Motivation, Tourist Typologies, Tourism Industry (links)

1. Sonia Khan

2. Motivation
 Urge to do something
 Need-drive-action-satisfaction
Need to study motivation
- To identify tourists
- Their expectations
- Segment the product and market
- Predict future trends

3. Erik Cohen
 Recreation – Leisure and Relaxation
 Diversion – Seek a change
 Experience – Seek an experience
 Experiment – Try something new and different
 Existence – Health and Bodily needs

4. Smith
 Ethnic – Going back to roots
 Cultural – To see culture of places
 Historical – To see Places of historical richness
 Environment – Change of environment, nature
 Recreation – Rest and Relax

5. Leiper, Iso Ahola and Pearce
 Escape From Something, Escape To something
 - Recreational Leisure
 - Creative leisure

6. McIntosh and Goeldner
 Physical- Change of environment
 Cultural - Culture
 Interpersonal – Being with/visiting Friends and
Relatives
 Status and Prestige – Show Off

7. Crampton
 To break from routine
 More than one motivation
- Escape
- Exploration
- Relaxation
- Prestige
- Kinship enhancement
- Social Interaction
- Novelty and education (Dahn)

8. Lundberg
 Education
 Culture, Recreation And Pleasure
 Ethnic
 Other ( Adventure, weather , Sports)
 One Upmanship – Status and Prestige
 Conformity- Do what others are doing, going same
places

9.  Burkart and Medlik – Escape and be elsewhere
 Gray: Wanderlust, Sunlust

10. DANN
 Escape
 Individual push and pull factors
 Fantasy- Go to places to seek experiences not allowed
in home environment
 Visiting Friends and Relatives (VFR), Leisure
 Sunlust/Wanderlust
 Authentic experience – Real experiences
 Gain understanding of tourism

11. Krapf
 Exploration – New places
 Divine scenery - Nature
 Social position - Status
 Religion
 Medical – Treatment
 Enjoy nature
 Sports

12. Maslow
 Physiographic motivation– rest relaxation
 Safety – health, escape
 Love and Belongingness- VFR, Interpersonal relations
 Esteem- Status, prestige
 Self actualization- spiritual, religious
 Curiosity – Knowledge
 Aesthetics – Appreciation of beauty

13. Pearce
 Leisure Ladder Model
 Tourist moves through a hierarchy of steps
- Relaxation and Bodily needs – Recuperate
- Stimulation – energized to do something
- Relaxation – Rest and enjoy
- Self esteem - Status
- Fulfillment – Self actualization ( Creativity)

14. Plog (also refer to links at the end)
 Psychographic classification of Tourists and
Motivations
 People have different motivations based on their
personality type
 - Allocentrics
 Midcentrics
 Psychocentrics

15. Plog’s tourists
 Allocentric – Adventurous, Outgoing, Risk taking,
Sociable, Confident, Free Independent Tourists (FIT),
Seek authenticity. Explore new destinations, Are the
first few to visit. Have special unique motives for travel
 Mid centric – Mix of Allocentric and Psychocentric
personalities
 Psychocentric – Low on confidence, like organized
tours, Group Inclusive tourists (GIT), visit known
destinations, prefer the environment bubble, have
usual motives of sightseeing ad shopping.

16. Sonia Khan

17. Cohen
 Institutionalized – (Orgainzed )
- Individual Mass Tourist – (Independent in a group)
- Organized Mass Tourist – Group Inclusive Travel
 Non Institutionalized
- Drifter – Anything and everything, anywhere and
everywhere
- Explorer- Special motivation to seek soemthign
unique

18. Smith
 Explorer – New destinations
 Elite – High spending. Unusual travel. (Cruise,
Gambling etc)
 Off beat –Away from the known destinations
 Unusual – Something extraordinary (Space travel)
 Incipient Mass – Mass tourists, yet seeking his
independent activities and interests)
 Mass – Usual motivations and known destinations
 Charter – Specialized organized travel for common
motivation of group.

19. Plog’s tourists
 Allocentric – Adventurous, Outgoing, Risk taking,
Sociable, Confident, Free Independent Tourists (FIT),
Seek authenticity. Explore new destinations, Are the
first few to visit. Have special unique motives for travel
 Mid centric – Mix of Allocentric and Psychocentric
personalities
 Psychocentric – Low on confidence, like organized
tours, Group Inclusive tourists (GIT), visit known
destinations, prefer the environment bubble, have
usual motives of sightseeing ad shopping.

20. Cohen (1979)
 Existential – Physiographic, health, spiritual
 Experiential – Unique experiences
 Experimental – Try new adventures
 Diversionary – Something different
 Recreational - Leisure and activities

21. Other Reference links for reading on
Motivation and Tourism Industry
 https://www.slideshare.net/malrarenu/motivations-
for-tourism
 https://www.tutorialspoint.com/tourism_managemen
t/tourism_management_supply.htm (Maslow ‘s Need
hierarchy, Plog’s Psychographic classification etc).
 https://www.academia.edu/37643751/Plogs_Model_of
_Personality_Based_Psychographic_Traits_in_Tourism
_A_Review_of_Empirical_Research