Transportation problems

Traffic & Transportation
UNIT:IV Urbanization and Transport Problem
Submitted to:
Mrs. ANITHA
Department of Urban and Regional Planning
School of Planning and Architecture
Jawaharlal Nehru Architecture and Fine Arts University

Contents
 Transportation modes
 Transportation Characteristics
 Traffic Characteristics
 Traffic Problems
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Introduction
• Application of technology and scientific principles to the planning, functional design
operation and management of facilities for any mode of transportation in order to provide for
the safe, rapid, comfortable, convenient, economical and environmentally compatible
movement of people as well as goods.
• So one way it covers planning, functional design, operation and management. the
importance of transportation in the development of a country is really multidimensional.
• We normally say that the economy of a country rolls on transport.
• Transport is a major factor that can boost the economic development of a country. human
beings are interacting over distance and time for food, for shelter, work, business. recreation
and security. agricultural and industrial raw materials and also the finished products,
equipments are needed to be transported from place to another.
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Modes of transport
INTRODUCTION
• A well–knit and coordinated system of transport plays an
important role in the sustained economic growth of a country.
The transport system in India comprises a number of distinct
modes and services, notably railways, roads, road transport,
ports, inland water transport, coastal shipping, airports, and
airlines.
• Railways and roads are the dominant means of transport carrying
more than 95% of total traffic generated in the country.
• Although other modes such as coastal shipping and inland water
transport would play a greater role, the railways and roads would
continue to dominate the transport landscape in the foreseeable
future.
11/24/2015 4www.Geography of transportation .comchapter 3modes of transportation

Modes of transport
Motor
ized
Non
Motori
zed
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www.Geography of transportation .comchapter 3modes of transportation

1.Land transport
A. Pathways:
• In remote villages, forest and hilly areas pathways are
still an important amongst the different modes of
transport.
• It further be subdivided into Head loads (is also known
as human transport. It is used in the hilly areas where
even animals cannot reach) and Pack animals (is also
known as animal transport.
• The animals like horse, pony , donkey, , buffaloes, camel,
elephant, yak, sheep etc. are used for transport purpose.

1.Land transport
B.Roadways:
India has one of the largest road networks in the world, of 33.14 lakh km,
consisting of Rural roads and urban roads
RURAL ROAD classification
(i) national highways (NHs),
(ii) State highways (SHs),
(iii)Major district roads (MDRs),
(iv) RRs that include other district roads and village Roads.
URBAN ROAD classification
(i)Arterial roads
(ii) Sub arterial roads
(iii)collector roads
(iv)local roads

1.Land transport
D. Railways:
• Railway has been the pioneer of modern mechanical
transport. It has brought the greatest revolution in
transport.
• In India, it is the principal means of transport. It carries
over 80 per cent of goods traffic and over 70 per cent of
passenger traffic. It provides for more than 60000
kilometers of railways all over the country.
• Indian railways, the largest rail network in Asia and the
world's second largest under one management are also
credited with having a multi gauge and multi traction
system.

2. Water Transport
• Water transport is the cheapest and the oldest form of transport for
heavy goods and bulk cargoes.
• Waterways are the natural gifts, hence it does not required large
amount of capital expenditure for the construction of road and
railway tracks, except canal transport.
A INLAND WATERWAYS
A.1 River Transport:
• Rivers are the water highways given by nature. River Transport
is suitable for small boats and steamers.
A.2 Canal Transport:
• Canals are the artificial waterways constructed for the purpose
of irrigation.

2. Water Transport
B OCEAN TRANSPORT
B.1 Coastal Shipping:
• Coastal shipping is a cheaper, speedy, flexible and economical form of transport for the
movement of bulky and heavy cargoes.
• Usually coastal shipping trade is reserved for the national shipping. In India also from 1951
and onwards the coastal shipping trade is extremely reserved for the national ships.
B.2 Overseas Shipping:
On the basis of their working, overseas shipping may be divided into
• The Liner (those ships which follow defined routes with fixed places and fixed time table),
• The Tramps (those ships which have no set routes or fixed time table)
• The Oil Tanker (special sea carriers of crude oil in very large quantity).
• The Liners may again be subdivided into Passenger Liners and the Cargo Liners.

11/24/2015 11Google images maps of india.com

3. AIR TRANSPORT
• Air transport is the gift of twentieth century to the world. It is the
latest means of transport.
• The first flight in the air was made in 1903 only for twelve seconds.
Successfully it was used as a means of transport after the First
World War (1914-1918). The first air service was started in 1919
between London and Paris.
• Since then it has made notable progress and provide tough
competition to Railways. Air Transport can again be subdivided into
passenger and cargo.

Characteristics of a Transport mode
• Speed
• Safety
• Adequacy
• Frequency
• Regularity
• Integration
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• Responsibilities
• Comfort
• Cheapness
• Fuel efficiency
• Employment generation
Traffic and transportation book by kadiyali

Speed is the essence of
transport ,it reduces over all
cost ,reduces storage and
inventorying , helps a faster
turn round with existing
facilities and is of prime
importance for perishable
commodities.
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Speed

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s.no mode normal speed range in
India(km/hr)
remarks
1 Railway 50-80 1.Speed depends on gauge and no of tracks
2.Speeds up to 250 km/hr are possible
2 Road transport:
Cars
Buses and trucks
Two wheelers
Cycles
Auto rickshaw
Bullock cart
50-80
30-60
25-50
8-15
15-30
3-5
Speed depends on pavement width and
terrain. values given are for good roads in
plain terrain
3 Air transport:
Boeing 747
Boeing 707
Feeder aircraft
1000
950
300-400
4 Water transport:
Ocean liners
Coastal ships
Inland water barges
35-55
15-35
10-25
5 Pipe lines 5-10
6 Rope ways 5-10
We can see that air
transport is 10-20 times
faster than roads and
railways

Safety
• Rail transport : It moves on one track , and as such if adequate
measures are taken to ensure safety at crossing .
Railways are reasonably safe modern systems of electronic signal
control and safety devices have further enhanced the safety of rail
travel.
• Road transport : Its increasingly becoming unsafe with the spectacular
growth of traffic on roads.
Vehicles move on road space which is shared by all vehicles and hence
crossing and overtaking manoeuvres are potential hazards.
There is little control on driver requirements and vehicle maintenance,
even though rules and regulations do exist to ensure safety.
11/24/2015 16Traffic and transportation book by kadiyali

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• Air transport has a good record of safety . This is because of high
degree of inspection and control of materials ,high standards of
vehicle maintenance and medical fitness of crew.
However Air craft ,suffer from natural hazards such as storms ,fog,
lightning and bird hits . whenever a accidents happen ,the fatality rate
is very high
• Water transport is very safe in modern times. Safety measures are
highly developed and the danger from natural hazards are forecasted
very soon. The country craft used for inland waterways and coastal
traffic , however do not have safety devices and instrumental aids and
are highly accident prone during storms and cyclones .

Frequency and regularity
• Almost all modes of modern transport offer regular , frequent and assured service .
• Freight transport by road in India is in private hands and is known for its better service than
railways in matters of frequency and regularity.
• Railways from a disadvantage that a number of transfers are allowed .
• Firstly, from the door of the consigner to the railway yard , and secondly from the designation
railway yard to the door of the consignee .
• These transfers are generally achieved by road transport . Containerization , which has become
popular , is expected to facilitate such transfers.
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Integration

Responsibility
• Railways are government owned in India and hence meet the liabilities for
compensation and damage or loss.
• Road transport of freight , through in private hands also offers a kind of
insurance coverage.
• Air transport is characterized by a high degree of insurance cover .
• Provision of toilet facilities is absent in buses and hence long distances by
buses is tedious and inconvenient
• Air travel is the most convenient.
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Comfort

Cheapness
• Passenger travel by rail and bus in India cost about the same .
• The charges levied by railways vary according to type of goods
• The high value commodities like tea , cotton textiles , cotton(raw) etc . are
exception to this ,where advantage lies with road transport even for longer
haulage.
• For perishable commodities like fruits and vegetables , road transport has
comparative advantage up to 450 kms.
• For such commodities such as fertilizer , coal, cement, livestock , sugar, steel
tubes ,comparative cost advantage for roads is up to 200-300kms

Fuel efficiency
Fuel has become highly important consideration when selecting a transport mode
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Energy efficiency of various transport modes
Passenger Energy for propulsion(BTU
/PASS KM)
Electric traction –railway 54.6
Diesel traction-railway 151.2
Stream traction-railway 1445.8
Diesel bus 288.7
Petrol bus 526.5
Average car 1909.0
Freight BUT/tone…km
Electric traction-railway 84.6
Diesel traction-railway 255.5
Steam traction-railway 3576.9
Diesel truck 1587.3
barge 328
Pipe line 281.7
Energy efficiency of various transport modes
It is seen that air transport is most fuel consuming mode . in order of declining rates are road ,rail
inland-water transport and pipe line.

Employment generation
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• India is a country with big unemployment problem .
transport is a sector which absorbs labor force in
good measure . any mode of transport that offers
the best employment potential , therefore ,should
find favour . a recent study in India has yielded
valuable results in that area
• It is thus seen that road transport ,inland water
transport and coastal shipping score very high as
compared to railways and air transport in the matter
of employment generation.
Mode Employment potential per
1,00,000 of investment
Inland water
transport operations
33.59
Development of
navigational channels
13.20
Road construction
and maintenance
27.50
Road transport
operation:
Bullock cart
3 wheeler
Trucks
Buses
Taxis
Vehicle production
27
17.15
16.95
9.26
3.71
1.78
Coastal shipping:
Sailing vessels
Other coastal
shipping
20
2.40
railways 4.30
Air transport 0.97

Information on traffic characteristics is vital in selecting the appropriate
geometric features of a roadway. Necessary traffic data includes:
 Traffic volume
 Traffic speed
 Vehicular density
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TRAFFIC CHARACTERISTICS

Traffic
Volume
Average
Daily Traffic
Design
Hourly
Volume
Computation
of DHV and
DDHV
Projected
Traffic
Volumes
Service Flow
Rate
Traffic volume/flow
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• Traffic volume is an important basis for determining what improvements are required on a
highway or street facility.
• Traffic volumes may be expressed in terms of average daily volumes or hourly volumes.
• These volumes may be used to calculate the service flow rate, which is typically used for
evaluations of geometric design alternatives.

Average Daily Traffic
• Daily volumes :
a) Average Daily Traffic (ADT) which considers generally the day to day variation of
traffic within a week. So we take the traffic measurement for seven days and take the
average of that. So we do consider the variation of traffic within a week.
b) Annual average daily traffic (AADT) is the total volume of vehicle traffic of a
highway or road for a year divided by 365 days.
• Hourly volumes : This normally reflects hourly traffic variation within a day. And is used
for capacity analysis.
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Computation of DHV and DDHV
• The percent of ADT occurring in the design hour (K) may be used to convert ADT to DHV as follows:
DHV = (ADT)(K)
• The percentage of the design hourly volume that is in the predominant direction of travel (D) and K are
both considered in converting ADT to DDHV as shown in the following equation:
DDHV = (ADT)(K)(D)
• Projected traffic volumes are provided by the Transportation Planning and Programming (TPP)
Division upon request and serve as a basis for design of proposed improvements.
• For high-volume facilities, a tabulation showing traffic converted to DHV or DDHV will be
provided by TPP if specifically requested. Generally, however, projected traffic volume is
expressed as ADT with K and D factors provided.
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Projected Traffic Volumes

Service Flow Rate
• A facility should be designed to provide sufficient capacity to accommodate the design traffic volumes
(ADT, DHV, DDHV).
• The necessary capacity of a roadway is initially based on a set of “ideal conditions.” These conditions
are then adjusted for the “actual conditions” that are predicted to exist on the roadway section.
• This adjusted capacity is termed service flow rate (SF) and is defined as a measure of the maximum
flow rate under prevailing conditions.
• For two-lane rural highways, the DHV is the total traffic in both directions of travel. On highways
with more than two lanes (or on two-lane roads where important intersections are encountered or
where additional lanes are to be provided later).
• knowledge of the directional distribution of traffic during the design hour (DDHV) is essential for
design. DHV and DDHV may be determined by the application of conversion factors to ADT.
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Design Hourly Volume

Traffic Speed
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DESIGN SPEED
•Design speed is a selected speed used to determine the various geometric design features of the
roadway.
• It is important to design facilities with all elements in balance, consistent with an appropriate
design speed.
•Design elements such as sight distance, vertical and horizontal alignment, lane and shoulder
widths, roadside clearances, super elevation, etc., are influenced by design speed.
Traffic
Speed
Traffic Speed
Design
Speed
Posted Speed

Traffic speed
• Speed is normally the distance traveled in unit time.
Two types of speed measurement are normally used in traffic engineering. One is the
Time Mean Speed(TMS) and the other is the Space Mean Speed(SMS).
• The Time Mean Speed is the average speed at one point over a period of time. It carefully
observes the time mean at a point or at a fixed location and it is measured over a period of
time and the average of that is taken. So it is average speed at one point or location over a
period of time.
• Space Mean Speed is the average speed of vehicles over a certain length of road at any
time. it is averaged over the distance and hence it is called Space Mean Speed.
*Remember that Space Mean Speed is always less than or equal to Time Mean
Speed.
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Posted Speed
• Posted speed refers to the maximum speed limit posted on a section of highway.
• The posted speed should be based primarily upon the 85th percentile speed when adequate
speed samples can be secured.
• Speed zoning guidelines permit consideration of other factors such as roadside
development, road and shoulder surface characteristics, public input, and pedestrian and
bicycle activity.
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Vehicular density
• The number of vehicles occupying a unit length of the roadway at a given instant. It is
usually expressed as to how many vehicles per kilometer.
• In traffic flow, the two most important densities are the critical density (kc) and jam density
(kj).
• The maximum density achievable under free flow is kc , while kj is the maximum density
achieved under congestion.
In general, jam density is seven times the critical density.
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TRAFFIC PROBLEMS
Traffic congestion and parking difficulties.
• Congestion is one of the most prevalent transport problems in
urban areas.ie The volume capacity ratio (V/C ratio) in any
urban area during the peak hour is more than one.
• Congestion and parking are also interrelated since looking for
a parking space (called "cruising") creates additional delays and
impairs local circulation. In central areas of cities as drivers can
spend 10 minutes looking for a parking spot.
• Demand for parking in the CBD is twice the supply. Acute
shortage of parking supply is witnessed in commercial areas.
• Unauthorized and indiscriminate parking impedes free flow of
traffic and causes accidents . The haphazard parking has led to
loss in the road capacity that ranges between15% to 60%.

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• Phenomenal growth of vehicles coupled with minimal increase in road space, has led to a low
speed of 15 kmph in CBD and 20 kmph in other major roads. The declining speed leading
to increase in time delay.
• The carriageway has to be leveled i.e. without undulation and the drive way has to be properly
paved.

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• Permanent and temporary encroachments of footpaths and carriageways have reduced the
capacity of the road. Pedestrian flows are significant at many critical locations across the city
road network .
• Traffic control devices, traffic signs and road markings are not adequately maintained to
retain their legibility and visibility. Inadequate enforcement of traffic rules and insufficient
regulatory measures brings Conflicts between fast moving vehicular traffic and pedestrian
traffic have reduced safety.

Accidents and safety
• Growing traffic in urban areas is linked with a growing number of accidents and fatalities,
especially in developing countries. Accidents account for a significant share of recurring
delays.
• As traffic increases, people feel less safe to use the streets.
• Accident data reveal that on an average about 620 persons die on City roads annually. shows
the trend of road accidents over the years
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• Fatality rate works out to 35/10,000 vehicles. Other sources of data indicate that 42% of
road accidents involve pedestrians and 10% cyclists.
• Traffic Police (TP) is responsible for reporting and investigation of road accidents.
• The accident rate across various cities in the country is indicated in the Table 5.3.

Regional Level Problems
• Some of the rural areas doesn't have
connectivity to the main roads of the
region.
• Improper pavement of roads .
• Intersection of Highways and local
roads lead to the accidents due to the fast
moving vehicles on the highways
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• Misusing the underpasses for other activities. Ad
hoc use of the carriageway and footpaths for
utilities.
• Poorly maintained drainage system also affect the
efficient use of the roads.
• Lack of organised parking including
loading/unloading facilities for trucks is resulting
in reduced capacity and safety of movement.
• Unplanned intersection lead to the accidents.
• Improper traffic separators lead to accidents
more during Night hours

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Road accident deaths by various modes of transport during 2012

• Road rage is aggressive or angry behavior by a driver of an automobile or other
motor vehicle.
• A frustrated driver in traffic jam.
• Heavy Traffic has a number of negative effects:
• Wasting time of motorists and passengers ("opportunity cost"). As a non-
productive activity for most people, congestion reduces regional economic health.
• Delays, which may result in late arrival for employment, meetings, and education,
resulting in lost business, disciplinary action or other personal losses.
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Total number of road accidents, persons killed, and persons injured during 2002-2011

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Submitted by:
Rajesh khanna - 01 Keerthi Jerusha – 18
Naveen reddy – 05 Bhuvaneshwari – 22
Vishwa teja – 09 Sagarika – 26
Manasa - 13 Guru raj – 30
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