The document outlines the evolution of the transportation sector through seven distinct eras, from the pre-industrial era with limited travel options to the modern tourism system characterized by mass air travel. It highlights key factors influencing the selection of transportation modes, such as functional performance, social considerations, and curiosity. Additionally, it discusses the development of various transportation modes including trains, automobiles, buses, ships, and airplanes, as well as the regulatory frameworks governing international air travel.

1. CHAPTER 4:
TRANSPORTATION
SECTOR

2. Transportation and
Travel Evolution

3. 7 Eras of Transportation and
Travel Evolution:

4. 1. Pre-Industrial Travel
System Era

5.  few common carriers
 almost no regularly scheduled transportation
services
 There was little travel.
 Travelers made their own arrangements with
several suppliers.
 era of the stagecoach and the wayside inn
 Only few people had the money and the reason to
travel.
 Chariot – the first mode of transportation

6. 2. Early-Industrial Travel
System Era

7. o Road improvements such as railways, canals
and steamship services were brought about due
to rapid industrialization and advances in
transportation technology services.
o Travel increased because more people who had
money traveled.

8. 3. Mature-Railway System
Era

9. o characterized by railways which expanded
their operations by running hotels and providing
other travel-related services
o Travel agencies and tour companies were
formed.
o Thomas cook
- innovator in this field
- began his company’s activities in the United
kingdom in 1840

10. 4. Express-Travel System
Era

11. o express service increased Trains and
other forms of transportation did not stop
at every station or terminal but only at the
major ones.
o increased the speed of travel and
encouraged more travel than before

12. 5. Automobile-Based Travel
System Era

13. o This influence of the privately owned automobile
was enhanced in North America and Europe from the
1920s onward.
o Car ownership boomed in North America.
o Motorways, interstate highways and other trunk
highways were developed in the latter half of this era
which was from 1920 to 1974.
o The automobile was predominant over other travel
modes from 1920 to 1945.

14. 6. Modern-Tourism Travel
System Era

15. o Is the period from 1945 to 1974
o Car ownership continued to grow at a fast rate,
mainly at the expense of long distance rail travel.
o Mass air travel was another Post-World War II
occurrence.
o The introduction of wide bodied jets in 1970
greatly increased air travel.
o The “mass tourism” philosophy and marketing
approaches were prevalent during the 1950s and
1960s.

16. 7. Post Mobility Adjustment
Era

17. o began in 1973 to 1974 as a result of the oil
embargo generated by the Organization Of
Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) o resulting
energy crisis basically changed the travel patterns
throughout the world
o The present era is one in which travelers continue
to look to alternative, grouporiented modes of
transportation.

18. Historical Development of
the Transport System

19. The desire to travel is stimulated with the improvement in
transportation.
 Before World War I, it took 7 days to travel from coast to
coast by steam locomotive.
 In 1938, an airplane (400 miles an hour) made possible
nonstop coast to coast flights of less than 8 hours.
 By 1950, travelers could complete the journey in two and a
half days by train. Travel time was lessened to 4 hours.
 At present, the Concorde can make flight in 2 and half
hours.

20. Selection of
Transportation Mode

21. 5 factors according to Sheth:
1. Functional expected performance for a
−
specific purpose
2. Aesthetic/Emotional related to such aspects
−
as fear, social concerns, style, luxury, comfort
and other concern feelings the form of
transportation might evoke

22. 3. Social/Organizational
− shows that the frequent users of certain kinds
of transportation are stereotyped according to
sex, racial origin, income, price/cost and
education.
4. Situational refers to how conveniently
−
located the particular mode of transportation
and its terminal facilities are for the traveler.

23. 5. Curiosity refers to the
−
travelers perceived need to do
something new and different

24. Travel by Train

25. 1841 Britain had its first organized train tour
−
− Thomas cook organized an excursion
between Leicester and Loughborough
 1851 three million Englishmen boarded the
−
train to see the great exhibition in London
 1869 1st transcontinental route in US was
−
completed in.

26. 1963 long distance rail travel boosted when George
−
M. Pullman built the Pullman coach
− luxury first-class sleeping and dining facility
 1971 Amtrak began its operations act created
− −
the national railroad passenger corporation
 1977 VIA Rail Canada, the equivalent of Amtrak
−
was created
 Several attempts have been made to determine why
travelers select the train as a transportation mode.

27. 4 evident factors are:
1. Cost/price
2. Comfort
3. Safety
4. Ability to see the area where train is passing

28. A survey of Amtrak passengers showed that travelers
favored the train for the ff reasons:
1. Safety
2. Ability to look out of the train and see the
interesting things in route
3. Ability to get up and walk around
4. Arriving at the destination rested and relaxed
5. Personal comfort

29. The negative factors of rail travelers are:
1. Slowness in reaching the destination
2. Inflexible departure times
3. Lack of quality in food services

30. The Euro city network, formerly the Trans Europe
Express (TEE) network, as well as other national
lines provided excellent rail services between major
cities in 10 countries.
 Japan Shinkansen or bullet trains
−
− first sensational rail accomplishment after World
war II
− travel greater than 140 miles/hr

31.  France Tres Grande Vitesse
−
− its own super train
− travels at 175 miles/hr between Paris and Lyons
and Marseilles
− Its popularity in Europe has increased, not only
because of its quality and efficiency but because of
the use of the Eurailpass.
− also introduce student Eurailpass for second-class
travel; less expensive than theeurailpass; good only in
16 countries

32. Russia Trans-Siberian Railroad
−
− longest in the World (5,787 miles)
− links outlying Siberian industrial
regions and mining centers with
European Russia

33. Travel by Ship

34. steam era began in 1840 when Sir Samuel
Cunard pioneered the first transatlantic-
scheduled liner tips
 introduction of the jet aircraft led to rapid
decline in the ships as scheduled passenger
transportation mode
 Many passenger ships were converted into
cruise ships.

35. CRUISE SHIP
o may be divided into large vessel (accommodate
180 or more passengers) and small vessels (carry
less than 100 passengers)
o They are called “mini-cruises” or “ultra-
yachts”.
o The cruise industry is largely owned by
European companies which are located in
Denmark, Norway, Holland, Italy, Germany,
Great Britain and Greece.

36. Although, the cruise ship industry is not a
US industry in terms of ownership, several
United States and America territory cities
serve as major ports of cruise ships.
o The top ports are Miami, New York, San
Juan, Port Everglades, Los Angeles, San
Francisco, Seattle and New Orleans

37. Travel by Automobile
 Carl Benz of Mannheim, Germany
− real inventor of the automobile
− 1885 to 1886, he combined the bicycle
and the international combustion engine
and designed the complete vehicle engine
consisting of the engine, chassis and
transmission

38. Henry Ford
− in 1908, produced his Model T car built with an assembly
technique for mass production
 The introduction of the automobile brought about the decline of
the train’s popularity in most developed countries.
 The growth of car ownership necessitated road improvements.
 The United States federal government participated in the
constructed and maintenance of roads when it passed an Act in
1916.
 The automobile stimulated tourism by crating attractions along
tourist routes made accessible by the automobile.
 Examples are homes of historical figures, scenic areas, and
historic shrines and monuments.

39. Travel by Bus/ Motor Coach
 Bus travel
− is the most flexible and economical form of transportation
 1900s buses were first used to carry passengers intercity in the early in the United
−
States
 There was little intercity travel before the 1920s.
 1928 Greyhound company (largest privately-owned bus company in the world) was
−
established.
 By this time, buses traveled from New York to Los Angeles in about 5 days.
 With road improvements before World War II, cross-country trip time was reduced to
90 hours.
 The terms “bus,” “coach and “motor coach” are used interchangeably.
 In North America, the bus performs
two major roles:
1. To provide a regular schedule of intercity passenger transportation services

40. 2. To provide charter and tour
services
 The main reasons for selecting bus travel over other
modes of travel are convenience and economy.
 Charter and tour service
− is the fastest growing segment of the bus or motor
coach industry
 Motor coach tours
− usually last five to six days and is limited to a
particular geographical area

41. Travel by Air
 The airplane had a revolutionary impact on
tourism from World War II onward.
 The history of air transportation can be divided
into three parts:
1. Pre-world war II
2. World War II
3. Post-World War II
 In the United States, almost all early airlines started
by carrying mail for the post office.

42. Varney one of the first which began in April 1926 and later
−
became United Airlines
 Western Airlines began its passenger service on April 17, 1926
−
when it carried a woman passenger along with the mail
 Pan American Airways had the first international flight in
−
1927 when it carried mail from Key West, Florida to Havana, Cuba.
 World War II influenced the development of the airline Industry.
 Since 1950, incomes have increased rapidly while airfares have
declined.
− made air travel more attractive than ever While the price of an
airline ticket decreased, the quality of service with regard to speed,
sixe and comfort improved.

43. Airline Regulation
 International tourism requires a
system of international air
transportation.

44. This system requires negotiations among nations and carriers in the
form of bilateral agreements.
 Over flights privileges must be obtained from all nations over which
airlines will cross during international lights.
 Airlines are or may be assessed overnight charges for the privilege
of flying over other nations including countries which not have
formal diplomatic relations with each other like Cuba and the United
States.
 Lending rights, fuel purchase agreements, maintenance provisions,
and other considerations require bilateral negotiation.
 The original idea for a worldwide system of airline regulation took
place in the Chicago convention of 1944 and the Bermuda agreement
of 1946.

45. The Bermuda Agreement established the first worldwide
model for future bilateral agreements regarding the exercise of
the eight freedoms of the air:
o First Freedom:
The right of an airline to overfly one country to get to another
o Second Freedom:
The right of an airline t land in another country for a
technical stopover (fuel, maintenance, etc.) but does not pick
up or drop off traffic;

46. Third Freedom:
The right of an airline, registered in country X, to drop off
traffic from country X to country Y
o Fourth Freedom:
The right of an airline, registered in country X, to carry
traffic back to country X from country Y
o Fifth Freedom:
The right of an airline, registered in country X, to collect
traffic in country Y and fly onto country Z, solong as the
flight either originates or terminates in country X

47. Sixth Freedom:
The right of an airline, registered in country X, to carry traffic to a
getaway – a point in country X - and then abroad. The traffic has
neither its origin nor ultimate destination in country X
o Seventh Freedom:
The right of an airline, registered in country X, to operate entirely
outside of country X in carrying traffic between two other countries
and
o Eight Freedom:
The right of an airline, registered in country X, to carry traffic
between any two pints in the same
foreign country; also known as cabotage

48.  International Air Transport
Association (IATA)
− After the Chicago Conference, several schedules carriers met in
Havana
− was formed to ensure cooperation among international carriers
− is a democratic organization whose membership is open to any
member of the United Nations
− primary purpose is to establish a system of international rates
and fares
 Through IATA, the airlines enter into agreements concerning
rates, conditions of services, and routes to be given to each airline.
 The agreements are subject to the approval of their respective
governments