This document discusses the concepts of sustainability and sustainable development. It provides definitions from the Brundtland Report and outlines two schools of thought on sustainability - strong vs weak. It describes four types of capital stocks - human, physical, environmental, and socio-cultural. Sustainable tourism is discussed as having environmental, economic, and socio-cultural components. Principles of sustainable tourism include cultural, social, ecological, economic, conservation, education, and local participation elements. Determinants of carrying capacity include both local factors like social structure, culture, environment, economy, politics, and resources, as well as alien factors like tourist characteristics, activities, and management/technology. Impacts are monitored through parameters and standards to determine
This document discusses various typologies of tourist behaviour that have been proposed in academic literature. It begins by covering typologies and their marketing applications and criticisms. It then discusses different typologies proposed by researchers such as Cohen, Plog, and Perreault which segment tourists based on characteristics like travel independence, risk-taking, and budgets. The document also summarizes critiques of typologies, specifically that they overgeneralize and do not account for changes in individual behaviour over time. It concludes by discussing tourism-specific market segmentation techniques.
This document discusses the economic impacts of tourism. It covers positive impacts like income, employment, and tax revenue generation. It also discusses negative impacts like cost inflation. The magnitude of economic impacts depends on factors like expenditure volume, development level, and how much spending recirculates locally. Tourism can benefit balances of payments. There are direct, indirect, and induced economic effects. Input-output analysis and tourism satellite accounts are used to measure these impacts. Employment impacts are also measured in various ways.
This document defines and discusses tourism products. It provides definitions of tourism products from Kotler and Medlik and Middleton, describing them as bundles that satisfy consumer needs and packages that meet tourist needs from origin to destination. The document also outlines key features of tourism products, such as being perishable, requiring user presence, combining tangible and intangible elements, and having uneven demand. Tourism products are described as experiences of places and people that attract tourists and provide physical and psychological satisfaction during travel.
Sustainable tourism aims to meet the needs of tourists and host communities while preserving resources for future generations. It emerged in response to uncontrolled tourism growth damaging resources. Sustainable tourism principles include ecological sustainability to minimize environmental impacts, social and cultural sustainability to respect local communities, and economic sustainability to provide fair benefits to stakeholders. Tools to achieve sustainability include regulations, visitor management techniques, protected areas, carrying capacity calculations, and stakeholder consultation.
The document discusses sustainable tourism principles and their implementation at Yellowstone National Park. It defines sustainable development and tourism, outlines principles like environmental protection and community well-being. It then describes Yellowstone National Park, its ecological importance, and partnership efforts between the National Park Service and concessionaires to implement sustainable practices like recycling, renewable energy use, and local sourcing to minimize environmental impacts while enhancing the visitor experience.
The document discusses concepts related to costing in the travel and tourism industry. It describes how full costing includes all fixed and variable costs to compute the total cost per unit of output. It then outlines the various components that make up the costs of a tour, including hotels, meals, transportation, guides and other miscellaneous expenses. Finally, it discusses how travel agents calculate pricing by adding a markup to the total costs.
- The first travel agency was founded in 1920 in Mumbai, India to cater to domestic travel needs. Over time, travel agencies expanded their services to include international tours, ticket booking, hotel reservations, and package tours.
- Travel agencies act as intermediaries, selling travel products and services on behalf of airlines, hotels, tour operators and other suppliers. They operate on a commission basis, earning a percentage of the sales they make.
- Common commissions include 5-10% for domestic airline tickets, 6-9% for international flights, 10-20% for hotels, and 10-15% for cruise lines and outbound tours. This document outlines the history and evolution of the travel agency business model.
This document discusses the concepts of sustainability and sustainable development. It provides definitions from the Brundtland Report and outlines two schools of thought on sustainability - strong vs weak. It describes four types of capital stocks - human, physical, environmental, and socio-cultural. Sustainable tourism is discussed as having environmental, economic, and socio-cultural components. Principles of sustainable tourism include cultural, social, ecological, economic, conservation, education, and local participation elements. Determinants of carrying capacity include both local factors like social structure, culture, environment, economy, politics, and resources, as well as alien factors like tourist characteristics, activities, and management/technology. Impacts are monitored through parameters and standards to determine
This document discusses various typologies of tourist behaviour that have been proposed in academic literature. It begins by covering typologies and their marketing applications and criticisms. It then discusses different typologies proposed by researchers such as Cohen, Plog, and Perreault which segment tourists based on characteristics like travel independence, risk-taking, and budgets. The document also summarizes critiques of typologies, specifically that they overgeneralize and do not account for changes in individual behaviour over time. It concludes by discussing tourism-specific market segmentation techniques.
This document discusses the economic impacts of tourism. It covers positive impacts like income, employment, and tax revenue generation. It also discusses negative impacts like cost inflation. The magnitude of economic impacts depends on factors like expenditure volume, development level, and how much spending recirculates locally. Tourism can benefit balances of payments. There are direct, indirect, and induced economic effects. Input-output analysis and tourism satellite accounts are used to measure these impacts. Employment impacts are also measured in various ways.
This document defines and discusses tourism products. It provides definitions of tourism products from Kotler and Medlik and Middleton, describing them as bundles that satisfy consumer needs and packages that meet tourist needs from origin to destination. The document also outlines key features of tourism products, such as being perishable, requiring user presence, combining tangible and intangible elements, and having uneven demand. Tourism products are described as experiences of places and people that attract tourists and provide physical and psychological satisfaction during travel.
Sustainable tourism aims to meet the needs of tourists and host communities while preserving resources for future generations. It emerged in response to uncontrolled tourism growth damaging resources. Sustainable tourism principles include ecological sustainability to minimize environmental impacts, social and cultural sustainability to respect local communities, and economic sustainability to provide fair benefits to stakeholders. Tools to achieve sustainability include regulations, visitor management techniques, protected areas, carrying capacity calculations, and stakeholder consultation.
The document discusses sustainable tourism principles and their implementation at Yellowstone National Park. It defines sustainable development and tourism, outlines principles like environmental protection and community well-being. It then describes Yellowstone National Park, its ecological importance, and partnership efforts between the National Park Service and concessionaires to implement sustainable practices like recycling, renewable energy use, and local sourcing to minimize environmental impacts while enhancing the visitor experience.
The document discusses concepts related to costing in the travel and tourism industry. It describes how full costing includes all fixed and variable costs to compute the total cost per unit of output. It then outlines the various components that make up the costs of a tour, including hotels, meals, transportation, guides and other miscellaneous expenses. Finally, it discusses how travel agents calculate pricing by adding a markup to the total costs.
- The first travel agency was founded in 1920 in Mumbai, India to cater to domestic travel needs. Over time, travel agencies expanded their services to include international tours, ticket booking, hotel reservations, and package tours.
- Travel agencies act as intermediaries, selling travel products and services on behalf of airlines, hotels, tour operators and other suppliers. They operate on a commission basis, earning a percentage of the sales they make.
- Common commissions include 5-10% for domestic airline tickets, 6-9% for international flights, 10-20% for hotels, and 10-15% for cruise lines and outbound tours. This document outlines the history and evolution of the travel agency business model.
Tourism organizations play several important roles in promoting tourism. They include government agencies that determine tourism policy, commercial establishments that organize tours, and associations that promote domestic and international travel. Tourism organizations provide services to tourists like accommodations, transportation, and activities. They work to generate foreign exchange, create jobs, encourage specialization in tourism fields, and improve techniques through research, information sharing, and international cooperation. Their functions involve setting policy, planning, coordination, developing infrastructure and tourism products, training personnel, marketing destinations, and conducting research.
This document defines tourism and its various types according to different classifications. It begins by defining tourism as temporary travel outside a person's normal environment for purposes like leisure, business, or other activities. Tourism is then classified according to destination as either domestic or international tourism. It is also classified according to the characteristics of the tourism system and tourists. Some major types discussed are cultural tourism, ecotourism, heritage tourism, medical tourism, and disaster tourism. The impacts and examples of different tourism types are provided. Tables with data on the top international tourist arrivals and receipts by country from the World Tourism Organization are also included.
Thomas Cook was the first travel agency, starting tours in 1841 in England. A travel agency acts as an agent to sell travel services from suppliers like airlines and hotels, without keeping an inventory. Thomas Cook arranged the first trip abroad from England to France in 1845 and went on to organize large tours around the world. He established Thomas Cook & Son which became a major global travel company before being nationalized and later privatized. Today Thomas Cook Group operates various travel brands in many countries.
sub-areas
Meaning and definition
Main components of tour guiding
Terminologies Used In Tour Guiding
Understanding tour guide
Position of tour guide in tourism system
Types of tour guide
Roles of tour of guide
This document discusses various types of special tourism services and products that have emerged to meet the evolving needs of travelers. It identifies eco, cultural, rural, adventure, health, new age, and educational tourism as specialized segments that have grown in the leisure market. In the business travel market, it focuses on the MICE industry (meetings, incentives, conferences, exhibitions), and the roles of meeting planners, convention centers, event managers, and convention and visitor bureaus in organizing specialized events.
This document discusses different types of tour operations including travel agencies, online travel agencies, tour operators, destination marketing organizations, and other organizations. It describes travel agencies as intermediaries between suppliers and travelers. Online travel agencies allow users to choose trip components based on price. Tour operators package and sell all or most trip components. Types of tour operators include inbound, outbound, domestic, ground, and receptive operators.
The document discusses travel behavior and motivations. It provides an overview of the origins and evolution of travel motivation throughout history. Some key points:
- Motivation is an important factor influencing tourist behavior and destination selection. Tourist needs and wants are the driving forces behind travel.
- Early travelers were motivated by factors like visiting health resorts, pilgrimages to religious sites, and seeking blessings from gods.
- Modern motivations include pleasure/recreation, experiencing art/culture, appreciating nature/wildlife, education/training, health/medical reasons, religion/spirituality, sports/adventure, visiting friends/relatives, and business meetings.
- Maslow's hierarchy and Pear
Special interest tourism involves tours focused on a specific subject or hobby. It provides a more meaningful experience for tourists by meeting their specific interests. Special interest tourism has grown due to factors like improved transportation, increased leisure time, and developments in equipment. The internet and social media have also influenced growth by promoting niche destinations and activities. Research helps the tourism industry understand travelers' motivations and behaviors to develop appealing products and experiences. Differentiation is important for competing in the tourism market by making offerings distinct from competitors.
This document discusses tourism policy and its objectives. Tourism policy is defined as public policy formulated by central and local governments to regulate the tourism industry. The objectives of tourism policy are to maximize economic, socio-cultural, and environmental benefits while minimizing negative impacts. Tourism policy objectives are achieved through planning, legislation, facilitating development, taxation, education/training, and marketing. Governments establish rules and provide infrastructure/support to develop the tourism sector in a sustainable manner.
Tourism is a complex multi-sector industry that involves the movement and accommodation of people traveling to destinations outside their home environment. It provides economic benefits through job creation and foreign exchange earnings, but can also impose social and environmental costs on host communities. The tourism industry comprises several operating sectors including transportation, accommodation, food services, attractions, and tour operators that work together to meet the needs of various types of visitors engaging in tourism for purposes like business, pleasure, and visiting friends and relatives.
The chapter defines tourism and differentiates between tourists and excursionists. It explores the various elements used to define travelers, including distance, length of stay, residence, and travel purpose. Tourism involves a dynamic journey element and static stay element. Tourists stay at least 24 hours while excursionists stay less than 24 hours. A tourist destination depends on attractions, amenities, and accessibility. Tourism makes unique contributions to economies and societies through jobs, cultural exchange, and promoting peace.
Geography plays an important role in tourism. Geography studies the relationship between people and their environmental setting. Tourism resources are influenced by geographic factors like climate, landscape, and culture. The characteristics of a place, including its climate and unique physical and cultural features, determine the types of tourism it can support. Certain destinations have a comparative advantage for certain types of tourism due to their geographic attributes. Climate change is also impacting tourism destinations by influencing seasons and visitor numbers.
This document provides an overview of different modes of tourist transport and their role in tourism. It discusses rail, water, road, and air transport. For each mode, it describes the historical development and key characteristics. It also discusses the role of organizations like ICAO and IATA in regulating international air transport. The document is divided into chapters with sections on topics like economics of transport, characteristics of different modes, and regulatory bodies. It includes lists of group members and objectives of ICAO and IATA.
Global tourism has increased over the past 50 years due to various social, economic, and political factors. Socially, people have more leisure time from increased paid holidays and shorter work weeks. Economically, greater wealth and developments in transportation like budget airlines have made travel more accessible. Politically, lifted travel restrictions and easier visa policies have opened more countries to tourism. Tourism is now the world's largest industry and is still growing.
Have you ever think about the negative impacts brought to the environment and the local people when we go travel? How can we contribute to sustainable tourism by making responsible holiday choices? All these questions will be discussed in the meeting. If you want to know more about sustainable tourism, watch the presentation now!
This document discusses different types of tourism. It defines tourism as temporary travel for leisure purposes and interactions between tourists and destinations. Different types of tourism include honeypot tourism at popular attractions, MICE tourism for business purposes, medical tourism for health procedures, film-induced tourism to locations featured in movies, heritage tourism for culture and history, religious tourism to sacred sites, and dark tourism focused on death. Each type of tourism requires certain physical or human characteristics in the destination. New types of tourism are also constantly evolving.
This document discusses the key components of tourism geography, including the three main geographical components of the tourism system: places of origin (tourist-generating areas), tourist destinations (receiving areas), and the routes traveled between them. It also examines push and pull factors that influence tourist flows, and different methods used to measure and study tourist movements and trends, including by volume, characteristics, and expenditures. Different forms of tourism are classified by destination, market, and distance traveled.
Package tours combine various travel components such as transportation, accommodation, meals, activities, and services into a single price paid by the tourist in advance. Thomas Cook introduced the first inclusive tour in 1855. Popular types of package tours include escorted tours where a tour guide accompanies the group, incentive tours provided by companies to reward employees, and group inclusive tours which offer discounts for traveling in a group. Package tours are a vital part of the global travel and tourism industry.
The Roles and Functions of Travel Agents (Travel Agency & Tour Operations)Md Shaifullar Rabbi
The presentation summarizes the roles and functions of travel agents. It discusses what a travel agency is and how they make travel arrangements. It then describes the different types of travel agencies, including retail and wholesale agencies. Specific agency functions are outlined such as travel information, reservations, ticketing, and tour packaging. Common travel terminology and the skills required of agency personnel are also summarized.
The students who have asked difficult questions, which have helped us clarify our own thinking, and the students from many countries who have provided us with interesting insights into the national and cultural differences in tourist behavior.
This document provides an introduction and overview of tourism as a business. It discusses the early history and evolution of tourism, from the first recorded uses of the word "tourism" in the 19th century to the developments that enabled modern mass tourism like advances in transportation. Key definitions of tourism are presented from organizations like the UNWTO. The differences between travel and tourism are outlined.
The document provides an overview of the history and evolution of tourism. It discusses some key points:
1) One of the earliest uses of the word "tourism" was in 1811 in England referring to working class families traveling for pleasure.
2) Early definitions of tourism included one from 1905 referring to it as a modern phenomenon allowing people relaxation and appreciation of nature/art.
3) Major developments included the Roman Empire which built infrastructure enabling pleasure travel, and the Renaissance exposing Europeans to other cultures through travel.
4) Asia also saw tourism developments like the Silk Road facilitating cultural exchange between regions. Paid holidays and leisure travel became more common in the 18th-20th centuries.
Tourism organizations play several important roles in promoting tourism. They include government agencies that determine tourism policy, commercial establishments that organize tours, and associations that promote domestic and international travel. Tourism organizations provide services to tourists like accommodations, transportation, and activities. They work to generate foreign exchange, create jobs, encourage specialization in tourism fields, and improve techniques through research, information sharing, and international cooperation. Their functions involve setting policy, planning, coordination, developing infrastructure and tourism products, training personnel, marketing destinations, and conducting research.
This document defines tourism and its various types according to different classifications. It begins by defining tourism as temporary travel outside a person's normal environment for purposes like leisure, business, or other activities. Tourism is then classified according to destination as either domestic or international tourism. It is also classified according to the characteristics of the tourism system and tourists. Some major types discussed are cultural tourism, ecotourism, heritage tourism, medical tourism, and disaster tourism. The impacts and examples of different tourism types are provided. Tables with data on the top international tourist arrivals and receipts by country from the World Tourism Organization are also included.
Thomas Cook was the first travel agency, starting tours in 1841 in England. A travel agency acts as an agent to sell travel services from suppliers like airlines and hotels, without keeping an inventory. Thomas Cook arranged the first trip abroad from England to France in 1845 and went on to organize large tours around the world. He established Thomas Cook & Son which became a major global travel company before being nationalized and later privatized. Today Thomas Cook Group operates various travel brands in many countries.
sub-areas
Meaning and definition
Main components of tour guiding
Terminologies Used In Tour Guiding
Understanding tour guide
Position of tour guide in tourism system
Types of tour guide
Roles of tour of guide
This document discusses various types of special tourism services and products that have emerged to meet the evolving needs of travelers. It identifies eco, cultural, rural, adventure, health, new age, and educational tourism as specialized segments that have grown in the leisure market. In the business travel market, it focuses on the MICE industry (meetings, incentives, conferences, exhibitions), and the roles of meeting planners, convention centers, event managers, and convention and visitor bureaus in organizing specialized events.
This document discusses different types of tour operations including travel agencies, online travel agencies, tour operators, destination marketing organizations, and other organizations. It describes travel agencies as intermediaries between suppliers and travelers. Online travel agencies allow users to choose trip components based on price. Tour operators package and sell all or most trip components. Types of tour operators include inbound, outbound, domestic, ground, and receptive operators.
The document discusses travel behavior and motivations. It provides an overview of the origins and evolution of travel motivation throughout history. Some key points:
- Motivation is an important factor influencing tourist behavior and destination selection. Tourist needs and wants are the driving forces behind travel.
- Early travelers were motivated by factors like visiting health resorts, pilgrimages to religious sites, and seeking blessings from gods.
- Modern motivations include pleasure/recreation, experiencing art/culture, appreciating nature/wildlife, education/training, health/medical reasons, religion/spirituality, sports/adventure, visiting friends/relatives, and business meetings.
- Maslow's hierarchy and Pear
Special interest tourism involves tours focused on a specific subject or hobby. It provides a more meaningful experience for tourists by meeting their specific interests. Special interest tourism has grown due to factors like improved transportation, increased leisure time, and developments in equipment. The internet and social media have also influenced growth by promoting niche destinations and activities. Research helps the tourism industry understand travelers' motivations and behaviors to develop appealing products and experiences. Differentiation is important for competing in the tourism market by making offerings distinct from competitors.
This document discusses tourism policy and its objectives. Tourism policy is defined as public policy formulated by central and local governments to regulate the tourism industry. The objectives of tourism policy are to maximize economic, socio-cultural, and environmental benefits while minimizing negative impacts. Tourism policy objectives are achieved through planning, legislation, facilitating development, taxation, education/training, and marketing. Governments establish rules and provide infrastructure/support to develop the tourism sector in a sustainable manner.
Tourism is a complex multi-sector industry that involves the movement and accommodation of people traveling to destinations outside their home environment. It provides economic benefits through job creation and foreign exchange earnings, but can also impose social and environmental costs on host communities. The tourism industry comprises several operating sectors including transportation, accommodation, food services, attractions, and tour operators that work together to meet the needs of various types of visitors engaging in tourism for purposes like business, pleasure, and visiting friends and relatives.
The chapter defines tourism and differentiates between tourists and excursionists. It explores the various elements used to define travelers, including distance, length of stay, residence, and travel purpose. Tourism involves a dynamic journey element and static stay element. Tourists stay at least 24 hours while excursionists stay less than 24 hours. A tourist destination depends on attractions, amenities, and accessibility. Tourism makes unique contributions to economies and societies through jobs, cultural exchange, and promoting peace.
Geography plays an important role in tourism. Geography studies the relationship between people and their environmental setting. Tourism resources are influenced by geographic factors like climate, landscape, and culture. The characteristics of a place, including its climate and unique physical and cultural features, determine the types of tourism it can support. Certain destinations have a comparative advantage for certain types of tourism due to their geographic attributes. Climate change is also impacting tourism destinations by influencing seasons and visitor numbers.
This document provides an overview of different modes of tourist transport and their role in tourism. It discusses rail, water, road, and air transport. For each mode, it describes the historical development and key characteristics. It also discusses the role of organizations like ICAO and IATA in regulating international air transport. The document is divided into chapters with sections on topics like economics of transport, characteristics of different modes, and regulatory bodies. It includes lists of group members and objectives of ICAO and IATA.
Global tourism has increased over the past 50 years due to various social, economic, and political factors. Socially, people have more leisure time from increased paid holidays and shorter work weeks. Economically, greater wealth and developments in transportation like budget airlines have made travel more accessible. Politically, lifted travel restrictions and easier visa policies have opened more countries to tourism. Tourism is now the world's largest industry and is still growing.
Have you ever think about the negative impacts brought to the environment and the local people when we go travel? How can we contribute to sustainable tourism by making responsible holiday choices? All these questions will be discussed in the meeting. If you want to know more about sustainable tourism, watch the presentation now!
This document discusses different types of tourism. It defines tourism as temporary travel for leisure purposes and interactions between tourists and destinations. Different types of tourism include honeypot tourism at popular attractions, MICE tourism for business purposes, medical tourism for health procedures, film-induced tourism to locations featured in movies, heritage tourism for culture and history, religious tourism to sacred sites, and dark tourism focused on death. Each type of tourism requires certain physical or human characteristics in the destination. New types of tourism are also constantly evolving.
This document discusses the key components of tourism geography, including the three main geographical components of the tourism system: places of origin (tourist-generating areas), tourist destinations (receiving areas), and the routes traveled between them. It also examines push and pull factors that influence tourist flows, and different methods used to measure and study tourist movements and trends, including by volume, characteristics, and expenditures. Different forms of tourism are classified by destination, market, and distance traveled.
Package tours combine various travel components such as transportation, accommodation, meals, activities, and services into a single price paid by the tourist in advance. Thomas Cook introduced the first inclusive tour in 1855. Popular types of package tours include escorted tours where a tour guide accompanies the group, incentive tours provided by companies to reward employees, and group inclusive tours which offer discounts for traveling in a group. Package tours are a vital part of the global travel and tourism industry.
The Roles and Functions of Travel Agents (Travel Agency & Tour Operations)Md Shaifullar Rabbi
The presentation summarizes the roles and functions of travel agents. It discusses what a travel agency is and how they make travel arrangements. It then describes the different types of travel agencies, including retail and wholesale agencies. Specific agency functions are outlined such as travel information, reservations, ticketing, and tour packaging. Common travel terminology and the skills required of agency personnel are also summarized.
The students who have asked difficult questions, which have helped us clarify our own thinking, and the students from many countries who have provided us with interesting insights into the national and cultural differences in tourist behavior.
This document provides an introduction and overview of tourism as a business. It discusses the early history and evolution of tourism, from the first recorded uses of the word "tourism" in the 19th century to the developments that enabled modern mass tourism like advances in transportation. Key definitions of tourism are presented from organizations like the UNWTO. The differences between travel and tourism are outlined.
The document provides an overview of the history and evolution of tourism. It discusses some key points:
1) One of the earliest uses of the word "tourism" was in 1811 in England referring to working class families traveling for pleasure.
2) Early definitions of tourism included one from 1905 referring to it as a modern phenomenon allowing people relaxation and appreciation of nature/art.
3) Major developments included the Roman Empire which built infrastructure enabling pleasure travel, and the Renaissance exposing Europeans to other cultures through travel.
4) Asia also saw tourism developments like the Silk Road facilitating cultural exchange between regions. Paid holidays and leisure travel became more common in the 18th-20th centuries.
Tourism concepts document defines key terms related to tourism including:
- Tourism is defined as activities of people traveling outside their usual environment for less than a year for various purposes.
- A tourist is defined as someone staying at least one night outside their usual environment for various non-work purposes.
- Tourism can be classified into types such as inbound, outbound, domestic, and internal tourism based on the origin and destination of travelers.
Tourism is defined as temporary movement of people to destinations outside their normal place of residence or work. The document traces the historical evolution of tourism from early travel for purposes like trade and war in ancient Egypt, Persia, Greece and Rome. It discusses Thomas Cook as the "Father of Tourism" who organized the first packaged tours. Types of tourism discussed include domestic, international inbound and outbound tourism. Factors promoting tourism include motivation, business, holidays, education, health, religion and leisure time.
The document discusses the definition and history of tourism. Tourism is defined by the UNWTO as temporary movement of people to destinations outside their normal places of residence for less than a year. The tourism industry has grown significantly since the 16th century due to advances in transportation. It provides an important source of income for many countries and supports a large service sector. The document outlines different types and classifications of tourism as well as factors that motivate travel.
This document discusses different types of tourism including inbound, outbound, and domestic tourism. It defines key tourism terms like visitors, tourists, and excursionists. It outlines the history of travel from early times through the industrial revolution. Different scholars' views on travel motivations are presented, including Gray's wanderlust and sunlust concepts and Maslow's hierarchy of needs as it relates to travel motivations. The economic importance of tourism and its impact on the environment are also mentioned.
Definitions and Historical Development of Tourism, Types and Forms of Tourism,
Planning and Execution of Tour Plans – Coordination during Tour Management –
Networking for tour management - Career Opportunities in Tourism Industry
This document provides an overview of tourism, including definitions, types, and impacts. It discusses:
1. Tourism is the world's largest industry and has grown exponentially since the 1950s. It provides economic benefits but also environmental and social impacts.
2. Tourism can be international, involving travel between countries, or domestic within one country. It takes many forms such as cultural, recreational, sports, and health tourism.
3. The economic impacts of tourism include job creation, income generation, and tax revenue. However, it also puts pressure on infrastructure and can increase costs of living. The environmental and social impacts require careful management to maximize benefits and minimize harm.
Tourism involves traveling to places outside one's usual environment for leisure, business, or other purposes. It is one of the world's fastest growing industries. Tourism has several key characteristics including intangibility, inseparability, perishability, heterogeneity, lack of ownership, seasonality, and interdependency between tourism products and services. There are several types of tourism such as international tourism involving travel between countries, domestic tourism within one's own country, and specific types like recreational, environmental, historical, cultural, adventure, health, religious, and wildlife tourism. Tourism consists of various components including attractions, amenities, accessibility, accommodation, and activities that draw people to travel to different destinations.
Thomas Cook organized the first organized travel excursion in 1841 in England, transporting 570 people by train for 11 miles, and establishing the first travel agency. He later developed the concept of package tours, which included transportation, accommodations, meals, and guides. This made tourism accessible to the common people for the first time. Cook also pioneered the concept of traveler's checks to make payments more convenient for tourists. His innovations transformed the travel industry and made organized tourism a mainstream activity.
Tourism is one of the world's fastest growing industries and a major source of foreign exchange and employment. It involves travel for leisure or business purposes outside of one's usual environment. The tourism industry encompasses transportation, accommodations, restaurants, retail, and other hospitality services. Tourism has significant economic, social, cultural and environmental impacts on destinations. While it generates jobs and tax revenue, it can also increase costs of living, disrupt local culture and damage the environment if not managed sustainably.
Travel originated from the need for food, shelter and security but over thousands of years transformed into wanderlust. As transportation improved, tourism grew and became a major global industry. Tourism involves travel for leisure or business purposes. The tourism industry encompasses sectors like hospitality, transportation, attractions and activities. It aims to ensure customer satisfaction and is a major driver of many global economies.
This document defines key terms related to tourism and travel. It discusses that tourism involves the movement of people between different geographic locations for any purpose or duration [1]. A visitor is considered a traveler who moves to a destination outside their usual environment for less than a year for any main purpose other than employment [2]. Tourism is defined as the activity of visitors [3].
This document provides an introduction to tourism. It outlines the course objectives, which include defining tourism, describing international and domestic tourism organizations, and examining the economic and socio-cultural impacts of tourism. It also provides a history of tourism from early travel through the modern tourism industry, and defines key tourism concepts like tourists, destinations, and the tourism system.
The document discusses various topics related to tourism including tourists and tourism, types of tourism, roles of different groups in promoting tourism, and trends in the tourism industry. Specifically, it defines tourists and tourism and discusses 11 different types of tourism. It also examines the roles of governments, media, international organizations, and travel writers in promoting tourism. Finally, it analyzes trends such as changes in tourist origins and destinations, the rise of domestic tourism in China, and different forms of tourism like mass tourism and niche tourism.
Importance and recent development of the tourismRaúl Sánchez
This document discusses the history and types of tourism. It notes that tourism began in ancient Greece and Rome as travel for leisure purposes. In the 19th century, advances like steam engines and automobiles made travel more accessible. Popular types of tourism mentioned include beach tourism, winter tourism, medical tourism, and religious tourism. The document also outlines the economic importance of tourism for many countries, providing jobs and income, as well as some recent developments and drawbacks in the tourism industry.
This document defines tourists and tourism and discusses 11 different types of tourism: 1) honeypot tourism which attracts people to scenic sites, 2) MICE (meetings, incentives conventions, exhibitions) tourism for large planned groups, 3) educational tourism for learning about a place, 4) medical tourism for health procedures, 5) health tourism to maintain well-being, 6) heritage tourism to experience cultures and history, 7) film-induced tourism to visit film locations, 8) gourmet food and shopping tourism, 9) pilgrimage tourism for religious activities, 10) dark tourism to visit sites of death/tragedy, and 11) space tourism. Examples are given for each type.
The document provides a history of tour guiding from ancient times to the present. It discusses how tour guiding began with Herodotus in ancient Greece and increased during the Roman Empire as travel became more common. During the Middle Ages, religious pilgrimages increased the need for guides. The Renaissance and era of the Grand Tour saw the formalization of guiding roles. In the 19th century, Thomas Cook helped establish the modern tourist industry and training for guides began in the early 20th century. Today, technology allows independent travel but guides still play an important cultural and safety role.
This document provides a brief history of tourism from prehistoric times to the modern era. It traces the evolution of tourism from early human travel for hunting and gathering, to organized religious pilgrimages in medieval times. The development of transportation infrastructure like roads and ships expanded tourism during ancient Greek, Roman, and British empires. Guided group tours became popular in the 19th century with Thomas Cook offering packaged tours. Mass tourism emerged in the 20th century alongside developments in transportation technology, rising incomes, paid time off work, and changing social values. The tourism industry continues growing rapidly today.
Trade shows provide a forum for players in an industry to exhibit products and services. They are historically private events open only to industry members but sometimes open to the public on final days. Trade shows are major marketing vehicles in competitive markets and facilitate contacts, information exchange, and sales. Key players include trade show sponsors who organize the event, managers who recruit exhibitors and attendees, service contractors who handle logistics, exhibitors who showcase products, and attendees. Revenue is generated through booth rentals and related local business.
Events differ from other products. It is a combination of services and goods. This ppt takes you through different facets of event marketing channels, motivation involved and marketing mix involved in Event Marketing.
Leiper's model of the tourism system identifies three main elements: 1) the human element of tourists, 2) the geographical elements of tourist generating regions, transit routes, and destination regions, and 3) the industrial element of businesses that serve tourists' needs. It provides a framework to study how these elements interact spatially and functionally within the tourism system. The model bridges different academic approaches and can inform tourism research, education, business practices, and policymaking.
Medical tourism involves traveling abroad to obtain medical care. It has grown due to rising healthcare costs in developed countries and the emergence of world-class facilities with lower costs in countries like India and Thailand. Medical tourism includes treatments for physical health provided by doctors as well as psychological health services from non-medical professionals. It also encompasses curative, therapeutic, and wellness tourism. Patients travel abroad for medical tourism to save on costs, avoid waiting lists, access procedures not available in their home countries, or perform surgeries privately. Popular treatments include plastic surgery, dental work, bariatric procedures, fertility treatments, and organ transplants.
Countries promoting medical_tourism_session_62Anita Sajit
The document summarizes medical tourism in various countries around the world. It discusses key details about the medical tourism industries in Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, India, Latin America, the UAE, South Korea, Japan, China/Hong Kong, Germany, and other locations. It provides statistics on numbers of medical tourists, popular treatments, government initiatives and supports, hospital accreditations, competitive advantages, and key facilities in each location.
This document discusses the importance of conducting a literature review as an integral part of the research process. It notes that a literature review is an essential preliminary task that can acquaint the researcher with existing knowledge in their field of interest. While time-consuming, a literature review provides several benefits such as clarifying the research problem, improving methodology, broadening knowledge, and contextualizing findings. The document then provides guidance on how to effectively search for, review, analyze and summarize existing literature to develop theoretical and conceptual frameworks and identify gaps to position one's own research.
The document outlines the five phases of the event management process: initiation, planning, execution, controlling, and closure. The initiation phase involves defining goals and scope, identifying team members and roles. The planning phase consists of tasks like identifying requirements, estimating resources and schedules. Execution involves directing work groups to accomplish project goals. Controlling monitors performance and ensures the project stays on track. Finally, closure resolves issues, completes paperwork, evaluates performance, and archives project documents and lessons learned.
The document discusses the concept of economic multipliers in tourism. It explains that tourist spending generates direct, indirect, and induced economic impacts as money is spent and re-spent in a destination economy. Every transaction provides new income and the multiplier effect results in the initial spending being multiplied across economic sectors. The size of the multiplier depends on factors like leakages from the economy through imports or savings. Different types of multipliers are used to measure the total economic impact in terms of sales, output, income, and employment generated by initial tourist expenditures.
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2. First usage
One of the first recorded uses of the word
“tourism” is reported by the Oxford English
Dictionary(OED1971: 3363) as appearing in
England’s Sporting Magazine in 1811.
The word ”tourism” has been part of the
English lexicon for nearly two centuries and
traditionally had a negative connotation.
A derogatory article in the magazine on the
growing tendency of working class English
families to travel for pleasure referred to
sublime Cockney tourism.
3. First Definition
The definition of tourism given by Guyer
Feuler in 1905.
Guyer and Feuler defined tourism as “a
phenomenon unique to modern time which is
dependent on the people's increasing need for
a change and relaxation, the wish of
recognizing the beauties of nature and art and
the belief that nature gives happiness to
human beings and which helps nations and
communities approach each other thanks to
the developments in commerce and industry
4. Hunziker and Krapf’s Definition
Hunziker and Krapf, in 1941, defined tourism
as
"the sum of the phenomena and relationships
arising from the travel and stay of non-
residents, in so far as they do not lead to
permanent residence and are not connected
with any earning activity”
5. WTO Definition
The most widely accepted definition
Approved by United Nations Statistical
Commission in its twenty-seventh session held
from 22 February to 3 March 1993
As Per WTO
“Tourism comprises the activities of persons
travelling to and staying in places outside their
usual environment for not more than one
consecutive year for leisure, business and
other purposes”
6. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TRAVEL AND
TOURISM
Travel = journeys undertaken from one place to
another for any purpose including journeys to
work and as a part of employment, as a part of
leisure and to take up residence;
WHEREAS,
Tourism includes the journey to a destination +
stay at a destination outside one’s usual place of
residence + activities undertaken for leisure and
recreation.
THEREFORE,
All tourism includes some travel, but not all travel
is tourism .A person may often travel for a wide
7. Distinguishing Features
Some of the characteristics that distinguish
tourism from travel are:
Tourism is:
1. Temporary, to distinguish it from the
permanent travel of the tramp and nomad
2. Voluntary, to distinguish it from the forced
travel of the exile and refugee
3. Round trip, to distinguish it from the one-
way journey of the migrant
8. Requirements of Tourism
What are the basic requirements to make
tourism possible?
Discretionary income, i.e. money to spend
on non-essentials
Sufficient health and of course the
inclination to travel.
Infrastructure in the form of
accommodation facilities and means of
transport.
Leisure and recreation time
9. Characteristics of Tourism
Five main characteristics of tourism are:
1. Tourism arises from movement of people to,
and their stay in, various destinations.
2. Therefore there are two elements in all
tourism: the journey to the destination and the
stay including activities at the destination.
10. Characteristics Contd…
3. The journey and the stay take place outside the
usual place of residence and work, so that tourism
gives rise to activities, which are distinct from
those of the resident and the working population
of the places, through which the tourist travels and
in which they stay.
4. The movement to destinations is of temporary,
short-term character, with the intention of
returning to the usual environment within a few
days, weeks or months.
5. Destinations are visited for purposes other than
taking up permanent residence or employment
11. Forms of Tourism
The United Nations classified three forms of
tourism in 1994 in its Recommendations on
Tourism Statistics:
Domestic tourism, which involves residents of
the given country traveling only within this
country;
Inbound tourism, involving non-residents
traveling in the given country; and
12. Categories arising out of basic
forms
Categories of Tourism
The UN also derived different categories of
tourism by combining the 3 basic forms of
tourism:
Internal tourism = domestic + inbound
National tourism = domestic + outbound
International tourism = inbound + outbound
Intrabound tourism is a term coined by the
Korea Tourism Organization and widely
accepted in Korea
13. Intrabound tourism differs from domestic
tourism in that the former encompasses
policymaking and implementation of national
tourism policies.
Recently, the tourism industry has shifted from
the promotion of inbound tourism to the
promotion of intrabound tourism because
many countries are experiencing tough
competition for inbound tourist
14. Leisure and Recreation
Scope and significance of leisure activity
heavily depends upon the available time and
available time determines the mode and
destination of travel.
Division of Time
Time
Active and
Passive
Maintenance work Leisure
(weekdays, weekends, Vaccation)
15. Tourist
The principal character in the phenomenon
called Tourism is the ‘Tourist’ and without his
being around the tourism phenomenon is
meaningless.
Derived from the Latin word ‘TORNUS’ which
means a tool, a circle or a turner’s wheel.
Therefore, tourist is a person who undertakes
a circular trip, i.e., ultimately comes back to the
place from where he sets about his journey.
16. WTO Definition - Tourist
The most popular and widely
accepted definition of tourism,
revised at WTO Conference held in
Ottawa in 1991.
“The activities of a person travelling
to a place outside his/her
environment for less than a specified
period of time and whose main
purpose in travelling is other than the
17. Characteristics of a Tourist
Based on the various definitions of a
Tourist here are some of the characteristics
of a Tourist
He takes up his journey of his own free will.
He takes up the journey primarily in search of
enjoyment.
The money spent on the visit is the money
derived from home, not money earned in the
places of visit.
He finally returns to his original starting point.
18. Therefore, tourist are: -
Persons travelling for pleasure, for
domestic reasons, for health etc.
Persons travelling for meetings or in
representative capacity of any kind
(scientific, administrative, religious etc.)
Persons travelling for business purposes.
Persons arriving in the course of sea
cruises, even when they stay for less than
24 hours (in respect of this category of
19. Who is not a tourist?
i) Persons arriving to take up an occupation or to
engage in any business activity in that country.
ii) Residents in a frontier zone and persons
domiciled in one country and working in an
adjoining country.
iii) Students and young persons in boarding
establishments of schools/colleges.
iv) Travellers passing through a country without
stopping, even if the journey takes more than 24
hours.
20. History and Evolution of Tourism
The history of tourism begins with the history of
man – of man travelling on foot in search of food
and shelter from the forces of nature or wild
beasts.
Early travel was undertaken mainly for the
purpose of trade, waging wars and conquering
new lands
Travel for treatment at natural springs or healing
centres gained popularity in the mid 17th century
when doctors advocated the healing powers of
mineral water
21. Early civilizations
Agriculture developed in 8000 BC in the middle
east leading to formation of settlements
Civilizations also developed simultaneously in
India, China and Egypt
In the 5000 BC water transports in the form of
rafts and canoe were developed for use in rivers,
lakes and streams
The Sumerians invented wheel in 3500 BC
In 3200 BC Egyptians developed sailboats
Phoenicians invented money in 3000 BC
The first merchant fleets developed by
Phoenicians in 1000 BC which sailed along with
coastline for Spain
22. The Imperial Era
Travel as a pleasure activity emerged during the
roman empire. Road systems with bridges, aqueducts
constructed for military purposes became an excellent
tourism infrastructure.
The Romans were also the first to pave roads made of
stone and gravel of 80000 km length
Wealthy Greeks and Romans travelled to Athens,
Rome, and other cities to participate in or observe
sporting competition events.
The Roman empire was prosperous and pleasure
loving. Inns were built and the business of renting
various modes of transport began to pick up
23. Imperial Era Contd…
Spectator sports such as gladiator contests were
organised. Pilgrimage, sightseeing and Health
tourism in the form of bathing in mineral springs
were popular activities.
Some travelled to oracles to pay homage to
numerous Gods
The Olympic games were held in Olympia,
Greece to honour God Zeus
The downfall of Roman empire by the end of 4th
Century AD brought a set back to Tourism
development and up to 15 centuries tourism
24. Developments in Asia
Unlike in the west, where people believed in extending
their territories by conquering land, the Chinese
preffered to live within their own territory the Great
wall of China (in 214 BC)
India’s wealth was exposed to the world only after the
Persian and Macedonian invasion
The Mauryan Emporer Ashoka developed travel
facilities mainly for spreading Buddhism. Grand Trunk
Roads were improved further. Trees were planted
along the sides of the roads. Rest Houses were
constructed alongside GT routes for comfort of
travellers
25. Asia Contd..
Caravanserais or walled rest houses were
built by the moguls as trade tours became
popular.
Education was another major reason for
travel. Residential schools and colleges
known as Madarsas were developed by
Akbar.
Travel was the privilege of upper class,
royalty who travelled for pleasure and
26. The Silk Route
Began in 2000 BC. Most important link in the
movement of people from east to west. A major
trade route for caravans carrying silk and other
luxury items like muslin, porcelain, tea, rice and
spices from china to India and the middle east.
Silk spices and ointments left Indian ports in ships
bound for the roman empire. Rome sent back gold
coins, Greek wine and harem girls.
Navigation was done by looking at the stars or the
course of a river or stream.
Flourished during the khushan empire from 50 AD
to 200 AD. The Khushan emperors opened and
protected the silk route.
Ideas and customs were exchanged along these
routes between the people of central Asia, China,
27. European Renaissance
Great cultural movement that began in Italy in early
1300 AD.
Spread to England, France, Germany, Spain and
other countries in the late 1400s and ended about
1600 AD. It was a period of revival of Greek and
Roman cultures.
European scholars and artists, especially those in
Italy, studied the learning and art of ancient Greece
and Rome.
Famous works or art of Italian artists Leonardo da
Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael inspired the Grand
Tour
Concept of Annual Holidays
In the year 1552, in England an act was
passed during the reign of Edward VI for
28. The Grand Tour
The 18th century is conventionally considered, the
golden age of the grand tour , especially the 30
years between 1763 and 1793
It was said to be en essential part of education of
men and women of high birth to undertake travel
to Italy for education and pleasure accompanied
by a mentor or guardian. They were expected to
learn arts, science, music, literature and culture of
Europe and apply the knowledge gained on their
return.
The duration of the tour was generally three
years.
The origins of Modern Tourism Industry are
believed to have begun with the Grand Tour.
29. Industrial Era
Industrial revolution occurred during the late
18th and early 19th century when major
changes occurred in Agriculture,
manufacturing and transportation.
It started in Britain and subsequently spread to
Europe and America
The first product to affect tourism was the
development of steam engine. Steam powered
ships and railways hastened the speed of
travel
Rail locomotive with steam engines was used
30. Birth of Organised Travel
The birth of organised travel came in the year 1841.
570 members of the “Temperance Society” of
Derbyshire travelled by “Midland Countries Railway at
a specially reduced return fare of 1 shilling per
passenger.
The man behind the idea was none other than
Thomas Cook, who later on came to be known as
“father of organised travel”
In 1843, 3000 school children were taken on a trip
from Leicester to Derby.
From 1848 to 63, Cook conducted circular tours of
Scotland with 5000 travellers a season
31. Industrial Era Contd..
The Industrial revolution created working class
with some disposable income.
The greater disposable income led to the
formation of a middle class in the society. Even
today they make up majority of the tourists.
The invention of Automobiles and their mass
production in 1903 is regarded as a technological
advance which allowed people to move at their
will. (Henry Ford launched people’s car in 1908.
Before world war – I luxury liners were used by
the rich for transatlantic journeys
Transatlantic cruises received a setback when
luxury liner Titanic sank in North Atlantic Ocean in
32. Modern Day Tourism
Air travel began with the use of hot air balloon
in 1783 by the French.
The Wright brothers Orville and Wilbur flew the
first prototype airplane in December 1903.
Air travel became commercial in 1919 shortly
after world war – I offering daily flights
between London and Paris.
1914 – Passports introduced
International air travel open to public. The first
commercial jet airline services started in 1950.
33. Modern Tourism
Cost of air transport and travel time reduced with
the development of jet engine and larger aircrafts
Jumbo jets with more travellers per plane and
lower fares
Air travel became fast, comfortable, safe and
affordable with Boeing 747 services in 1970.
In 1976 Concorde, the first supersonic passenger
airliner begins service between Europe and USA
34. Other related Definitions
Traveller: A general term used for any person
who travels, irrespective of the purpose of
travel, distance travelled or duration of the
stay.
All travellers are not tourists but all tourists are
travellers.
Visitor: ‘Any person visiting a country other
than that in which he has his usual place of
residence for any reason other than being
interested in an occupation remunerated from
within the country visited. Visitors are of two
35. Classification of a Visitor
Can be classified into two types - Excursionist
and a Tourist.
Excursionist - is a temporary visitor staying for
a period of less than 24hours in the destination
visited. (Including travellers on the cruises).
Tourist - Is a temporary visitor staying for a
period of at least 24 hours in the country
visited and the purpose of whose journey can
be classified under one of the following heads
:
a) Leisure (recreation, holiday, health, study, religion andsport)
b) Business, family-mission, meeting.
36. Some other types
Transit Visitor: A visitor who passes through a
country without breaking his journey for taking
connection transport is called a transit visitor.
Their destination is always another
country/place.
Max. time of stay – 48 to 72hrs. Differs from
the policy of country to country.
Min. time 4 to 6 hours
37. Cruise Passenger- a visitor who arrives in the
country aboard cruise ships and who does not
spend a night in an accommodation
establishment in the country.
Domestic Tourist- A person who travels within
the country to a place other than his usual
place of residence and stays at hotels or other
accommodation establishments run on
commercial basi s or in dharamshalas or
stays with friends and relatives and uses
sightseeing facilities, or goes on a pilgrimage
for a duration of not less than 24 hours or one
night and not more than 6months at a time for
any of the following purposes:
Pleasure(holiday, leisure, sports and so on)
40. Components of
Tourism To understand tourism systematically, it is
necessary to know the basic components which
together make tourism Industry, which are:
Accessibility, Attractions and Accommodations
Attractions: Attractions are what draw individuals
to a specific destinations. There are attractions
designed to meet the needs of everyone.“They
may be based on natural resources, culture,
ethnicity or entertainment”. Attractions can be
manmade and natural.
Accessibility: Transportation has been a vital
component to the success of tourism Industry. As
different modes of travel were invented and
improved on, travel became more prominent. Rail
transport and motor transport play a major role in
41. Accommodation: People travelling for pleasure
or for business needed a place to sleep. The
accommodation sector is extremely important
component of the tourism industry.
Accommodation categories can include hotels,
motels, conference centers, resorts, youth
hostels etc.
Along with these components amenity, ancillary
services and activities forms the 6 A’s of Tourism:
Amenity, Accessibility, Attractions, Ancillary
Services, Accommodation, Activities
Of the basic components of a tourist
product, attractions are very important. Peter
and Robinson have further categorized
42. Peter has drawn up an inventory of the various
attractions known as Inventory of Tourist
Attractions which are of significance in tourism.
Cultural: Sites and areas of archaeological
interest, Historical buildings and Monuments,
Places of historical significance, Museums,
Modern Culture, Political and Educational &
Religious Institutions
Traditions: National Festivals, Arts and
Handicrafts, Music, Folklore, Native life and
Customs
Scenic: National Parks, Wildlife, Flora and Fauna,
Beach Resorts, Mountain Resorts.
Entertainment: Participation and Viewing sports,
Amusement and Recreation Parks Zones and
Oceanariums, Cinemas and Theatres, Night Life
and Cuisine.
43. Robinson’s Classification of
Tourism AttractionsThe attractions of tourism are, to a very large
extent, geographical in character.
Location and accessibility: Whether a place has a
coastal or inland position and the ease with which a
given place can be reached.
Physical space may be thought of as a component
for those who seek the wilderness and solitude.
Scenery or landscape : A compound of landforms;
water and the vegetation and has an aesthetic and
recreative value.
Climate conditions: Especially in relation to the
amount of sunshine, temperature and precipitation
(snow as well as rain)
Animal life : Bird watching or viewing game in their
natural habitat and secondly, for sports purposes, e.g.
fishing and hunting.
Settlement Features: Towns, cities, villages,