourist.
27

Visiting friends and relatives
● Visits to meet friends and relatives
across the world is an important travel
motivation. The number of people
travelling to meet friends and relatives
has increased significantly in the recent
years.
28

MICE
● MICE includes different forms of business tourism, which is a key
motivating travel factor. Business tourists travel to attend official
meeting across various destinations. Professionals also visit
different destinations for conventions, conferences, seminars and
workshops for the accomplishment of business interest.
29

Tourist-Centric Approach
● The tourist is treated as the king as he or shoe is a consumer in the
tourism business with lots of freedom to select destinations and services
to suit his or her budget and other social need.
● Individuals who cannot decide their motivations due to the socio-
economic and cultural background they come from.
● People belonging to the new age middle class segment find it difficult to
take travel decisions due to lack of knowledge and experience about the
attributes of tourist destinations.
● The theories of travel motivation revealed that all travelers are not alike in
their motivations, as they belong to diverse socio-economic, cultural, and
geographical background.
30

Cont..
● Considering the varied travel motivations,
tourism and its allied industries need to be
capable enough in their financial, operational,
and managerial acumen to cater to the travel
needs and wants of diverse individuals.
31

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Travel
Need Theroy (Travellers Need)
This theory is developed by Abraham Maslow in 1943
32

33

Cont..
● This pyramid of five levels represents human needs which Maslow further
grouped into two as deficiency needs and growth needs.
● Deficiency needs are related to physiological needs while growth needs
are related to psychological needs.
34

35
Description of the Different Human Needs by Maslow
Physiological Needs Need to breath, need for water, need to eat, need to dispose of
bodily wastes, need for sleep, need to regulate body
temperature, and need for sexual activity, body comfort, and
exercise, etc.
Safety Need for security of employment, revenues and resources, need
for physical security (safety from violence, delinquency,
aggression), need for moral and physiological security, need for
familial security, need for security of health
Love / Belonging Need for friendship, sexual intimacy, having a family and need
to belong in a group.
Esteem Need to be respected, need for self-respect and need to respect
others, need for recognition, need for activity that gives the
person a sense of contribution and self-value.
Actualization Need to make the most of one’s unique abilities and need to
strive to be the best.

Cont..
● The Maslow hierarchy of needs is an explanation of an individual’s
behavior.
● In tourism, every piece of information that would help the business
owners, managers, and staff understand tourists’ behavior is important.
36

Cont..
● This hierarchy of needs is used in the tourism industry in several ways.
● First, tourism experts also consider these different levels to be intrinsic
factors that could drive a person to travel.
37

Cont..
● For example, an individual may join a cruise because of his/her need for
friendship. One of the attractions of joining a cruise is the many
opportunities it provides its of meeting new people.
38

Leisure Travel Motivation
● Leisure travel is a discretionary decision of tourism.
● The need for leisure travel arises only when other physiological and safety
needs are fulfillment.
● Leisure travel is a new trend among a majority of middle class families as
a result of rising incomes and social status.
● Travel intermediaries and hospitality service providers look for more
leisure travelers since their travel budgets are sizeable.
● Some of the influencing factors responsible for the growth of leisure travel
worldwide in the twentieth century are enumerated below.
39

Leisure Ladder Model
40
This model is developed by Philip Pearce.
It attempts to explain individual behaviors
on the basis of stages in a tourist life cycle
which is said to be similar to an individual’s
experience of work.

Cont..
● It is assumed that as the tourists become more experienced, they also
become more proficient and effective.
● It is somehow similar to Maslow hierarchy of needs because the model
also explains that tourists ascend only to higher needs once lower needs
for a tourist experience are fulfilled.
41

42
Relaxation and Bodily Needs
Stimulation
Need for basic services (food, space, toilet) for
restoration and personal maintenance and repair
Need for excitement and safety (fun and thrill of rides,
experience of unusual, out-of the-ordinary settings and
different foods and people)
Relationship
Need to build and extend personal relationships
(tenderness, affection, joint fun, joint activities, altruism
and being directly involved)
Need to develop skills, knowledge and abilities (how
others see a person and one’s desire to be competent,
in control, respected and productive)
Need to feel peaceful, profoundly happy (magical as if
transported to another world, spiritual and totally
involved in the setting)
Self-Esteem and Development
Fulfillment

Determinant
(Leisure Travel Motivation/
Leisure Ladder Model)
● People’s lifestyles are constantly evolving, and now travel is an intrinsic
part, which gives a break from the daily routine.
● Lifestyle travel is very popular in cosmopolitan cities due to high
consciousness and awareness about learning and adapting with different
cultures and thereby improving one’s quality of life.
● Weekend travel to nearby places has become a necessity for the urban
population to get a change from he daily cycle of life.
● One may visit with friends and relatives to spend quality time in mountain
resorts or at scenic places for leisure.
43

Incentivized travel
● leisure travel is increasingly being offered as an incentive by companies to
employees for meeting business targets.
● The volume of incentive business is so attractive that there are specialized
incentive travel planners to promote package tours customized to cater to
the budget of the companies and the profile of employees.
44

More bargaining power
● Consumers’ bargaining power while purchasing tourism service is
significantly more due to the availability at a large number of need based
products. Tourism have multiple choices to select among a variety of
product. Tourism companies can no longer impose products that they
want to promote on consumers. Thus , package tours are becoming
increasingly popular due to their cost-effectiveness, thereby offering
consumers the opportunity to meet new people.
45

Rising Income Level
● Women have increasingly started moving out of their homes to earn and
more families have double incomes, resulting in the availability of higher
disposable income. As travelling largely fulfils a higher need, it can only be
achieved when the ability to spend increases.
46

Typology of Tourists
● One of the earliest studies of typology of tourist
was proposed by the distinguished sociologist
Cohen in 1972. He classified tourists into four
categories: the organized mass tourist, the
individual mass tourist, the explorer, and the
drifter.
47

Categorization of tourist typology
● The organized mass tourist
● The individual mass tourist
● The explorers
● The drifters
● Recreational tourists
● Diversionary tourists
● Experiential tourist
● Existential tourists
● Psycho centric tourists
● Allocentric tourists
48

The organized mass tourist
● The organized mass tourists are those who travel in group with a
fixed travel itinerary and prefer to visit places. Further, they are the
beaten track travelers with common interests that are in sync with
other members in the group. Group inclusive tours (GITs) usually
take care of the group’s tour activities.
49

The individual mass tourist
● The individual mass tourists prefer a flexible travel itinerary that usually
gives them more freedom to visit places and opt for services to suit their
personal needs. They are typically called free independent travelers (FITs).
For example, affluent western tourists with the main purpose of exclusivity
prefer to have a car at their disposal.
50

The explorers
● The explorers, also called backpackers, tend to explore new places in
search of novelty and authentic experiences. The travel behavior of the
explorers is so unique that their primary motive is to meet the local
community to learn several cultural attributes.
51

The drifters
● The drifters get associated with the lifestyle of the local community and
prefer to be a part of the community. Like the explorers, there is no
organized travel plan.
● Most of the travel decisions in terms of destination selection and place of
stay are whimsical in nature.
● Cohen (1979) classified tourists on the basis of the type of travel
experience. He classified them as recreational, diversionary, experiential,
experimental, and existential tourists.
52

Recreational tourists
● Recreational tourists select
destinations for physical recreation
that provides much scope for soft
adventure tourism activities.
53

Diversionary tourists
● Diversionary tourists always seek
places to escape from the
routine cycle of life at home.
54

Experiential tourists
● Experiential tourists have the quest for
seeking experience by observing the
authentic life of others without having
any intention of adaptation.
55

Experiential tourists
● Novelty and authentic experience is the principal motivation for
experimental tourists. They select new and unexplored places to enjoy the
novelty and authenticity of visiting such unique places. They often like to
get involved in activities that give them a rich experience and are original
in nature.
56

Existential tourists
● Existential tourists are captivated
with the richness of the local
culture and lifestyle.
57

Psychocentric tourists
● Psychocentric tourists prefer the
beaten track destinations and
like to stay in popular resorts.
58

Allocentric tourists
● Allocentric tourists are opposite to their
counterparts in terms of their selection of
destinations. They prefer to explore new and
exotic places by taking risk and they are
prepared to compromise with facilities and
services.
59

Psychocentric and Allocentric
● Stanely Plog (1987) explains about the personality type and its links to
travel behavior and preferences. Plog presented a range of tourists from
the phsychocentric to the allocentric types. Between these twho extreme
personality types are the mid-centrics.
● The psychocentric type of tourist is considered to be an individual who
tends to concentrate on life’s small problems and is bound to specific
location. Such a person has widespread anxieties and a sense of
weakness.
● The allocentric type of tourist is described as a discoverer, some who is
self-confident and has an open spectrum on life. He enjoys discovery and
new experiences. When it comes to travel preferences and behavior, the
allocentric variety of tourists and near allocentric exploration of new
lifestyles. 60

The different tourist types :
● The venturesome tourist
● The pleasure seeker
● The impassive tourist
● The self confident tourist
● The playful tourist
● The masculine tourist
● The intellectual tourist
● Budget travelers
● Adventurers
61

The venturesome tourist
● The venturesome tourist is inclined to explore
and seek new features and prefers to be the
first to travel to an up and coming destination.
62

The pleasure seeker
● The pleasure seeker demands comfort and
luxury service components such as lodging,
entertainment, and transportation as part of the
travel experience.
63

The impassive tourist
● The impassive tourist is known to
make travel decisions fast and
without advanced planning.
64

The self confident tourist
● The self confident tourist is receptive to
undertaking different kinds of activities
through the selection of unusual
destinations and activities.
65

The playful tourist
● The playful tourist tends to plan well in
advance and is more inclined to purchase
pre-packaged tours.
66

The masculine tourist
● The masculine tourist is immersed in
active leisure itineraries such as camping,
hunting, and fishing.
67

The intellectual tourist
● The intellectual tourist dedicates a
good amount of attention to a
destination’s historic and cultural
aspects.
68

The people oriented tourist
● The people oriented tourist is eager to establish contact with locals when
travelling.
● Perreault, Dorden, and Dorden (1977) have undertaken a research project
that consists of three parts: vacation behavior, socio-economic
characteristics, and activities, interests and opinions in regard to leisure
time, vacation and general behavior been identified.
69

Budget Travellers
● Budget travellers tend to have medium
income, seek travel information, and tend
to be economy-oriented with a high
interest in camping.
70

homebodies
● Homebodies enjoy relax and show no interest in vacation travel and
therefore tend not to seek information related to travel. They are not
adventurous and have good incomes.
71

Vacationers
● Vacationers tend to plan their vacations ahead
of time and dedicate a fair amount of thinking
about its features. They are considered active,
have low income jobs , and a low level of
education.
72

Tourist Decision Process
Travel need
Information
search
Visiting
destination
Return
home with
experience
Recollection
Stage of travel decisions
73

● The process of taking travel decision is a function of personal disposition
and involvement disposition is a motive or internal drive that pushes an
individual to travel. As such motives and personal characteristics
influence travel behaviour.
● Motives are reflected in the form of need . It is the result of interaction that
leads to involvement.
● Tourists get involves in the process of decision-making when they directly
interact with service providers.
● Involvement with the purchase decision cover collecting information ,
processing information, and finally, taking a suitable decision.
74

● Tourist decision-making processes are determined by situation, social and
cultural variables. Um and Crompton (1991) developed a framework that
includes the variable.
● They have described the formation external inputs, internal inputs, and
cognitive constructs.
● The decision making process is very complex and involves taking several
factors into consideration. It may be internal determinants or external
determinants. However, the final decision to buy a holiday package
happens when there is a match between the needs and attributes of the
destination.
75

Cont..
● Another way of understanding tourists is
knowing how they decide on tourism
product/services and destinations.
● Their decision-making process would provide
tourism businesses insights to effective
marketing and advertising, techniques to
effectively reach their target markets.

Schmoll Model
● This emphasize four successive fields which he believed exert influences
on the decision of tourists.
○ Travel Stimuli
○ Personal and social determinants
○ External variables
○ Characteristics and features of the service
(refer to figure 7. page 24)

Travel Stimuli
● These comprises external stimuli that can awaken an
individual’s desire or need to travel in the form of
promotional stimulation, personal and trade
recommendation
● Examples: advertising and promotion, travel literature,
suggestions, reports from other travelers, travel trade
suggestions and recommendations.

Personal and Social Determinants
● These determine customer goals in the form of travel
desires and expectations and the objective and
subjective risks thought to be connected with travel.
● Examples: socio-economic status, personality features,
social influences and aspirations, attitudes and values,
motivations, desires, needs and expectations.

External Variables
● These involve the prospective traveler’s confidence in
the service provider, destination image, past experience
and cost and time constraints.
● Examples: confidence in travel trade intermediary,
destination service, previous travel experience,
assessment of objectives, subjective risks, constraints
in time, cost, etc.

Characteristics and Features of the
Service
● These also have a bearing on the decision and its
outcome.
● Examples: cost/value relations, attractions/amenities
offered, range of travel opportunities, quality/quantity
of travel information, type of arrangement offered.

Lifestyle pattern
● The study of lifestyle pattern of tourists is necessary because it determine
travel motivation.
● Lifestyle is the way that a person lives in society. It is nothing but patterns
of social relations. Consumption, environment , food habits, language,
costumes and dresses, etc.
● An individual’s attitudes, behaviors, value and ethics are the
manifestations of personality or that a person uses to lead life in society.
● Lifestyles are subject to changes every time due to change in tastes,
income, and perception.
● Lifestyle is a complex concept to study and measure in terms of the travel
interests and motivations of tourists
83

Tourism Mindedness of People
● When a person is inclined to visit places of his or her choice and decides
in his or her mind to travel to other places too, it is termed as tourism-
mindedness.
● Travelling relieves a person form the day-to-day humdrum of life.
● The destinations include beaches, hill stations, archaeological and
historical sites, ethnic village, mountains, wildlife, forests, rivers etc.
● Planning holidays is usually done with a positive mindset. However, this
mindset can be pursued only when the individual has free time spending
ability an good health.
● Local hospitality, tour guides or conductors, and local people’s behavior
play a very vital role in improving the image of the tourist destination.
84

People Tourism Mindset
● The range of attractions and amenities influence the tourism mindedness of people
towards destinations.
● Tourists usually have the desire to take part in some physical exercise, which they
usually do not get in their day to day lives.
● Tourists also look forward to widening their circle of friends and finding new
partners.
● There is also a specific demand for seeing a particular church or museum.
● Relaxation is the top priority among many tourists.
● Young tourists want to party, relax and drink heavily in order to enjoy themselves.
● Elderly tourists have a preference for calm and peaceful activities.
● Parents want to escape from their parental responsibiities to spend time together
at travel destinations.
85

Tourism and Cultural
Relationships
● The tourism sector is essentially people – oriented and the industry is
running with the active participation of people in various spheres.
● The human element and emotions are the fundamental requirements to
further drive industry growth.
● The promotion of tourism is intended for the social and psychological
development of people.
● Tourism creates relationships among various ethnic groups of people and
fosters a sense of oneness.
86

Socio-cultural tourism is
promoted for the following
reasons:
● Preservation of cultural heritage in the form of organizing dance, music,
drama, and fairs and festivals.
● Enrichment of knowledge and experience of both the tourists and host
community
● Promotion of universal peace, harmony, and brotherhood
● Creation of income and employment in the destination regions.
● Development of infrastructure and superstructure for cultural tourism
promotion.
87

Cultural Exchanges
● Culture is the seed that is sown in history and many contributions have
happened over time through human interactions. It may be described as a
breeding cocoon for ensuring intellectual and spiritual development in
society. Cultural exchanges are better undertaken through tourism to
make a nation grow and develop towards the refinement of its culture.
● It is important to give tourists the status of cultural ambassadors because
the culture of both the tourists and the host country’s locals are refined
through cultural exchanges. Many positive aspects of tourists culture can
be learnt and adopted to enhance convenience and quality of every life.
88

Bilateral and Multilateral Tourism
● Travel was usually undertaken by individuals within the country. However,
when tourists started crossing international borders, the importance of
tourism in the country’s socio-economic development was acknowledged.
Moreover, tourism was identified as a tool for the promotion of peace and
harmony cross continents in the world.
● A question arises about the international trade of travel services- whether
travel services would be treated at par with tangible good or not. Countries
may have proposals for certain agreements. With people across the world
increasingly undertaking international travel, the need for bilateral and
multilateral agreements between countries and religious has become
important.
89

Bilateral Agreements.
● An agreement signed between two countries for simplification of the
formalities in respect of inbound and outbound tourism promotion is call
bilateral tourism . Bilateral tourism explains the patterns of tourist flow
between two countries, irrespective of their size, geography, demography,
and economic status.
● International tourism is divided into inbound and outbound tourism.
Bilateral agreements are very crucial for the promotion of international
tourism. There is the question of controlling outbound tourism and
encouraging inbound tourism to avoid economic leakages.
90

Multilateral Tourism
● The term ‘multilateral agreement’ refers to the formulation of rules and
regulations for more than two countries on various issues to reinforce the
improvement of political, socio- cultural, and economic relationships for
the greater benefit of all the participating countries.
● It is a form of unity for dealing with complex issues related to trade and
commerce. These agreements are signed at the official level for fostering
sustainable relationships. Promotion of tourism among the member
countries is a thrust area that is given importance in the agreement.
91

AFFINITY GROUP TRAVEL
● Travel is not a new concept in the history of mankind. From time
immemorial, man has been travelling for one reason or the other.
● Most early travel was in search of food and shelter. Though early
man travelled alone, without companionship, he later found that
travelling in groups was more beneficial.
● When industrialization was at its peak, paid holidays came into
being. This resulted in the emergence of various forms of travel in
organized groups with common interests such as cultural,
heritage, and pilgrimage tourism.
92

Cont..
● Contemporary companies organize incentivized trips
for employees by sponsoring such travel as a part of
compensation management.
● Sharing of knowledge among the members is another
advantage of affinity group travel for example, a group
of affinity members visiting pilgrimage centers in North
India.
93

Social Tourism
● Each individual has the basic right to travel. However, this right to
travel, in reality may not be exercisable in full due to a number of
reasons such as low income physical or metal disability and
isolation of personal or family life, compact mobility, geographical
hurdles, etc. however, travel is essential for personality
development, increasing one’s knowledge, and relaxation. Hence,
governments help low-income citizens undertake travel, thereby
helping them exercise this right. This is termed as social tourism.
94

Cont..
● Tourism, in general, is an integrated activity
involving various business activities and
spheres of development, while social tourism
includes all those initiatives that help make
tourism accessible to persons with special
needs, thereby generating social and economic
benefits for various sectors.
95

Growth of Social Tourism
● Tourism is related to the social and cultural aspects of human life.
It is described as a social contact between the tourists and the
host community. It directly or indirectly contributes to the social
and cultural exchanges between the tourists and the host
societies.
● Each region has its own uniqueness in terms of welcoming and
hosting tourists. Mingline of various cultures brings forth changes
in value systems and ethics, traditional indigenous lifestyles, and
relationships between family members or the community
structure.
96

Cont..
● There are two determinants to bring in changes. Te first is the host-guest
relationship, which is an invisible impact, and the second is tourism
development, which is normally a visible impact.
● In the same way, tourists are fascinated by the host culture and the
hospitality of the locals. In the process, cross-cultural relations take place
between the tourists and the locals. The host guest relationships lay a
strong base for the tourism industry to bring in economic development
and employment opportunities. For example local people change their
occupation from agriculture, fisheries, and animal husbandry to white-
collar and blue collar jobs in the tourism sector.
97

Benefits of Social Tourism
● In addition to economic gains and employment creation, social
tourism is a tool for ensuring sustainable development for may
developing countries since is a source of economic activity for
alleviation of poverty and hunger. Whether social tourism is small
or large, it contributes to overcome seasonality constrains at the
tourism destination . Public-private partnerships can act as a
catalyst for social tourism development.
98

Relationship between human life
and travel
● The relationship between life and travel is complementary to each other.
Life may not be meaningful and enjoyable if travel is not integrated in it .
Both are interdependent in the sense that travel is an important medium
for enrichment of life. The basic character of sense that travel is an
important medium for enrichment of life. The basic character of travel is
to broaden one’s knowledge and provide a society that is peaceful. The
meaning of life is to achieve nirvana or enlightenment; otherwise, human
life is deemed to be incomplete. The aim to achieve nirvana weighs on the
minds of most people. Travel helps the process by increasing knowledge
and helping the mind deepen.
99

GIT
● Group Inclusive Tour, is a special travel program that provides vacations
for a group, usually comprising of more than five travelers, at some
special fares. Group Inclusive Tours are specifically beneficial for those
looking for vacations are cheaper rates and are even suitable for the ones
travelling alone, as they get the benefit of having a company of few
travelers.
● Exotic Travels brings pre-designed group tours, which are inclusive of
accommodation, transportation, excursions, air tickets and visas. There
are fixed departure tours as well with fixed itineraries at some incredibly
reasonable rates.
100

FIT
● Free Independent Traveler or Tourist is a type of travel where a small
number of tourists, usually fewer than five persons or couples or even
individuals, who prefer to take tours at their own preferred times. Such
travelers have a more individualistic approach towards travel.
● Free Independent Travelers are generally enthusiasts and off the beaten
track explorers. The leisure travelers are tourists who are independent,
planning their own travel. Itinerary and routes are done with or without the
assistance of a tour guide and they can have pre-arranged schedules or as
per the travelers’ choice.
101

Cont..
● At Exotic Travels, we cater to our retail client through customized
itineraries for their desired destinations. Our expert travel consultants are
at your disposal to provide our customers with a high till by solution for
their travel need. Starting from air tickets to visas and from hotels to
excursions, everything is done as per our client’s requirements, budget
and choices.
● However, our travel consultants who are specific destination experts part
with the impeccable knowledge of their respective destination, thus
guiding you where to go, what to do, when to go and that too in the best
possible budget!
102

Thanks for listening
For any quires
amitiittm2011@gmail.com
creativeamit2020@gmail.com
103

The lecture video sessions (Few) on different tourism related
topic are available at YouTube Channel
GYANDHARA KNOWLEDGE FOR ALL SEGMENT
https://www.youtube.co
m/watch?v=Mn-
V0LFIz_U&t=216s
https://www.youtube.c
om/watch?v=HVzdTv9
P7NU
https://www.youtube.c
om/watch?v=_4tbAH-
bzyw
Amit Tiwari Asst. Professor
IITTM
104

Thank you
105

Travel Behaviour & Motivations (MBA)

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