This document provides information on various modes of transportation in India and their key characteristics. It discusses different land, water, and air transportation modes. For land transportation, it describes various road classifications and characteristics of the Indian railway system. It also covers inland waterways, coastal and ocean shipping. The document discusses speed, safety, adequacy, frequency, comfort and other factors for comparing different transportation modes. It provides data on traffic volumes, speeds and densities which are important for road design.
Urban transportation system meaning ,travel demand functions with factors, design approaches & modeling , types of mass transit system with advantages -disadvantages or limitations , opportunities in mass transport , integrated approach for transit -transportation system
This presentation gives an introduction to transportation planning. It talks about what is transportation and its need. It also talks about how transportation has evolved over the period of time and how the city structure and people's behavior changes with it.
Urban transportation system meaning ,travel demand functions with factors, design approaches & modeling , types of mass transit system with advantages -disadvantages or limitations , opportunities in mass transport , integrated approach for transit -transportation system
This presentation gives an introduction to transportation planning. It talks about what is transportation and its need. It also talks about how transportation has evolved over the period of time and how the city structure and people's behavior changes with it.
Mass transit system refers to public shared transportation, such as trains, buses, ferries etc that can commute a larger number of passengers from origin to destination on a no-reserved basis and in lesser time. It can also be termed as Public Transport.
In today’s world with the ever increasing traffic it is inherent that we immediately find an optimum solution for it so that we can move on from being a developing nation to a super power.
There is a great need to resolve our transportation issues at the earliest as connectivity is of grave importance. Finding a systematic and organized way around the current situation is only going to benefit us in the long run. Better connectivity reduces transportation costs immensely and saves time in traveling.
t the end of this workshop participants will be able to:
Anticipate future traffic problems of a transportation network
Understand the use and limitations of various modes of transportation and learn a technique to design an efficient transportation system by combination of these
Understand the concept of Level of Service of the transport system and techniques to maintain those within acceptable limits
Obtain guidance in the traffic control systems and their use during special events as well as during construction
Develop an intelligent transportation system as well as efficient parking system
Be aware of and be able to evaluate the effects of any new development on the adjacent traffic network
Understanding the concepts of traffic calming, forecasts, traffic management systems
Acquire a basic knowledge of standards of transportation safety
Obtain sufficient knowledge to manage traffic in your small neighborhood/ complex/construction site
WHO SHOULD ATTEND?
Architects
Builders and developers
Civil engineers
Development control officers
Engineers and technicians in charge of a construction site
Town planners
Traffic control authorities of big events
http://www.idc-online.com/content/transportation-planning-and-management-27
Transportation is the movement of products from one node in the distribution channel to another.
Types of transportation are explained in detail in the presentation
Mass transit system refers to public shared transportation, such as trains, buses, ferries etc that can commute a larger number of passengers from origin to destination on a no-reserved basis and in lesser time. It can also be termed as Public Transport.
In today’s world with the ever increasing traffic it is inherent that we immediately find an optimum solution for it so that we can move on from being a developing nation to a super power.
There is a great need to resolve our transportation issues at the earliest as connectivity is of grave importance. Finding a systematic and organized way around the current situation is only going to benefit us in the long run. Better connectivity reduces transportation costs immensely and saves time in traveling.
t the end of this workshop participants will be able to:
Anticipate future traffic problems of a transportation network
Understand the use and limitations of various modes of transportation and learn a technique to design an efficient transportation system by combination of these
Understand the concept of Level of Service of the transport system and techniques to maintain those within acceptable limits
Obtain guidance in the traffic control systems and their use during special events as well as during construction
Develop an intelligent transportation system as well as efficient parking system
Be aware of and be able to evaluate the effects of any new development on the adjacent traffic network
Understanding the concepts of traffic calming, forecasts, traffic management systems
Acquire a basic knowledge of standards of transportation safety
Obtain sufficient knowledge to manage traffic in your small neighborhood/ complex/construction site
WHO SHOULD ATTEND?
Architects
Builders and developers
Civil engineers
Development control officers
Engineers and technicians in charge of a construction site
Town planners
Traffic control authorities of big events
http://www.idc-online.com/content/transportation-planning-and-management-27
Transportation is the movement of products from one node in the distribution channel to another.
Types of transportation are explained in detail in the presentation
Transportation planning is an integral part of overall urban planning and needs systematic approach.
Travel demand estimation is an important part of comprehensive transportation planning process.
However, planning does not end by predicting travel demand.
The ultimate aim of urban transport planning is to generate alternatives for improving transportation system to meet future demand and selecting the best alternative after proper evaluation.
Title: Level of Service F for Grade A Streets
Track: Prosper
Format: 90 minute panel
Abstract: Relying solely on Level of Service criteria for street design, which evaluates vehicle congestion, leads to poor outcomes on many of our roadways. LOS F, far from a failure, creates opportunities to reallocate roadway space for more livable street designs. In this session, learn about projects in Cambridge and San Francisco that overcame opposition and generated community support in prioritizing better bicycling and walking over vehicle capacity during the peak hour of travel.
Presenters:
Presenter: Michael Sallaberry San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency
Co-Presenter: Jeffrey Rosenblum City of Cambridge, MA
Title: Transportation Studies in the 21st Century: Incorporating all Modes
Track: Sustain
Format: 90 minute panel
Abstract: In the 21st century, the basic purpose of transportation studies needs to change from making it easier to drive to giving people options other than driving. This session will present case studies of alternatives to the auto-dominated Level of Service traffic impact studies in order to better address bicycling, transit and walking.
Presenters:
Presenter: Michelle DeRobertis Transportation Choices for Sustainable Communities
Co-Presenter: Peter Albert San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency
Co-Presenter: Patrick Lynch Transpo Group
Co-Presenter: David Thompson City of Boulder, Colorado
Emerging City Report - Vijayawada (2014)ResearchFox
This report helps analyze and disseminate information on global emerging cities. The report focuses on the demand and supply of talent both lateral and inexperienced/ freshers, availability of cost-effective infrastructure and other factors that make it a feasible and attractive option for organizations looking to expand and grow in this region and remain competitive.
The objective of this research is to conduct in-depth talent pool and location analysis of respected emerging city across identified technology functions which can provide a detailed view of this emerging location and opportunities for growth.
water transport in engineering related to traffic engineering in civil engineering and water resource engineering junior class for graduation in civil and water resource engineering at bangladesh university of engineering and technology taught by department of civil engineering to water resource engineering students for undergraduate course in level 3 term 2 . the topic is about water transportation in regards to transportation engineering course ce 391
Sri Lanka offers a variety of transportation modes to navigate the island, ca...shenamunugama52
Sri Lanka offers a variety of transportation modes to navigate the island, catering to different preferences and budgets. Here's an overview:
Buses: Buses are the most common mode of public transportation in Sri Lanka. They cover almost every part of the island and are relatively inexpensive. However, they can be crowded and sometimes uncomfortable, especially during peak hours.
Trains: Sri Lanka Railways operates an extensive network of trains connecting major cities and towns. The train journey is known for its scenic beauty, especially the famous Kandy to Ella route. There are different classes available, ranging from basic to more luxurious options like observation cars.
Tuk-tuks: These three-wheeled vehicles are ubiquitous in Sri Lanka, especially in urban areas. They are convenient for short trips within cities and towns and offer a more personalized and flexible mode of transportation. Negotiate the fare before starting your journey.
Taxis: Metered taxis are available in cities like Colombo and Kandy, offering a more comfortable and private transportation option compared to tuk-tuks. Ride-hailing apps like Uber and PickMe are also popular in urban areas.
Rental Cars: Renting a car is another option for travelers who prefer the freedom to explore at their own pace. Several international and local car rental companies operate in Sri Lanka, but driving conditions can be challenging, especially in busy city centers.
Motorcycles/Scooters: Renting a motorcycle or scooter is a popular choice for adventurous travelers, especially in beach towns like Hikkaduwa and Mirissa. However, be sure to wear a helmet and exercise caution, as road conditions can be unpredictable.
Cycling: Cycling is a great way to explore smaller towns and rural areas of Sri Lanka. There are several bike rental shops catering to tourists, especially in popular tourist destinations like Galle and Sigiriya.
Domestic Flights: Sri Lanka has several domestic airports, offering flights between major cities like Colombo, Kandy, and Jaffna. While more expensive than other modes of transportation, domestic flights can save time, especially when traveling long distances.
Each mode of transportation in Sri Lanka has its advantages and disadvantages, so choose the option that best suits your itinerary, budget, and preferences.
Subject: Pharmaceutical Marketing and Management
Full Marks - 50
1. Personnel Management:
a) Definition, scope, importance, behavioral science and personnel management.
b) Motivation, moral and job satisfaction.
c) Education, training, management development and performance evaluation.
d) Means of achieving harmonious industrial relation collective bargaining, joint consultation worker council, arbitration, and industrial democracy.
2. Production Management: Definition, scope, importance and application of management, techniques and principles to production management, production planning and quality control.
3. Materials Management:
a) Purchasing: Formulating effective buying policies, determination of needs and desires of patrons, selecting the sources of supply, determination the terms of purchase, receiving, marketing and stocking goods.
b) Inventory control: Methods of inventory control, selection of optimum method, effect of inventory control.
4. Risks Management
5. Pharmaceutical Marketing:
a) Promotion: Objectives, classification, developing a promotional plan, promotion strategy, budget and executing the program. Steps of implantation of advertising, types (display, direct mail, etc.) and preparation of advertisement. Personal selling and evaluation of promotion (general and specialized method).
b) Pricing: General consideration, pricing method, prescription pricing and professional fees.
c) Channel of distribution
d) Forecasing of sales
5. Management of Community Pharmacy and Governmental Pharmacy.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
1. Traffic & Transportation
UNIT:IV Urbanization and Transport Problem
Submitted to:
Mrs. ANITHA
Department of Urban and Regional Planning
School of Planning and Architecture
Jawaharlal Nehru Architecture and Fine Arts University
3. Introduction
• Application of technology and scientific principles to the planning, functional design
operation and management of facilities for any mode of transportation in order to provide for
the safe, rapid, comfortable, convenient, economical and environmentally compatible
movement of people as well as goods.
• So one way it covers planning, functional design, operation and management. the
importance of transportation in the development of a country is really multidimensional.
• We normally say that the economy of a country rolls on transport.
• Transport is a major factor that can boost the economic development of a country. human
beings are interacting over distance and time for food, for shelter, work, business. recreation
and security. agricultural and industrial raw materials and also the finished products,
equipments are needed to be transported from place to another.
11/24/2015 3
4. Modes of transport
INTRODUCTION
• A well–knit and coordinated system of transport plays an
important role in the sustained economic growth of a country.
The transport system in India comprises a number of distinct
modes and services, notably railways, roads, road transport,
ports, inland water transport, coastal shipping, airports, and
airlines.
• Railways and roads are the dominant means of transport carrying
more than 95% of total traffic generated in the country.
• Although other modes such as coastal shipping and inland water
transport would play a greater role, the railways and roads would
continue to dominate the transport landscape in the foreseeable
future.
11/24/2015 4www.Geography of transportation .comchapter 3modes of transportation
6. 1.Land transport
A. Pathways:
• In remote villages, forest and hilly areas pathways are
still an important amongst the different modes of
transport.
• It further be subdivided into Head loads (is also known
as human transport. It is used in the hilly areas where
even animals cannot reach) and Pack animals (is also
known as animal transport.
• The animals like horse, pony , donkey, , buffaloes, camel,
elephant, yak, sheep etc. are used for transport purpose.
11/24/2015 6www.Geography of transportation .comchapter 3modes of transportation
7. 1.Land transport
B.Roadways:
India has one of the largest road networks in the world, of 33.14 lakh km,
consisting of Rural roads and urban roads
RURAL ROAD classification
(i) national highways (NHs),
(ii) State highways (SHs),
(iii)Major district roads (MDRs),
(iv) RRs that include other district roads and village Roads.
URBAN ROAD classification
(i)Arterial roads
(ii) Sub arterial roads
(iii)collector roads
(iv)local roads
11/24/2015 7www.Geography of transportation .comchapter 3modes of transportation
8. 1.Land transport
D. Railways:
• Railway has been the pioneer of modern mechanical
transport. It has brought the greatest revolution in
transport.
• In India, it is the principal means of transport. It carries
over 80 per cent of goods traffic and over 70 per cent of
passenger traffic. It provides for more than 60000
kilometers of railways all over the country.
• Indian railways, the largest rail network in Asia and the
world's second largest under one management are also
credited with having a multi gauge and multi traction
system.
11/24/2015 8www.Geography of transportation .comchapter 3modes of transportation
9. 2. Water Transport
• Water transport is the cheapest and the oldest form of transport for
heavy goods and bulk cargoes.
• Waterways are the natural gifts, hence it does not required large
amount of capital expenditure for the construction of road and
railway tracks, except canal transport.
A INLAND WATERWAYS
A.1 River Transport:
• Rivers are the water highways given by nature. River Transport
is suitable for small boats and steamers.
A.2 Canal Transport:
• Canals are the artificial waterways constructed for the purpose
of irrigation.
11/24/2015 9www.Geography of transportation .comchapter 3modes of transportation
10. 2. Water Transport
B OCEAN TRANSPORT
B.1 Coastal Shipping:
• Coastal shipping is a cheaper, speedy, flexible and economical form of transport for the
movement of bulky and heavy cargoes.
• Usually coastal shipping trade is reserved for the national shipping. In India also from 1951
and onwards the coastal shipping trade is extremely reserved for the national ships.
B.2 Overseas Shipping:
On the basis of their working, overseas shipping may be divided into
• The Liner (those ships which follow defined routes with fixed places and fixed time table),
• The Tramps (those ships which have no set routes or fixed time table)
• The Oil Tanker (special sea carriers of crude oil in very large quantity).
• The Liners may again be subdivided into Passenger Liners and the Cargo Liners.
11/24/2015 10www.Geography of transportation .comchapter 3modes of transportation
12. 3. AIR TRANSPORT
• Air transport is the gift of twentieth century to the world. It is the
latest means of transport.
• The first flight in the air was made in 1903 only for twelve seconds.
Successfully it was used as a means of transport after the First
World War (1914-1918). The first air service was started in 1919
between London and Paris.
• Since then it has made notable progress and provide tough
competition to Railways. Air Transport can again be subdivided into
passenger and cargo.
11/24/2015 12www.Geography of transportation .comchapter 3modes of transportation
13. Characteristics of a Transport mode
• Speed
• Safety
• Adequacy
• Frequency
• Regularity
• Integration
11/24/2015 13
• Responsibilities
• Comfort
• Cheapness
• Fuel efficiency
• Employment generation
Traffic and transportation book by kadiyali
14. Speed is the essence of
transport ,it reduces over all
cost ,reduces storage and
inventorying , helps a faster
turn round with existing
facilities and is of prime
importance for perishable
commodities.
11/24/2015 14
Speed
Traffic and transportation book by kadiyali
15. 11/24/2015 15
s.no mode normal speed range in
India(km/hr)
remarks
1 Railway 50-80 1.Speed depends on gauge and no of tracks
2.Speeds up to 250 km/hr are possible
2 Road transport:
Cars
Buses and trucks
Two wheelers
Cycles
Auto rickshaw
Bullock cart
50-80
30-60
25-50
8-15
15-30
3-5
Speed depends on pavement width and
terrain. values given are for good roads in
plain terrain
3 Air transport:
Boeing 747
Boeing 707
Feeder aircraft
1000
950
300-400
4 Water transport:
Ocean liners
Coastal ships
Inland water barges
35-55
15-35
10-25
5 Pipe lines 5-10
6 Rope ways 5-10
We can see that air
transport is 10-20 times
faster than roads and
railways
16. Safety
• Rail transport : It moves on one track , and as such if adequate
measures are taken to ensure safety at crossing .
Railways are reasonably safe modern systems of electronic signal
control and safety devices have further enhanced the safety of rail
travel.
• Road transport : Its increasingly becoming unsafe with the spectacular
growth of traffic on roads.
Vehicles move on road space which is shared by all vehicles and hence
crossing and overtaking manoeuvres are potential hazards.
There is little control on driver requirements and vehicle maintenance,
even though rules and regulations do exist to ensure safety.
11/24/2015 16Traffic and transportation book by kadiyali
17. 11/24/2015 17
• Air transport has a good record of safety . This is because of high
degree of inspection and control of materials ,high standards of
vehicle maintenance and medical fitness of crew.
However Air craft ,suffer from natural hazards such as storms ,fog,
lightning and bird hits . whenever a accidents happen ,the fatality rate
is very high
• Water transport is very safe in modern times. Safety measures are
highly developed and the danger from natural hazards are forecasted
very soon. The country craft used for inland waterways and coastal
traffic , however do not have safety devices and instrumental aids and
are highly accident prone during storms and cyclones .
Traffic and transportation book by kadiyali
18. Frequency and regularity
• Almost all modes of modern transport offer regular , frequent and assured service .
• Freight transport by road in India is in private hands and is known for its better service than
railways in matters of frequency and regularity.
• Railways from a disadvantage that a number of transfers are allowed .
• Firstly, from the door of the consigner to the railway yard , and secondly from the designation
railway yard to the door of the consignee .
• These transfers are generally achieved by road transport . Containerization , which has become
popular , is expected to facilitate such transfers.
11/24/2015 18
Integration
Traffic and transportation book by kadiyali
19. Responsibility
• Railways are government owned in India and hence meet the liabilities for
compensation and damage or loss.
• Road transport of freight , through in private hands also offers a kind of
insurance coverage.
• Air transport is characterized by a high degree of insurance cover .
• Provision of toilet facilities is absent in buses and hence long distances by
buses is tedious and inconvenient
• Air travel is the most convenient.
11/24/2015 19
Comfort
Traffic and transportation book by kadiyali
20. Cheapness
• Passenger travel by rail and bus in India cost about the same .
• The charges levied by railways vary according to type of goods
• The high value commodities like tea , cotton textiles , cotton(raw) etc . are
exception to this ,where advantage lies with road transport even for longer
haulage.
• For perishable commodities like fruits and vegetables , road transport has
comparative advantage up to 450 kms.
• For such commodities such as fertilizer , coal, cement, livestock , sugar, steel
tubes ,comparative cost advantage for roads is up to 200-300kms
11/24/2015 20Traffic and transportation book by kadiyali
21. Fuel efficiency
Fuel has become highly important consideration when selecting a transport mode
11/24/2015 21
Energy efficiency of various transport modes
Passenger Energy for propulsion(BTU
/PASS KM)
Electric traction –railway 54.6
Diesel traction-railway 151.2
Stream traction-railway 1445.8
Diesel bus 288.7
Petrol bus 526.5
Average car 1909.0
Freight BUT/tone…km
Electric traction-railway 84.6
Diesel traction-railway 255.5
Steam traction-railway 3576.9
Diesel truck 1587.3
barge 328
Pipe line 281.7
Energy efficiency of various transport modes
It is seen that air transport is most fuel consuming mode . in order of declining rates are road ,rail
inland-water transport and pipe line.
Traffic and transportation book by kadiyali
22. Employment generation
11/24/2015 22
• India is a country with big unemployment problem .
transport is a sector which absorbs labor force in
good measure . any mode of transport that offers
the best employment potential , therefore ,should
find favour . a recent study in India has yielded
valuable results in that area
• It is thus seen that road transport ,inland water
transport and coastal shipping score very high as
compared to railways and air transport in the matter
of employment generation.
Mode Employment potential per
1,00,000 of investment
Inland water
transport operations
33.59
Development of
navigational channels
13.20
Road construction
and maintenance
27.50
Road transport
operation:
Bullock cart
3 wheeler
Trucks
Buses
Taxis
Vehicle production
27
17.15
16.95
9.26
3.71
1.78
Coastal shipping:
Sailing vessels
Other coastal
shipping
20
2.40
railways 4.30
Air transport 0.97
Traffic and transportation book by kadiyali
23. Information on traffic characteristics is vital in selecting the appropriate
geometric features of a roadway. Necessary traffic data includes:
Traffic volume
Traffic speed
Vehicular density
11/24/2015 23
TRAFFIC CHARACTERISTICS
Traffic and transportation book by kadiyali
24. Traffic
Volume
Average
Daily Traffic
Design
Hourly
Volume
Computation
of DHV and
DDHV
Projected
Traffic
Volumes
Service Flow
Rate
Traffic volume/flow
11/24/2015 24
• Traffic volume is an important basis for determining what improvements are required on a
highway or street facility.
• Traffic volumes may be expressed in terms of average daily volumes or hourly volumes.
• These volumes may be used to calculate the service flow rate, which is typically used for
evaluations of geometric design alternatives.
25. Average Daily Traffic
• Daily volumes :
a) Average Daily Traffic (ADT) which considers generally the day to day variation of
traffic within a week. So we take the traffic measurement for seven days and take the
average of that. So we do consider the variation of traffic within a week.
b) Annual average daily traffic (AADT) is the total volume of vehicle traffic of a
highway or road for a year divided by 365 days.
• Hourly volumes : This normally reflects hourly traffic variation within a day. And is used
for capacity analysis.
11/24/2015 25
26. Computation of DHV and DDHV
• The percent of ADT occurring in the design hour (K) may be used to convert ADT to DHV as follows:
DHV = (ADT)(K)
• The percentage of the design hourly volume that is in the predominant direction of travel (D) and K are
both considered in converting ADT to DDHV as shown in the following equation:
DDHV = (ADT)(K)(D)
• Projected traffic volumes are provided by the Transportation Planning and Programming (TPP)
Division upon request and serve as a basis for design of proposed improvements.
• For high-volume facilities, a tabulation showing traffic converted to DHV or DDHV will be
provided by TPP if specifically requested. Generally, however, projected traffic volume is
expressed as ADT with K and D factors provided.
11/24/2015 26
Projected Traffic Volumes
27. Service Flow Rate
• A facility should be designed to provide sufficient capacity to accommodate the design traffic volumes
(ADT, DHV, DDHV).
• The necessary capacity of a roadway is initially based on a set of “ideal conditions.” These conditions
are then adjusted for the “actual conditions” that are predicted to exist on the roadway section.
• This adjusted capacity is termed service flow rate (SF) and is defined as a measure of the maximum
flow rate under prevailing conditions.
• For two-lane rural highways, the DHV is the total traffic in both directions of travel. On highways
with more than two lanes (or on two-lane roads where important intersections are encountered or
where additional lanes are to be provided later).
• knowledge of the directional distribution of traffic during the design hour (DDHV) is essential for
design. DHV and DDHV may be determined by the application of conversion factors to ADT.
11/24/2015 27
Design Hourly Volume
28. Traffic Speed
11/24/2015 28
DESIGN SPEED
•Design speed is a selected speed used to determine the various geometric design features of the
roadway.
• It is important to design facilities with all elements in balance, consistent with an appropriate
design speed.
•Design elements such as sight distance, vertical and horizontal alignment, lane and shoulder
widths, roadside clearances, super elevation, etc., are influenced by design speed.
Traffic
Speed
Traffic Speed
Design
Speed
Posted Speed
29. Traffic speed
• Speed is normally the distance traveled in unit time.
Two types of speed measurement are normally used in traffic engineering. One is the
Time Mean Speed(TMS) and the other is the Space Mean Speed(SMS).
• The Time Mean Speed is the average speed at one point over a period of time. It carefully
observes the time mean at a point or at a fixed location and it is measured over a period of
time and the average of that is taken. So it is average speed at one point or location over a
period of time.
• Space Mean Speed is the average speed of vehicles over a certain length of road at any
time. it is averaged over the distance and hence it is called Space Mean Speed.
*Remember that Space Mean Speed is always less than or equal to Time Mean
Speed.
11/24/2015 29
30. Posted Speed
• Posted speed refers to the maximum speed limit posted on a section of highway.
• The posted speed should be based primarily upon the 85th percentile speed when adequate
speed samples can be secured.
• Speed zoning guidelines permit consideration of other factors such as roadside
development, road and shoulder surface characteristics, public input, and pedestrian and
bicycle activity.
11/24/2015 30
31. Vehicular density
• The number of vehicles occupying a unit length of the roadway at a given instant. It is
usually expressed as to how many vehicles per kilometer.
• In traffic flow, the two most important densities are the critical density (kc) and jam density
(kj).
• The maximum density achievable under free flow is kc , while kj is the maximum density
achieved under congestion.
In general, jam density is seven times the critical density.
11/24/2015 31
32. TRAFFIC PROBLEMS
Traffic congestion and parking difficulties.
• Congestion is one of the most prevalent transport problems in
urban areas.ie The volume capacity ratio (V/C ratio) in any
urban area during the peak hour is more than one.
• Congestion and parking are also interrelated since looking for
a parking space (called "cruising") creates additional delays and
impairs local circulation. In central areas of cities as drivers can
spend 10 minutes looking for a parking spot.
• Demand for parking in the CBD is twice the supply. Acute
shortage of parking supply is witnessed in commercial areas.
• Unauthorized and indiscriminate parking impedes free flow of
traffic and causes accidents . The haphazard parking has led to
loss in the road capacity that ranges between15% to 60%.
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• Phenomenal growth of vehicles coupled with minimal increase in road space, has led to a low
speed of 15 kmph in CBD and 20 kmph in other major roads. The declining speed leading
to increase in time delay.
• The carriageway has to be leveled i.e. without undulation and the drive way has to be properly
paved.
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• Permanent and temporary encroachments of footpaths and carriageways have reduced the
capacity of the road. Pedestrian flows are significant at many critical locations across the city
road network .
• Traffic control devices, traffic signs and road markings are not adequately maintained to
retain their legibility and visibility. Inadequate enforcement of traffic rules and insufficient
regulatory measures brings Conflicts between fast moving vehicular traffic and pedestrian
traffic have reduced safety.
35. Accidents and safety
• Growing traffic in urban areas is linked with a growing number of accidents and fatalities,
especially in developing countries. Accidents account for a significant share of recurring
delays.
• As traffic increases, people feel less safe to use the streets.
• Accident data reveal that on an average about 620 persons die on City roads annually. shows
the trend of road accidents over the years
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• Fatality rate works out to 35/10,000 vehicles. Other sources of data indicate that 42% of
road accidents involve pedestrians and 10% cyclists.
• Traffic Police (TP) is responsible for reporting and investigation of road accidents.
• The accident rate across various cities in the country is indicated in the Table 5.3.
37. Regional Level Problems
• Some of the rural areas doesn't have
connectivity to the main roads of the
region.
• Improper pavement of roads .
• Intersection of Highways and local
roads lead to the accidents due to the fast
moving vehicles on the highways
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• Misusing the underpasses for other activities. Ad
hoc use of the carriageway and footpaths for
utilities.
• Poorly maintained drainage system also affect the
efficient use of the roads.
• Lack of organised parking including
loading/unloading facilities for trucks is resulting
in reduced capacity and safety of movement.
• Unplanned intersection lead to the accidents.
• Improper traffic separators lead to accidents
more during Night hours
40. • Road rage is aggressive or angry behavior by a driver of an automobile or other
motor vehicle.
• A frustrated driver in traffic jam.
• Heavy Traffic has a number of negative effects:
• Wasting time of motorists and passengers ("opportunity cost"). As a non-
productive activity for most people, congestion reduces regional economic health.
• Delays, which may result in late arrival for employment, meetings, and education,
resulting in lost business, disciplinary action or other personal losses.
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