Transportation is the movement of products from one node in the distribution channel to another.
Types of transportation are explained in detail in the presentation
Transportation is the operational area of logistics that
geographically moves and positions inventory. Transportation system is the physical link connecting a company with the customers, raw material suppliers, plants, ware houses and
distribution channel members. The five basic transportation modes are Rail, Highway, Water, Pipeline.
Different modes of transportation used in supply chain and logistics. Case about few transport and benefits/loss from each mode of transport in comparison to another. Here 4 major mode of transport has been used in presentation. importance of transportation and various ways of transportation.
Transportation is the operational area of logistics that
geographically moves and positions inventory. Transportation system is the physical link connecting a company with the customers, raw material suppliers, plants, ware houses and
distribution channel members. The five basic transportation modes are Rail, Highway, Water, Pipeline.
Different modes of transportation used in supply chain and logistics. Case about few transport and benefits/loss from each mode of transport in comparison to another. Here 4 major mode of transport has been used in presentation. importance of transportation and various ways of transportation.
Tutory work on Multimodal Transport made by students from the Entrepreneurs Faculty. International trade and finance school. Universidad Catolica Santiago de Guayaquil
Transportation is the key object in every business. The technology and their possible outcomes in near by future are explained over here. What could be the future technology and the possibilities in India ?
Tutory work on Multimodal Transport made by students from the Entrepreneurs Faculty. International trade and finance school. Universidad Catolica Santiago de Guayaquil
Transportation is the key object in every business. The technology and their possible outcomes in near by future are explained over here. What could be the future technology and the possibilities in India ?
Logistics meaning, objective, evolution of transportation, components of supply chain, principle of transportation, logistics activities, meaning of Road ,marine ,air, transportation, type, advantage and disadvantage.
Sri Lanka offers a variety of transportation modes to navigate the island, ca...shenamunugama52
Sri Lanka offers a variety of transportation modes to navigate the island, catering to different preferences and budgets. Here's an overview:
Buses: Buses are the most common mode of public transportation in Sri Lanka. They cover almost every part of the island and are relatively inexpensive. However, they can be crowded and sometimes uncomfortable, especially during peak hours.
Trains: Sri Lanka Railways operates an extensive network of trains connecting major cities and towns. The train journey is known for its scenic beauty, especially the famous Kandy to Ella route. There are different classes available, ranging from basic to more luxurious options like observation cars.
Tuk-tuks: These three-wheeled vehicles are ubiquitous in Sri Lanka, especially in urban areas. They are convenient for short trips within cities and towns and offer a more personalized and flexible mode of transportation. Negotiate the fare before starting your journey.
Taxis: Metered taxis are available in cities like Colombo and Kandy, offering a more comfortable and private transportation option compared to tuk-tuks. Ride-hailing apps like Uber and PickMe are also popular in urban areas.
Rental Cars: Renting a car is another option for travelers who prefer the freedom to explore at their own pace. Several international and local car rental companies operate in Sri Lanka, but driving conditions can be challenging, especially in busy city centers.
Motorcycles/Scooters: Renting a motorcycle or scooter is a popular choice for adventurous travelers, especially in beach towns like Hikkaduwa and Mirissa. However, be sure to wear a helmet and exercise caution, as road conditions can be unpredictable.
Cycling: Cycling is a great way to explore smaller towns and rural areas of Sri Lanka. There are several bike rental shops catering to tourists, especially in popular tourist destinations like Galle and Sigiriya.
Domestic Flights: Sri Lanka has several domestic airports, offering flights between major cities like Colombo, Kandy, and Jaffna. While more expensive than other modes of transportation, domestic flights can save time, especially when traveling long distances.
Each mode of transportation in Sri Lanka has its advantages and disadvantages, so choose the option that best suits your itinerary, budget, and preferences.
Chapter 13
Multimodal Transportation
Multimodal Transportation
Truck Transportation
Rail Transportation
Intermodal Transportation
Freight Forwarders
Project Cargo
Other Means of Transportation
Truck Transportation
In many parts of the world, trucking is a vital way of shipping internationally.
In some areas of the world, it represents 100 percent of the international traffic.
In others, it is a lower percentage, but trucking is still a significant part of the international traffic volume.
Importantly, though, trucking is almost always the mode of transportation for the “first mile” and the “last mile” of a shipment’s itinerary.
Truck Transportation
The critical issues for a shipper using truck transportation are the many different national rules and regulations that govern truck transportation. These rules influence:
The weight that can be placed in the truck
The hours that the truck can operate
The size of the equipment that can be used
The number of hours a driver may work
The training that a driver must have
These differences make for very different trucking practices from country to country.
A European truck is limited to an overall length. The tractor is compact to allow for maximum trailer size.
North American trucks are limited by the size of the trailer, with no constraints on the size of the tractor.
Australian trucks have fewer limitations on the number of trailers, leading to the concept of “road-trains.”
North American trailers are carried over long distances by “piggy-back” trains.
In Switzerland, regulations do not allow international trucks to cross the country. They are transported by piggy-back trains from one border to the other.
In India, congested roads encourage truckers to use piggy-back trains on some routes.
In many developing countries, the maximum weight capacities of trucks are routinely exceeded.
Rail Transportation
Rail transportation is also an important mode of transportation for international shipments, although it is mostly a domestic mode for the United States.
Nevertheless, a significant amount of cargo moves by rail in the U.S. In 2012, more than 40 percent of all ton-miles shipped long-distance in the U.S. was shipped by rail.
Rail transport has an approximate 18 percent market share for international cargo movements in the European Union when measured in FTKs.
Rail Transportation
Rail transportation is dominated by three issues:
The ownership of the railroad, which can be private (the United States) or public (most of the remainder of the world).
The infrastructure, such as issues of gauge (width of the tracks), electrification, curves, maintenance, and so on, which dictates the types of goods shipped and the speed at which they are delivered.
The relationship between passenger traffic and merchandise traffic, and which has priority over the other. In the U.S., merchandise traffic has priority, in many other countries, it’s passenger traffic that has priority.
...
Dimitrios Teologothis' presentation of The European Ports PolicyASCAME
Communication on EU Ports Policy and Proposal for a Regulation on Market Access to Port Services and Financial Transparency of Ports in Europe by the Head of Ports & Inland Navigation, European Commission DG MOVE. Made public at the MedaForum on Logistics and Transportation, Barcelona on June 18th 2013.
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Consumers making product & brand choices are increasingly turning to computer-mediated communication for information on which to base their decisions. Besides perusing advertising & corporate websites, consumers are using newsgroup, chat rooms, email & other online formats to share ideas, build communities & contact fellow consumers who are seen as more objective information source.
Marketing researchers use a variety of methods to study consumers. NETNOGRAPHY is one such qualitative & explorative research approach to analyse the consumer dialogue in online communities in order to gain unbiased consumer insights. These consumer insights in turn are converted into solutions. If these solutions are implemented in the product or service , it can capture lot of market.
My seminar focuses on research methodology tool , Netnography, the procedure to conduct Netnograhy online along with the example of Apple i-pod nano, the various online solutions which do this Netnography survey along with the case of Listerine and finally the review of netnography, its scope and limitations , conclusion and the ethical considerations to use this tool to survey online communities.
A global supply chain is made up of the interrelated organizations, resources, and processes that create and deliver products and services to end customers. In the instance of global supply chains, it is extended around the world
Any company that uses parts and services from another factory overseas faces issues with global supply chain management
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Today, well-known U.S.-based multinational corporations have more than half their assets overseas.
With trends toward similar clothes, entertainment, material possessions, and recognition that English is the international business language, people around the world still think and behave in different ways.
The starting point of how the globalization environment affects and is affected by organizational behavior is culture.
Benchmarking is needed to achieve the business and competitive objectives and essentially involves imitating the performance of best in class organizations/ processes. It is time and cost saving as there is no reinventing the wheel
Neuro-linguistic programming (NLP) is a set of techniques, axioms and beliefs, that adherents use primarily as an approach to personal development. NLP was influenced by the ideas of the New Age era as well as beliefs in human potential.
It should come as no surprise that humans are emotional creatures. Marketers have long recognized the fact that emotions play a key role when consumers are talking about or purchasing products in categories as disparate as those represented by brands. Over the past decade, emotional branding has emerged as a highly influential brand management paradigm. Among marketing practitioners, this relational, communal, participatory, sensory, and emotive view of consumer– brand relationships is increasingly heralded as a central pillar of market differentiation and sustainable competitive advantage. Emotional connections are universally important, and managing those emotional bonds pays off handsomely. Some companies are very good at creating emotional connections with their customers. Most, however, are not. Companies that is successful at creating emotional connections benefit from stronger results, not only in cash flow and profit, but in market share. Emotional connections aren’t static. They ebb and flow and the results can affect a company’s long-term business success.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
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1. [Transportation system – Evolution,
Infrastructure, Networks, Freight
Management and Transport economies]
Presentation by:
A. Raj Shravanthi
2. Introduction
• Fundamental logistics are - where
should resources be moved to, and
by what mode and route; when
should resources be moved.
• The “where” question includes the
topics of terminal location, vehicle
routing, and shortest path methods
and network flow allocation.
• The “when” question includes the
topic of distribution rules.
3. Definition
• Transport or transportation is the
movement of people and goods from one
location to another (acc 2 wikipidea)
• Transportation is the movement of products
from one node in the distribution channel to
another.
4. Transport Fundamentals
Transport involves
o equipment (trucks, planes, trains, boats, pipeline),
o people (drivers, loaders & un-loaders), and
o decisions (routing, timing, quantities, equipment size,
transport mode).
[In developing countries we often find it necessary to locate production close to
both markets and resources, while in countries with developed distribution
systems people can live in places far from production and resources.]
Most important component of logistics cost.
Usually 1/3 - 2/3 of total cost.
5. Role of Transportation in Logistics
• Transportation is the physical link
connecting the firm to its suppliers and
customers.
• In a nodes and links scenario, transportation
is the link between fixed facilities (nodes).
• Transportation also adds value to the product
by providing time and place utility for the
firm’s goods.
6. Strategy
The strategy, must acknowledge the following elements:
• Customer requirements
• Timely shipments
• Mode selection
• Carrier relationships
• Measurement
• Regulatory impact
• Flexibility
8. Transportation Functions, Principles,
Participants
Transportation Functions
oProduct Movement
oProduct Storage
Transportation Principles
o Economy of Scale
oEconomy of Distance (Tapering Principle)
Transportation participants
(shipper, consignee, public, government, carrier and agents )
9. Economies of Scale
Transportation
Cost per Book
Number of Books in Shipment
$.10/book
$100/book
1 1000
The more items (weight) is transported,
the less the transportation costs per item (unit of weight)
10. Economies of Distance
Tapering Principle
Transportation
Cost per Mile
Shipment Distance
1 mile 1000 miles
$50/mile
$.05/mile
$.10/mile
500 miles
The larger the distance, the less the transportation costs per
unit of distance (e.g., per mile)
11. Transportation Functions, Principles,
Participants
Transportation Functions
oProduct Movement
oProduct Storage
Transportation Principles
o Economy of Scale
oEconomy of Distance (Tapering Principle)
Transportation participants
(shipper, consignee, public, government, carrier and agents )
12. Transportation Participants
I need something
shipped at the lowest
possible cost!
I need something
delivered at the lowest
possible cost!
14. Transportation Participants
the transportation system is
vital for the country’s
economic health
purchase fuel,
transportation
equipment, supplies
match products needing to
be shipped with available
capacity
track shipments
16. Transportation network data
• It is a (directed) link connecting an origin(supplier or
facility) to the destination(facility or market) along
which a product may flow.
17. Transportation network submodels
The transportation components of a typical supply chain are as
follows:
o The inbound transportation network linking the company’s
suppliers to its facilities.
o The interfacility transportation network connecting its
facilities to one another.
o The outbound transportation network connecting the
company’s facilities to its customers and markets.
18. Routes of Goods
Goods at
shippers
Freight
forwarder
warehouse
Air
terminal
plane
air
Freight
forwarder
warehouse
Goods at
consignees
Container
terminal
vessel
sea May
change
transpor-
tation
modes
truck
land
railway
land barge
mid-streampier
bulk goodssea
20. Economic
Types of Transportation Regulation
• Investments in transportation infrastructure
(e.g., highways, airports, ports)
• Control of routes, pricing, schedules
• Protect the public, the environment
• Make sure equipment operates safely, cleanly
• Safe transportation of hazardous materials
(HAZMAT)
• Regulating hours worked
Social/Safety
21. History of Transportation Regulation
Pre-1920 – establish initial government control
o Act to Regulate Commerce (1887)
o Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)
22. History of Transportation Regulation
1920-1940 – regulatory formalization, extension to other
transportation modes
o Motor Carrier Act (1935)
o Civil Aeronautics Act (1938)
o Civil Aeronautics Board (1940)
o Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)
o National Aeronautics & Space Administration (1951)
23. History of Transportation Regulation
1940-1970
o Regulation of water transportation by ICC (1940)
o Railroad Revitalization and Regulatory Reform Act of 1976
• AMTRAK
• CONRAIL
24. History of Transportation Regulation
1970-1980 – prelude to deregulation
o Shift from regulation/control to fostering competition
o Department of Transportation (DOT) 1961
o Airline Deregulation Act 1978
25. History of Transportation Regulation
1980-2000 – deregulation
o Motor Carrier Act 1980
o Staggers (Rail) Act 1980
o Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) abolished 1996
o Ocean Shipping & Reform Act 1998
26. History of Transportation Regulation
2000-Present – focus on technology, safety, and
security
o Patriot Act
o Jones Act
30. Railroads
o Capable of carrying a wide variety of products, much more so
than other modes.
o Very small number of carriers; likely only one will be able to
serve any one customer location.
o Trend is to merge smaller companies into larger ones with
ultimate goal of having perhaps two transcontinental rail
carriers.
31. Railroads
o This would permit seamless dock-to-
dock service by one company; a distinct
improvement over current systems.
o Rail is a long haul, large volume system
(high fixed costs; own rights-of-way).
o Accessibility can be a problem.
o Transit times are spotty, but are
generally long.
32. Railroads
o Reliability and safety are improving and are
generally good.
o Premium intermodal services
Straight piggyback and containerized freight
Double stacks
RoadRailer service
o Unit train service
o Intermodal Marketing Company (IMC)
33. o It’s difficult to assess the railroad industry
without getting into the subject of service…
o Shippers complain; rail carriers say they are
trying to improve.
o Wall Street says that improving service is imperative.
o Actual improvements are coming, but slower than the
demand for faster, more reliable, and cheaper service.
One problem is that standards continue to increase.
34. Motor Carriers
o The motor carrier industry is characterized by a large number
of small firms. In 1999, there were 505,000 registered motor
carriers.
o Low cost of entry causes these large numbers.
o Used by almost all logistics systems and account for 82
percent of U.S. freight expenditures.
o Consists of for-hire and private carriers.
36. Motor Carriers
o Large number of small firms; in 1999, 505,000* total of which
12,500 were regulated carriers, only 7% of which had revenues
>$10 million, with 76% having revenues <$3 million.
o Characterized by low fixed costs and high variable costs.
o Do not own their rights-of-way.
o Limited operating authority regarding service areas, routes,
rates and products carried.
37. Motor Carriers
o High accessibility
o Transit times faster than rail or water.
o Reliability can be affected greatly by
weather.
o Small vehicle size coincides with
lower inventory strategies and quick
replenishment (QR).
o Relatively high cost compared to rail
and water; trade-off is faster service.
39. Domestic Water Carriers
o Available along the Atlantic, Gulf and
Pacific coasts, along the Mississippi,
Missouri, Tennessee and Ohio River
systems and the Great Lakes.
o Regulated common and contract
carriers haul about 5% of the freight,
while private and exempt carriers haul
the other 95% of the ton-miles.
40. Domestic Water Carriers
• Relatively low cost mode; do not
own the rights-of-way; easy entry
and exit.
• Typically a long distance mover of
low value, bulk-type mineral,
agricultural and forest products
• Low rates but long transit times
• Low accessibility but high capability
41. International Water Carriers
• General cargo ships
o Large high capacity cargo holds
o Engaged on a contract basis
o Many have self-contained cranes
for loading/unloading
• Bulk carriers
o Specially designed to haul
minerals
o Can handle multiple cargoes
42. International Water Carriers
• Tankers
o Specially designed for liquid
cargoes.
o Largest vessels afloat, some
VLCCs at 500k+ tons
• Container ships
o High speeds for ships; increasingly
more common and important.
o Larger vessels can handle more
than 7500 containers(TEU’s)
43. International Water Carriers
• RO-RO (Roll on-Roll off)
o Basically a large ferry that facilitates
the loading and unloading process by
using drive on/off ramps
o May also have the capacity to haul
containers
• Other
o OBO multipurpose carriers
o Barges (not transoceanic)
44. Air Carriers
• Limited number of large carriers earn about 90% of the
revenue.
• Any of the air carriers can carry air freight although some
haul nothing but freight.
• Cost structure is highly variable; do not own rights-of-way.
• Transit times are fastest of the modes, but rates are highest.
45. Air Carriers
o Average revenue per ton mile 18 times
higher than rail; twice that of motor
carriers??.
o Seek goods with a high value to weight
ratio.
o Accessibility is low as is capability.
o Reliability subject to weather more
than other modes.
46. Pipelines
o Refers only to the oil pipelines, not
natural gas
o Not suitable for general transportation
o Some research has been performed to
move minerals in a liquid medium, but
outside of a few attempts to transport
slurried-coal via pipeline, no real
successes have occurred.
47. Pipelines
o Accessibility is very low.
o Cost structure is highly fixed with
low variable costs.
o Own rights-of-way much like the
railroads.
o Major advantage is low rates.
48. Performance Rating of Modes
Selection
Determinants Railroad Motor
Modes
Water Air Pipeline
Cost 3 4 2 5 1
Transit time 3 2 4 1 ---
Reliability 2 1 4 3 ---
Capability 1 2 4 3 5
Accessibility 2 1 4 3 ---
Security 3 2 4 1 ---
49. Transportation costs
• Transportation costs are those associated with the flow of
products on links between facilities.
• They are the following 2 types of costs:
Flow costs: direct cost per unit associated with product flows
between facilities.
Transportation resource costs: indirect costs per unit
associated with managing flows.
50. Transport Cost Characteristics
o Fixed costs:
• Terminal facilities
• Transport equipment
• Carrier administration
• Roadway acquisition and maintenance [Infrastructure (road, rail,
pipeline, navigation, etc.)]
o Variable costs:
• Fuel
• Labor
• Equipment maintenance
• Handling, pickup & delivery, taxes
[NOTE: Cost structure varies by mode]
51. Cost Structure For Each Transportation Mode
Rail
• high fixed costs (land, tracks)
• low variable costs (operating costs, e.g.,
labor, fuel)
• slow, but inexpensive way to transport
heavy freight that doesn’t require special
handling, long distances
Highway
•low fixed costs (government builds,
maintains highways)
• medium-high variable costs (operating
costs, e.g., labor, fuel)
• most accessible mode (more highways
than railroads, waterways, pipelines); best
for transporting medium to high value
products short to moderate distances
52. Cost Structure For Each Transportation Mode
Water
• moderate fixed costs (ships and
freight handling equipment)
• low variable costs (operating
costs, e.g., labor, fuel)
• very slow, but inexpensive way
to transport large, heavy freight
over long distances (e.g., oceans,
rivers, inland waterways, lakes)
Air
• low fixed costs (aircraft and freight
handling equipment)
• highest variable costs (e.g., labor, fuel,
maintenance)
• very fast; used for transporting high value
and/or high perishability product over short
to medium distances.
53. Cost Structure For Each Transportation Mode
Pipeline
• highest fixed costs (right of way & construction costs of equipment)
• lowest variable costs (no significant labor or fuel costs)
• slow, but dependable (e.g., no weather, traffic disruptions); no flexibility
with regard to types of products that can be transported – must be liquid
(e.g., petroleum)
55. Legal Classifications of Carriers
Common Carrier
o For-hire carrier that serves the general public at reasonable rates
and without discrimination.
o Stringent economic regulation designed to protect the public.
o Must transport all commodities offered...
o Commodities are limited to those that
o the carrier’s equipment will handle.
56. o Carrier is liable for damages to products carried.
o Exceptions to liability include acts of God, acts of the public
enemy, acts of public authority, acts of the shipper and defects
inherent in the goods.
o Continued service is assisted by ceiling and floor limits on the
rates charged.
o Backbone of the transportation industry.
57. Regulated carriers:
o Regulated carriers are found in motor and water carriage.
o The ICC Termination Act of 1995 eliminated most of the
common carrier economic regulation for these two modes,
including entry controls, reasonable rates, and
nondiscrimination provisions.
o When acting as a contract carrier, not subject to STB
economic regulations.
o Must provide safe and adequate service.
58. Contract Carriers:
o For-hire carrier that does not have to serve the
general public.
o May serve one or a few shippers exclusively.
o May offer specialized equipment.
o Not subject to regulation on services; rates usually lower than
common or regulated carriers.
59. Contract Carriers
o Other aspects of the carrier/shipper relationship are
made a part of the contract between the two parties.
o Becoming more popular as logistics managers
use contract carriage to assure rates and
service levels.
60. Exempt Carriers
o For-hire carrier exempt from economic
regulation regarding rates and services.
o Limited entry controls; low rates.
o Usually haul agricultural products, but
there are special rules as to what may be
hauled by each mode of transportation,
e.g., rail piggyback is exempt..
o Limited number of carriers restricts
availability.
61. o Private Carriers:
o Private carriage is the firm’s own transportation.
o Not for-hire and not subject to Federal regulations.
o May not be the firm’s primary business but can charge
a intracompany fee for transportation services.
o Almost exclusively motor, but some rail, air and water
also exist.
62. o Firms gain ultimate control over shipments and achieve
maximum flexibility in moving goods.
o Backhauls are usually empty or return materials to the
firm’s plants and/or warehouses. Not any longer
o Requires a large capital investment.
o Requires management time and expertise.
Continued….
63. Intermodal Transportation
o Refers to use of two or more modes of transportation
cooperating on the movement of shipment
by publishing a through rate.
o Logistics managers are looking for the best way to move
shipments and these often attempt to take advantage of
multiple modes of transportation, each of which has certain
useful characteristics.
65. • Piggyback
• Trailer on Flat Car (TOFC)
• Container on Flat Car (COFC)
• Coordinated Air/Truck
• Fishyback
• Trainship
• Containership
66. Intermodal Transportation:
Containerization
o Referred to as Container-on-Flat-Car
(COFC); goods are placed in a large box,
where they are untouched until they arrive at
the consigee’s unloading dock.
o Reduces theft, damage, multiple handling
costs and intermodal transfer time.
o Changes materials handling from labor
intensive to capital intensive and may reduce
costs from 10 to 20%.
67. Intermodal Transportation:
Containerization
o “Land bridge” concept may apply
for international shipments where
oceans are separated by a large land mass.
o For example, containers moving from Japan to
Europe may dock at Long Beach, CA, transfer
the containers to a railroad, and reload the
containers onboard another ship in Norfolk,
VA., continuing on to a European port.
68. Intermodal Transportation:
Piggyback
o Trailer-on-Flat-Car (TOFC)
o Over the road trailers ride in special rail
cars.
o Takes advantage of motor flexibility and
rail’s long haul economic advantage.
o Multiple service plans for shippers.
o Some railroads provide varying levels of
service, differentially priced.
69. Intermodal Transportation:
RoadRailers
o Newest concept referred to as a “RoadRailer”
o Essentially a trailer that has been reinforced to ride on a rail bogey
and be coupled together directly without first being placed on a
rail flat car
o Saves weight and locomotive
power and thus fuel for the railroad
o Special lower rates
o Motor competitive transit times
70. Specialized Carriers
Basic Package Services:
Examples are UPS, RPS ,
U.S. Postal service
Premium Package Service:
Ex: Fed Ex, Emery Worldwide
72. Freight Forwarders
oA freight forwarder, forwarder, or forwarding agent is a
person or company that organizes shipments for individuals or
other companies and may also act as a carrier.
o A forwarder is often not active as a carrier and acts only as an
agent, in other words as a third-party (non-asset-based) logistics
provider that dispatches shipments via asset-based carriers and
that books or otherwise arranges space for these shipments.
73. Consolidators and Freight Forwarders
o Consolidates many small shipments
o Saves shippers by using CL or TL rates
Shippers Associations
o Acts as a consolidator for members
o Object is also to get lower rates
Brokers
o Acts as an intermediary
o May be licensed by STB
o Often used to provide backhauls for private carriers
74. Intermodal Marketing Companies (IMC)
o An intermediary that solicits shipments for rail/motor
intermodal service.
o Can speed traffic through consolidation (fills the normal
two-trailer load on an intermodal flat car, avoiding delays
waiting for another trailer going to the same destination).
o Particularly advantageous for small (one trailer) shippers.