The document discusses global warming and its effects. It notes that global warming is caused by increasing greenhouse gases from human activities like burning fossil fuels. This causes the average temperature of the earth to rise and leads to problems like rising sea levels, more extreme weather, and species extinction. The document also discusses how sea level rise occurs from thermal expansion of oceans and melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers. It outlines some of the impacts of rising sea levels like coastal erosion and increased flooding.

1. Environmental Concerns
BY
Dr. Amit Tiwari
Assistant professor
Indian Institute of tourism and Travel Managment
5/4/2023
Dr.Amit Tiwari , Assistant Professor 1

2. Global warming is the rise in the average
temperature of Earth's atmosphere and
oceans since the late 19th century and its
projected continuation.
Since the early 20th century, Earth's mean surface
temperature has increased by about
0.8 °C (1.4 °F), with about two-thirds of the increase
occurring since 1980.
5/4/2023
Dr.Amit Tiwari , Assistant Professor 2

3. Warming is believed to be caused by increasing
concentrations of greenhouse gases produced
by human activities such as the burning of fossil
fuels and deforestation.
The effects of an increase in global
temperature include a rise in sea levels and a
change in the amount and pattern of
precipitation, as well a probable expansion of
subtropical deserts.
5/4/2023
Dr.Amit Tiwari , Assistant Professor 3

4. Other likely effects of the warming include a
more frequent occurrence of extreme- weather
events including heat waves, droughts and
heavy rainfall, ocean acidification and species
extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes.
Effects significant to humans include the threat
to food security from decreasing crop yields and
the loss of habitat from inundation.
5/4/2023
Dr.Amit Tiwari , Assistant Professor 4

5. The climate system can respond to changes in external forcing. External
forcing can "push" the climate in the direction of warming or cooling.
Examples of external forcings include ;
changes in atmospheric composition (e.g., increased concentrations of
greenhouse gases),
solar luminosity,
volcanic eruptions,
and variations in Earth's orbit around the Sun
5/4/2023
Dr.Amit Tiwari , Assistant Professor 5

6. Natural Causes-of methane gas from arctic tundra
and wetlands. Methane is a greenhouse gas. A
greenhouse gas is a gas that traps heat in the earth's
atmosphere.
The Greenhouse Effect- keeps the earth warm
Man-made Causes-Pollution is one of the biggest
man-made problems. Include such things like burning
of fossil fuels 5/4/2023
Dr.Amit Tiwari , Assistant Professor 6

7. The first is thermal expansion: as ocean
water warms, it expands.
The second is from the contribution of
land-based ice due to increased melting.
The major store of water on land is found
in glaciers and ice sheets.
Sea level rise is one of several lines of
evidence that support the view that the
climate has recently warmed.
It is very likely that human-induced
(anthropogenic) warming contributed to
the sea level rise observed in the latter
half of the 20th century.
5/4/2023
Dr.Amit Tiwari , Assistant Professor 7

8. In 2007, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC) projected that during the 21st
century, sea level will rise another 18 to 59 cm (7.1 to
23 in), but these numbers do not include
"uncertainties in climate-carbon cycle feedbacks nor
do they include the full effects of changes in ice sheet
flow".
On the timescale of centuries to millennia, the
melting of ice sheets could result in even higher sea
level rise. Partial deglaciation of the Greenland ice
sheet, and possibly the West Antarctic ice sheet,
could contribute 4 to 6 m (13 to 20 ft) or more to sea
level rise.
5/4/2023
Dr.Amit Tiwari , Assistant Professor 8

9. Various factors affect the volume or
mass of the ocean, leading to long-
term changes in eustatic sea level.
Include
Temperature
And the mass of water locked up on
land and sea as fresh water in rivers,
lakes, glaciers, polar ice caps, and
sea ice.
5/4/2023
Dr.Amit Tiwari , Assistant Professor 9

10. After the last ice age,
the rapid melting of
glaciers rapidly
raised sea level.
The warming of the
atmosphere caused
by increases in
greenhouse gases is
melting glaciers and
causing ocean water
to warm and expand
thermally. Both
effects increase the
volume of the ocean,
raising its surface
level.
5/4/2023
Dr.Amit Tiwari , Assistant Professor 10

11. Linked to three things
Thermal expansion: When water heats up, it
expands. About half of the past century's rise
in sea level is attributable to warmer oceans
simply occupying more space.
Melting of glaciers and polar ice caps-Large ice
formations, like glaciers and the polar ice caps,
naturally melt back a bit each summer.
Ice loss from Greenland and West Antarctica-
higher sea temperatures are causing the massive
ice shelves that extend out from Antarctica to melt
from below, weaken, and break off.
5/4/2023
Dr.Amit Tiwari , Assistant Professor 11

12. May include;
increased coastal erosion,
higher storm-surge flooding,
inhibition of primary production
processes,
more extensive coastal inundation,
changes in surface water quality and
groundwater characteristics,
increased loss of property and coastal
habitats,
increased flood risk and potential loss of
life, 5/4/2023
Dr.Amit Tiwari , Assistant Professor 12

13. Changes in water quality and
temperature can also have substantial
impacts on urban, industrial, and
agricultural use values, as well as on
aquatic ecosystems.
For urban water uses, degraded water
quality can add substantially to
purification costs.
5/4/2023
Dr.Amit Tiwari , Assistant Professor 13

14. Increased precipitation intensity may
periodically result in increased turbidity
and increased nutrient and pathogen
content
The water utility serving in many Cities
has identified heavy precipitation events
as one of its major climate-change-
related concerns because such events can
raise turbidity levels of surface water
sources as it effects monsoon and it’s
movements also .
5/4/2023
Dr.Amit Tiwari , Assistant Professor 14